4. GENERAL WILDLIFE SURVEY, LOK MA CHAU – CHAU TAU

4.1 Introduction

4.1.1 General wildlife surveys (i.e. of larger mammals, herpetofauna, dragonflies and butterflies) of the area between Lok Ma Chau and Chau Tau were conducted in mid-October 2001. This area is characterised by patches of woodland and agricultural land (active and abandoned) interspersed with highly disturbed developed areas, village-type development, channelised watercourses and so forth.

4.1.2 Larger mammals (carnivores and ungulates) were surveyed by searching for signs such as prints, burrows and scats. Herpetofauna (reptiles and amphibians) were surveyed by visual observation of exposed individuals and by active searching in appropriate microhabitats (waterways, rotten wood, tree trunks, leaf litter, under wooden boards and other objects, etc.). Dragonflies and butterflies were surveyed visually with binoculars, supplemented where necessary with examination in the hand of temporarily captured individuals.

4.1.3 Surveys were qualitative, of limited duration, and broadly divided into three discrete areas lying along or adjacent to the route of the proposed KCRC spurline: Lok Ma Chau woodland (lying within the Frontier Closed Area at the northwest of the study area); Lok Ma Chau fung shui wood, and mixed habitats (active and abandoned agricultural land, village, channels) between Lok Ma Chau and Chau Tau.

4.2 FCA Woodland

Mammals

4.2.1 No mammals were seen.. No signs or scats of larger mammals were encountered.

Herpetofauna

4.2.2 Owing to the timing of the surveys, amphibian activity was not detected. It is anticipated that Asian Common Toad Bufo melanostictus, Brown Tree Frog Polypedates megacephalus and Asiatic Painted Frog Kaloula pulchra would be likely to be detected during a wet season survey.

4.2.3 Reeve’s Smooth Skink Scincella reevesii was recorded within the woodland. This is a common and widespread species in Hong Kong, frequently encountered at low altitude (Karsen et al., 1998).

Dragonflies

4.2.4 Only three species were recorded. These were Diplacodes trivialis, Tholymis tillarga and Tramea Virginia. All three species are common and widespread in Hong Kong (Wilson, 1997). Dragonflies are more active in the wet season and it is probable that several more species would be present from May to August.

Butterflies

4.2.5 The following species were observed in the woodland:

Acytolepis puspa

Catopsilia pomona

Danaus genutia

Elymnias hypermnestra

Euploea midamus

Eurema laeta

Graphium sarpedon

Hypolimnas bolina

Neptis hylas

Papilio polytes

Papilio protenor

Zizeeria maha

4.2.6 None of the above species are regarded as being of conservation concern in Hong Kong (e.g. Walthew, 1997).

4.3 Lok Ma Chau fung shui wood

Mammals

4.3.1 No mammals were seen. No signs or scats of larger mammals were encountered.

Herpetofauna

4.3.2 Owing to the timing of the surveys, amphibian activity was not detected. It is anticipated that Asian Common Toad Bufo melanostictus, Brown Tree Frog Polypedates megacephalus and Asiatic Painted Frog Kaloula pulchra would be likely to be detected during a wet season survey.

4.3.3 Three species of lizard, Bowring’s Gecko Hemidactylus bowringii, Chinese Gecko Gekko chinensis and Reeve’s Smooth Skink Scincella reevesii, were recorded within the Lok Ma Chau fung shui wood. All three of these species are common and widespread in Hong Kong (Karsen et al., 1998). In addition, a dead Large-spotted Cat Snake Boiga multomaculata was seen on the road beside the fung shui wood.

Dragonflies

4.3.4 Only five species of dragonfly were recorded at the fung shui wood – Ceriagrion auranticum, Orthetrum pruinosum, O. sabina, Pantala flavescens and Tramea virginia.. All five species are common and widespread in Hong Kong. It is probable that several more species would be present from May to August.

Butterflies

4.3.5 The following species were observed in the fung shui woodland:

Acytolepis puspa

Ampittia dioscorides

Ariadne ariadne

Athyma perius

Athyma selenophora

Danaus genutia

Euploea midamus

Eurema hecabe

Graphium sarpedon

Ideopsis similis

Mycalesis mineus

Neptis clinia

Neptis hylas

Papilio helenus

Papilio paris

Papilio polytes

Phaedyma columella

4.3.6 None of the above species are regarded as being of conservation concern in Hong Kong (e.g. Walthew, 1997).

4.4 Lok Ma Chau to Chau Tau Mixed Habitats

Mammals

4.4.1 No mammals were seen during the surveys. No signs or scats of larger mammals were encountered.

4.4.2 It should be noted that a colony of Short-nosed Fruit Bats Cynopterus sphinx is located within a large Fan Palm tree situated at Chau Tau in close proximity to the proposed railway alignment. This colony is currently the subject of ongoing study and is described in more detail in the EIA for this project. Lesser Club-footed Bats Tylonycteris pachypus are also known to be present within the study area. Both of the above species are protected under Hong Kong legislation, and are rated as of local conservation concern by Fellowes et al. (in prep.).

Herpetofauna

4.4.3 Owing to the timing of the surveys, little amphibian activity was detected. Asian Common Toad Bufo melanostictus was recorded in abandoned agricultural land at Lok Ma Chau and Chau Tau. It is likely that several other amphibian species (including, at the very least, Brown Tree Frog Polypedates megacephalus, Gunther’s Frog Rana guentheri, Paddy Frog Rana limnocharis and Asiatic Painted Frog Kaloula pulchra) would be recorded in this area during a wet season survey.

4.4.4 Four species of lizard, Changeable Lizard Calotes versicolor, Chinese Skink Eumeces chinensis, Bowring’s Gecko Hemidactylus bowringii and Chinese Gecko Gekko chinensis, were recorded during the surveys. All three of these species are common and widespread in Hong Kong (Karsen et al., 1998).

Dragonflies

4.4.5 The following species, all of which are common and widespread in Hong Kong, were recorded during the surveys:

Ceriagrion auranticum

Diplacodes trivialis

Ischnura senegalensis

Orthetrum pruinosum

Orthetrum sabina

Pantala flavescens

Rhyothemis variegata

Tramea Virginia

Butterflies

4.4.6 The following species, all of which are common and widespread in Hong Kong, were recorded during the surveys:

Acytolepis puspa

Ariadne ariadne

Catopsilia pomona

Danaus genutia

Euploea core

Eurema hecabe

Graphium agamemnon

Hypolimnas bolina

Ideopsis similes

Junonia almana

Junonia atlites

Mycalesis mineus

Neptis hylas

Papilio helenus

Papilio polytes

Pieris canidia

Zizeeria maha

4.5 Discussion

4.5.1 No species of conservation concern were recorded during the surveys. The FCA woodland site and the Lok Ma Chau fung shui wood are both potentially valuable habitats.. However, impacts on these areas by the Spur Line project will be very small. The Short-nosed Fruit Bat roost at Chau Tau will require sensitive mitigation.

REFERENCE

AEC (2001). Age Structure Assessment of Wintering Black-Faced Spoonbills Patalea Minor in Hong Kong 2000-2001.

Anon (1999). Conservation Management of the critically endangered Black-faced Spoonbills Platalea minor in the Mai Po and Inner Deep Bay Ramsar Site. Unpublished report by WWF to the Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, Hong Kong SAR Government, WWF Hong Kong.

Anon (2001). The Conservation Plan for the Black-faced Spoonbill. Unpublished report by WWF to the Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, Hong Kong SAR Government, WWF Hong Kong.

Bascombe, M. J., Johnston, G. and Bascombe, F. S. (1999). The Butterflies of Hong Kong. Academic Press, London.

Binnie-Meinhardt, J. V. (1999). KCRC Sheung Shui to Lok Ma Chau Preliminary Project Feasibility Study - Final Report.

Carey, G. J., Chalmers, M. L., Diskin, D. A., Kennerley, P. R., Leader, P. J., Leven, M. R., Lewthwaite, R. W., Melville, D. S., Turnbull, M. and Young, L. (2001). The Avifauna of Hong Kong. Hong Kong Bird Watching Society, Hong Kong.

Carey, G. J. and Young, L. (1999). The importance to waterfowl of the Mai Po Marshes and Inner Deep Bay Ramsar Site. Hong Kong Bird Report 1997: 141-149.

Collar, N. J., Crosby, M. J. and Stattersfield, A. J. (1994). Birds to Watch 2. The World List of Threatened Birds. BirdLife International, Cambridge.

Dahmer, T. and Felley, M. (2001). Summary of 2001 winter census of Black-faced Spoonbill Platalea minor. Ecosystems Ltd. H. K. Unpublished MS.

ERM (1999). KCRC East Rail Extensions - Sheung Shui to Lok Ma Chau Spur Line Project: Ecological Study.

ERM (1999). Main Drainage Channels and Poldered Village Protection Scheme for San Tin, NWNT: Environmental Impact Assessment Study - Final Assessment.

Fellowes, J. R. et al. (in prep.). Wild animals to watch: terrestrial and freshwater fauna of conservation concern in Hong Kong. Forthcoming publication of Memoirs of the Hong Kong Natural History Society.

Heezen, K. L. and Tester, J. R. (1967). Evaluation of radio tracking by triangulation with special reference to deer movements. J. Wildl. Manage 31: 124-141.

Hirons, G. and Johnson, T. H. (1987). A quantitative analysis of habitat preferences of Woodcock Scolopax rusticola in the breeding season. Ibis 129: 371-381.

BirdLife International (2000). Threatened birds of the world. Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, Barcelona and Cambridge.

BirdLife International (2001). Threatened birds of Asia: the BirdLife International Red Data Book, Cambridge.

Karsen, S., Lau, M. W. N. and Bogadek, A. (1998). Hong Kong Amphibians and Reptiles. Provisional Urban Council, Hong Kong.

Kennerley, P. R. (1990). A review of the status and distribution of the Black-faced Spoonbill. Hong Kong Bird Report 1989: 116-125.

Kenward, R. E. (2001). A Manual for Wildlife Radio Tagging. Academic Press, London.

Lau, M. W. N. and Dudgeon, D. (1999). Composition and distribution of Hong Kong Amphibian fauna. Memoirs of the Hong Kong Natural History Society 22: 1-80.

Leader, P. J. (1999). The status of Greater Painted-snipe in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Bird Report 1997: 128-140.

Ma, C. K. W. (1997). Foraging behaviour, patch use and use of drain down gei wai by Little Egret (Egretta garzetta) at Mai Po, Hong Kong. MS, University of Hong Kong,

Perennou, C., Mundkur, T. and Scott, D. A. (1994). The Asian Waterfowl Census 1987-91: distribution and status of Asian waterfowl. AWB Publication No. 86. IWEB Publication No. 24. Kuala Lumpur and Slimbridge.

Reels, G. (1996). Distribution of large mammals in Hong Kong - a summary of sightings made since mid-1992. Porcupine! 15: 36-38.

Rose, P. M. and Scott, D. A. (1997). Waterfowl population estimates, Wageningen.

Ueta, M., Melville, D. S., Wang, Y., Ozaki, K., Kanai, Y., Leader, P. J., Wang, C. C. and Kuo, C. Y. (in press). Discovery of the breeding sites and migration routes of the Black-faced Spoonbill Platalea minor. Ibis.

Walthew, G. (1997). The status and flight period of Hong Kong butterflies. Porcupine! 16: 34-37.

White, G. A. and Garrott, R. A. (1986). Effects of biotelemetry triangulation error on detecting habitat selection. J. Wildl. Manage 50(3): 509-513.

Wilson, K. D. P. (1997). An annotated checklist of the Hong Kong dragonflies with recommendations for their conservation. Memoirs of the Hong Kong Natural History Society 21: 1-68.

Young, L. (1994). The ecology of Hong Kong Ardeidae (Aves) with special reference to the Chinese Pond Heron at the Mai Po Marshes Nature Reserve. Unpublished Ph. D. thesis. University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.

Young, L. and Chan, G. (1997). The significance of drained fish ponds for wintering waterbirds at the Mai Po Marshes, Hong Kong. Ibis 139: 694-698.

Appendix A1 - Survey Dates

Baseline surveys

Lok Ma Chau	San Tin	Long Valley
22 May 00	22 Nov 00	24 May 00
2 Jun 00	29 Nov 00	3 Jun 00
14 Jun 00	6 Dec 00	13 Jun 00
22 Jun 00	20 Dec 00	23 Jun 00
9 Jul 00	3 Jan 01	10 Jul 00
25 Jul 00	10 Jan 01	26 Jul 00
13 Aug 00	17 Jan 01	15 Aug 00
28 Aug 00	31 Jan 01	29 Aug 00
13 Sept 00	7 Feb 01	12 Sept 00
28 Sept 00	14 Feb 01	29 Sept 00
14 Oct 00	21 Feb 01	13 Oct 00
24 Oct 00	7 Mar 01	25 Oct 00
13 Nov 00	14 Mar 01	14 Nov 00
21 Nov 00	21 Mar 01	23 Nov 00
29 Nov 00	28 Mar 01	28 Nov 00
6 Dec 00	13 Apr 01	5 Dec 00
20 Dec 00	20 Apr 01	19 Dec 00
3 Jan 01	27 Apr 01	5 Jan 01
9 Jan 01	10 May 01	10 Jan 01
18 Jan 01	16 May 01	18 Jan 01
31 Jan 01		29 Jan 01
7 Feb 01		6 Feb 01
13 Feb 01		12 Feb 01
23 Feb 01		24 Feb 01
28 Feb 01		27 Feb 01
7 Mar 01		12 Mar 01
12 Mar 01		19 Mar 01
20 Mar 01		26 Mar 01
27 Mar 01		1 Apr 01
12 Apr 01		10 Apr 01
19 Apr 01		18 Apr 01
26 Apr 01		24 Apr 01
8 May 01		3 May 01
19 May 01		9 May 01

Eagle Surveys

Lut Chau	Lok Ma Chau	Mai Po	Ma Tso Lung	Nam San Wai	Tsim Bei Tsui
30 Nov 00	29 Nov 00	27 Nov 00	27 Nov 00	27 Nov 00	30 Nov 00
7 Dec 00	7 Dec 00	3 Dec 00	4 Dec 00	4 Dec 00	6 Dec 00
14 Dec 00	13 Dec 00	11 Dec 00	11 Dec 00	11 Dec 00	14 Dec 00
29 Dec 00	29 Dec 00	18 Dec 00	18 Dec 00	18 Dec 00	29 Dec 00
4 Jan 01	4 Jan 01	2 Jan 01	2 Jan 01	2 Jan 01	4 Jan 01
10 Jan 01	10 Jan 01	8 Jan 01	8 Jan 01	8 Jan 01	11 Jan 01
17 Jan 01	17 Jan 01	15 Jan 01	15 Jan 01	15 Jan 01	17 Jan 01
23 Jan 01	23 Jan 01	22 Jan 01	22 Jan 01	22 Jan 01	23 Jan 01
5 Feb 01	31 Jan 01	29 Jan 01	29 Jan 01	29 Jan 01	31 Jan 01
21 Mar 01	5 Feb 01	7 Feb 01	7 Feb 01	7 Feb 01	5 Feb 01
	22 Feb 01	14 Feb 01	14 Feb 01	14 Feb 01	22 Feb 01
	5 Mar 01	22 Feb 01		14 Mar 01
	21 Mar 01	5 Mar 01
		14 Mar 01
		21 Mar 01

Appendix A2 Bird species recorded during the baseline surveys

Species	Scientific name	Principal status	Lok Ma Chau	San Tin	Long Valley
Little Grebe	Tachybaptus ruficollis	R	Y	Y
Great Cormorant	PhalacrocoraY carbo	W		Y
Grey Heron	Ardea cinerea	W	Y	Y	Y
Great Egret	Egretta alba	R	Y	Y	Y
Intermediate Egret	Egretta intermedia	AM,W		Y
Little Egret	Egretta garzetta	R	Y	Y	Y
Cattle Egret	Bubulcus ibis	Su		Y
Chinese Pond Heron	Ardeola bacchus	R	Y	Y	Y
Striated Heron	Butorides striatus	Su		Y
Black-crowned Night Heron	NycticoraY nycticoraY	R		Y
Black-faced Spoonbill	Platalea minor	W	Y	Y
Eurasian Wigeon	Anas penelope	W		Y
Common Teal	Anas crecca	W		Y
Spot-billed Duck	Anas poecilorhyncha	W		Y
Northern Pintail	Anas acuta	W		Y
Northern Shoveler	Anas clypeata	W		Y
Osprey	Pandion haliaetus	W		Y
Black Kite	Milvus migrans	W,R		Y
Eastern Marsh Harrier	Circus spilonotus	W		Y
Common Buzzard	Buteo buteo	W	Y	Y
Greater Spotted Eagle	Aquila clanga	W	Y	Y
Imperial Eagle	Aquila heliaca	W	Y	Y
Common Kestrel	Falco tinnunculus	AM,W		Y
Peregrine Falcon	Falco peregrinus	R,W		Y
White-breasted Waterhen	Amaurornis phoenicurus	R		Y
Common Moorhen	Gallinula chloropus	R		Y
Eurasian Coot	Fulica atra	W		Y
Black-winged Stilt	Himantopus himantopus	W		Y
Oriental Pratincole	Glareola maldivarum	M		Y
Little Ringed Plover	Charadrius dubius	W,R		Y
Kentish Plover	Charadrius aleYandrinus	W		Y
Common Redshank	Tringa totanus	W		Y
Marsh Sandpiper	Tringa stagnatilis	W		Y
Common Greenshank	Tringa nebularia	W		Y
Wood Sandpiper	Tringa glareola	W		Y
Common Sandpiper	Actitis hypoleucos	W		Y
Pintail Snipe	Gallinago stenura	M		Y
Swinhoe’s Snipe	Gallinago megala	M		Y
Common Snipe	Gallinago gallinago	W		Y
Long-toed Stint	Calidris subminuta	M		Y
Black-headed Gull	Larus ridibundus	W		Y
Oriental Turtle Dove	Streptopelia orientalis	W		Y
Spotted Dove	Steptopelia chinensis	W		Y
Plaintive Cuckoo	Cacomantis merulinus	Su		Y
Common Koel	Eudynamys scolopacea	Su,R		Y
Greater Coucal	Centropus sinensis	R		Y
Pacific Swift	Apus pacificus	SpM,Su		Y
Little Swift	Apus affinis	R,SpM		Y
Pied Kingfisher	Ceryle rudis	R		Y
Common Kingfisher	Alcedo atthis	AM,W,R		Y
White-throated Kingfisher	Halcyon smyrnensis	AM,W,R		Y
Sand Martin	Riparia riparia	SpM		Y
Barn Swallow	Hirundo rustica	SpM,Su		Y
Yellow Wagtail	Motacilla flava	M,W	Y	Y	Y
Grey Wagtail	Motacilla cinerea	W		Y
White Wagtail	Motacilla alba	W,R		Y
Richard’s Pipit	Anthus richardi	W,R		Y	Y
Olive-backed Pipit	Anthus hodgsoni	W		Y
Red-throated Pipit	Anthus cervinus	W,M		Y	Y
Pechora Pipit	Anthus gustavi	M		Y	Y
Red-whiskered Bulbul	Pycnonotus jocosus	R		Y
Chinese Bulbul	Pycnonotus sinensis	R		Y
Sooty-headed Bulbul	Pycnonotus aurigaster	R		Y
Brown Shrike	Lanius cristatus	SpM		Y
Long-tailed Shrike	Lanius schach	R		Y
Siberian Rubythroat	Luscinia calliope	W		Y
Bluethroat	Luscinia svecica	W		Y	Y
Oriental Magpie Robin	Copsychus saularis	R		Y
Daurian Redstart	Phoenicurus auroreus	W		Y
Common Stonechat	SaYicola torquata	W		Y
Common Blackbird	Turdus merula	M		Y
Grey-backed Thrush	Turdus hortulorum	W		Y
Masked Laughingthrush	GarrulaY perspicillatus	R		Y
Black-browed Reed Warbler	Acrocephalus bistrigiceps	M		Y
Oriental Reed Warbler	Acrocephalus orientalis	M		Y
Zitting Cisticola	Cisticola juncidis	W		Y
Yellow-bellied Prinia	Prinia flaviventris	R		Y
Plain Prinia	Prinia inornata	R		Y
Common Tailorbird	Orthotomus sutorius	R		Y
Dusky Warbler	Phylloscopus fuscatus	W		Y
Pallas’s Leaf Warbler	Phylloscopus proregulus	W		Y
Yellow-browed Warbler	Phylloscopus inornatus	W		Y
Arctic Warbler	Phylloscopus borealis	AM		Y
Pale-legged Leaf Warbler	Phylloscopus tenellipes	AM		Y
Grey-streaked Flycatcher	Muscicapa griseisticta	M		Y
Asian Brown Flycatcher	Muscicapa dauurica	M,W		Y
Great Tit	Parus major	R		Y
Japanese White-eye	Zosterops japonicus	R, ?W		Y
Chestnut-eared Bunting	Emberiza fucata	M		Y
Little Bunting	Emberiza pusilla	W		Y
Yellow-breasted Bunting	Emberiza aureola	M		Y
Yellow-billed Grosbeak	Eophona migratoria	M		Y
White-rumped Munia	Lonchura striata	R		Y
Scaly-breasted Munia	Lonchura punctulata	R		Y
Eurasian Tree Sparrow	Passer montanus	R		Y
Baya Weaver	Ploceus philippinus	?R		Y
Red-billed Starling	Sturnus sericeus	W		Y
White-cheeked Starling	Sturnus cineraceus	W		Y
Black-collared Starling	Sturnus nigricollis	R		Y
White-shouldered Starling	Sturnus sinensis	M,W,Su		Y
Common Myna	Acridotheres tristis	R		Y
Crested Myna	Acridotheres cristatellus	R		Y
Black Drongo	Dicrurus macrocercus	M,Su		Y
Common Magpie	Pica pica	R		Y
Large-billed Crow	Corvus macrorhynchos	R		Y
Collared Crow	Corvus torquatus	R		Y
Water Pipit	Anthus spinolatta	-		Y

The principal status is taken from Carey et al. (2001). R: resident, W: winter visitor, S: summer visitor, M: migrant, A: autumn, Sp: spring, P: present all year. A hyphen indicates that the species has been recorded too infrequently to allow an assessment of its status to be made.

Appendix B

Mean Number and Range of Birds during Baseline Surveys

The mean number and range of individuals of bird Species of Conservation Importance recorded in Long Valley from 24 May 2000 – 9 May 2001 (34 visits).

Common name	Scientific name	Mean / visit (SD)	Range
Grey Heron	Ardea cinerea	0.2 (0.48)	0-2
Great Egret	Egretta alba	0.2 (0.46)	0-2
Little Egret	Egretta garzetta	3.7 (4.80)	0-17
Chinese Pond Heron	Ardeola bacchus	18.7 (6.74)	5-33
Common Teal	Anas crecca	0.1 (0.24)	0-1
Japanese Quail	Coturnix japonica	0.2 (0.36)	0-1
Black-winged Stilt	Himantopus himantopus	0.4 (1.43)	0-6
Greater Painted Snipe	Rostratula benghalensis	0.5 (0.93)	0-3
Pintail Snipe / Swinhoe's Snipe	Gallinago stenura / Gallinago megala	3.0 (5.51)	0-19
Common Snipe	Gallinago gallinago	3.1 (3.44)	0-10
Richard's Pipit	Anthus richardi	5.9 (4.79)	0-14
Bluethroat	Luscinia svecica	0.3 (0.77)	0-3
Common Stonechat	Saxicola torquata	7.3 (6.43)	0-19
Pallas's Grasshopper Warbler	Locustella certhiola	0.1 (0.17)	0-1
Zitting Cisticola	Cisticola juncidis	7.9 (7.75)	0-20
Red-billed Starling	Sturnus sericeus	1.4 (4.09)	0-20

The mean number and range of individual birds of wetland dependant species recorded in Long Valley from 24 May 2000 – 9 May 2001 (34 visits).

Common name	Scientific name	Mean / visit (SD)	Range
Cattle Egret	Bubulcus ibis	7.1 (6.60)	0-28
Black-winged Kite	Elanus caeruleus	0.1 (0.17)	0-1
Slaty-breasted Rail	Gallirallus striatus	0.1 (0.17)	0-1
White-breasted Waterhen	Amaurornis phoenicurus	4.6 (2.89)	0-12
Common Moorhen	Gallinula chloropus	0.8 (1.51)	0-5
Oriental Pratincole	Glareola maldivarum	0.1 (0.38)	0-2
Pacific Golden Plover	Pluvialis fulva	0.1 (0.17)	0-1
Little Ringed Plover	Charadrius alexandrinus	5.1 (7.01)	0-27
Common Greenshank	Tringa nebularia	0.1 (0.17)	0-1
Green Sandpiper	Tringa ochropus	1.6 (1.60)	0-6
Wood Sandpiper	Tringa glareola	17.4 (14.60)	0-55
Common Sandpiper	Actitis hypoleucos	2.8 (2.68)	0-10
Red-necked phalarope	Phalaropus lobatus	0.1 (0.17)	0-1
Pied Kingfisher	Ceryle rudis	0.1 (0.17)	0-1
Common Kingfisher	Alcedo atthis	0.4 (0.66)	0-2
White-throated Kingfisher	Halcyon smyrnensis	0.8 (0.90)	0-3
Yellow Wagtail	Motacilla flava	25.1 (20.52)	0-83
Red-throated Pipit	Anthus cervinus	6.3 (14.73)	0-82
Pechora Pipit	Anthus gustavi	0.1 (0.24)	0-1
Black-browed Reed Warbler	Acrocephalus bistrigiceps	0.1 (0.24)	0-1
Oriental Reed Warbler	Acrocephalus orientalis	0.4 (1.10)	0-5
Chinese Penduline Tit	Remiz consobrinus	0.2 (1.04)	0-6
Chestnut-eared Bunting	Emberiza fucata	0.1 (0.17)	0-1
Little Bunting	Emberiza pusilla	3.1 (4.53)	0-16
Yellow-breasted Bunting	Emberiza aureola	3.2 (14.99)	0-87
Chestnut Bunting	Emberiza rutila	0.1 (0.34)	0-2
White-cheeked Starling	Sturnus cineraceus	0.1 (0.17)	0-1
Collared Crow	Corvus torquatus	0.1 (0.24)	0-1

The mean number and range of individuals of bird Species of Conservation Importance recorded in Lok Ma Chau from 22 May 2000 – 19 May 2001 (34 visits).

Common name	Scientific name	Mean / visit (SD)	Range
Great Cormorant	Phalacrocorax carbo	20.9 (81.52)	0-478
Grey Heron	Ardea cinerea	30.5 (36.65)	0-113
Great Egret	Egretta alba	20.4 (27.75)	1-125
Little Egret	Egretta garzetta	63.7 (122.58)	2-694
Chinese Pond Heron	Ardeola bacchus	33.8 (18.31)	10-78
Black-faced Spoonbill	Platalea minor	8.4 (16.84)	0-76
Common Teal	Anas crecca	19.4 (28.67)	0-104
Great Spotted Eagle	Aquila clanga	0.1 (0.03)	0-1
Imperial Eagle	Aquila heliaca	0.1 (0.17)	0-1
Black-winged Stilt	Himantopus himantopus	7.6 (24.69)	0-140
Common Snipe	Gallinago gallinago	0.9 (1.37)	0-5
Richard's Pipit	Anthus richardi	1.0 (1.14)	0-4
Common Stonechat	Saxicola torquata	3.0 (2.71)	0-9
Zitting Cisticola	Cisticola juncidis	1.3 (1.99)	0-11
Red-billed Starling	Sturnus sericeus	29.5 (44.14)	0-154
Black-naped Oriole	Oriolus chinensis	0.1 (0.17)	0-1

The mean number and range of individual birds of wetland dependant species recorded in Lok Ma Chau from 24 May 2000 – 9 May 2001 (34 visits).

Common name	Scientific name	Mean / visit (SD)	Range
Little Grebe	Tachybaptus ruficollis	15.2 (6.89)	0-32
Purple Heron	Ardea purpurea	0.1 (0.17)	0-1
Intermediate Egret	Egretta intermedida	0.1 (0.41)	0-2
Cattle Egret	Bubulcus ibis	3.0 (4.55)	0-21
Striated Heron	Butorides striatus	0.2 (0.48)	0-2
Black-crowned Night Heron	Nycticorax nycticorax	22.4 (22.02)	0-69
Yellow Bittern	Ixobrychus sinensis	0.2 (0.55)	0-2
Eurasian Spoonbill	Platalea leucorodia	0.2 (0.64)	0-3
Eurasian Wigeon	Anas penelope	8.1 (12.65)	0-40
Mallard	Anas platyrhynchos	0.1 (0.24)	0-1
Spot-billed Duck	Anas poecilorhyncha	1.7 (2.77)	0-10
Northern Pintail	Anas acuta	3.6 (7.80)	0-33
Northern Shoveler	Anas clypecta	2.0 (5.68)	0-26
Eastern Marsh Harrier	Circus spilonotus	0.1 (0.17)	0-1
Peregrine Falcon	Falco peregrinus	0.1 (0.17)	0-1
White-breasted Waterhen	Amaurornis phoenicurus	3.5 (3.58)	0-11
Common Moorhen	Gallinula chloropus	7.5 (7.95)	0-25
Pied Avocet	Recurvirostra avosetta	1.1 (3.46)	0-13
Northern Lapwing	Vanellus vanellus	0.1 (0.17)	0-1
Pacific Golden Plover	Pluvialis fulva	0.2 (1.20)	0-7
Little Ringed Plover	Charadrius alexandrinus	7.6 (11.19)	0-44
Spotted Redshank	Tringa erythropus	0.1 (0.61)	0-3
Marsh Sandpiper	Tringa stagnatilis	1.8 (8.30)	0-47
Common Greenshank	Tringa nebularia	0.3 (0.57)	0-2
Green Sandpiper	Tringa ochropus	7.3 (6.78)	0-22
Wood Sandpiper	Tringa glareola	10.4 (7.87)	0-38
Common Sandpiper	Actitis hypoleucos	10.2 (6.74)	0-30
Red-necked Stint	Calidris ruficollis	0.1 (0.17)	0-1
Temminck’s Stint	Calidris temminckii	0.5 (1.26)	0-4
Curlew Sandpiper	Calidris ferruginea	0.1 (0.17)	0-1
Whiskered Tern	Chilisonias hybridus	0.5 (2.05)	0-11
Gull-billed Tern	Sterner nilotica	0.1 (0.34)	0-2
Pied Kingfisher	Ceryle rudis	0.8 (1.49)	0-6
Common Kingfisher	Alcedo atthis	6.2 (3.64)	0-16
White-throated Kingfisher	Halcyon smyrnensis	1.5 (1.35)	0-4
Yellow Wagtail	Motacilla flava	7.4 (6.85)	0-25
Citrine Wagtail	Motacilla citreola	0.1 (0.17)	0-1
Red-throated Pipit	Anthus cervinus	1.3 (2.28)	0-10
Black-browed Reed Warbler	Acrocephalus bistrigiceps	0.4 (0.73)	0-3
Oriental Reed Warbler	Acrocephalus orientalis	1.8 (5.21)	0-23
Little Bunting	Emberiza pusilla	0.1 (0.34)	0-2
White-cheeked Starling	Sturnus cineraceus	2.2 (7.01)	0-34
White-shouldered Starling	Sturnus sinensis	3.1 (10.72)	0-60
Collared Crow	Corvus torquatus	0.1 (0.51)	0-3

The mean number and range of individuals of bird Species of Conservation Importance recorded in San Tin from 22 Nov 2000 – 16 May 2001 (20 visits).

Common name	Scientific name	Mean / visit (SD)	Range
Great Cormorant	Phalacrocorax carbo	24.9 (72.08)	0-329
Grey Heron	Ardea cinerea	22.4 (23.08)	0-80
Great Egret	Egretta alba	36.5 (38.62)	0-134
Little Egret	Egretta garzetta	46.2 (37.07)	1-138
Chinese Pond Heron	Ardeola bacchus	31.3 (19.97)	8-82
Black-faced Spoonbill	Platalea minor	2.2 (3.76)	0-11
Common Teal	Anas crecca	4.6 (17.37)	0-78
Great Spotted Eagle	Aquila clanga	0.1 (0.31)	0-1
Eurasian Coot	Fulica atra	1.1 (0.79)	0-2
Black-winged Stilt	Himantopus himantopus	15.0 (67.08)	0-300
Pintail Snipe / Swinhoe's Snipe	Gallinago stenura / Gallinago megala	0.2 (0.49)	0-2
Common Snipe	Gallinago gallinago	0.4 (0.67)	0-2
Richard's Pipit	Anthus richardi	0.7 (0.88)	0-3
Bluethroat	Luscinia svecica	0.8 (0.79)	0-2
Common Stonechat	Saxicola torquata	4.3 (2.96)	0-9
Zitting Cisticola	Cisticola juncidis	6.8 (9.30)	0-34
Red-billed Starling	Sturnus sericeus	185.5 (298.65)	0-1223

The mean number and range of individual birds of wetland dependant species recorded in San Tin from 24 May 2000 – 9 May 2001 (20 visits).

Common name	Scientific name	Mean / visit (SD)	Range
Little Grebe	Tachybaptus ruficollis	8.1 (6.01)	0-18
Intermediate Egret	Egretta intermedida	0.1 (0.22)	0-1
Cattle Egret	Bubulcus ibis	11.5 (19.90)	0-65
Striated Heron	Butorides striatus	0.1 (0.22)	0-1
Black-crowned Night Heron	Nycticorax nycticorax	3.9 (6.30)	0-21
Eurasian Wigeon	Anas penelope	1.4 (5.58)	0-25
Spot-billed Duck	Anas poecilorhyncha	0.2 (0.89)	0-4
Northern Pintail	Anas acuta	0.2 (0.62)	0-2
Northern Shoveler	Anas clypecta	0.7 (2.68)	0-12
White-breasted Waterhen	Amaurornis phoenicurus	2.3 (2.36)	0-9
Common Moorhen	Gallinula chloropus	2.2 (2.48)	0-8
Little Ringed Plover	Charadrius dubius	3.7 (9.25)	0-42
Kentish Plover	Charadrius alexandrinus	0.9 (4.02)	0-18
Marsh Sandpiper	Tringa stagnatilis	0.1 (0.45)	0-2
Common Greenshank	Tringa nebularia	0.2 (0.37)	0-1
Green Sandpiper	Tringa ochropus	4.4 (3.86)	0-11
Wood Sandpiper	Tringa glareola	0.6 (2.23)	0-10
Common Sandpiper	Actitis hypoleucos	10.1 (4.53)	0-16
Long-toed Stint	Calidris subminuta	0.2 (0.67)	0-3
Pied Kingfisher	Ceryle rudis	0.6 (0.99)	0-3
Common Kingfisher	Alcedo atthis	6.3 (4.49)	0-14
White-throated Kingfisher	Halcyon smyrnensis	0.8 (0.89)	0-2
Yellow Wagtail	Motacilla flava	29.5 (15.95)	6-62
Red-throated Pipit	Anthus cervinus	13.4 (12.65)	0-35
Water Pipit	Anthus spinoletta	0.1 (0.22)	0-1
Black-browed Reed Warbler	Acrocephalus bistrigiceps	0.4 (0.59)	0-2
Oriental Reed Warbler	Acrocephalus orientalis	0.1 (0.31)	0-1
Little Bunting	Emberiza pusilla	0.3 (0.98)	0-4
Yellow-breasted Bunting	Emberiza aureola	3.2 (5.94)	0-26
White-cheeked Starling	Sturnus cineraceus	17.2 (25.58)	0-89
White-shouldered Starling	Sturnus sinensis	3.7 (7.47)	0-26
Collared Crow	Corvus torquatus	0.1 (0.31)	0-1

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