6 Landscape & Visual IMPACT Assessment

This Section presents the Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment (LVIA) for the construction and operation of the proposed wind turbine at Hei Ling Chau.

6.1 Assessment Methodology0

In accordance with the EIAO Guidance Note No. 8/2002, the main components of the LVIA are as follows:

· Description of the Project;

· Review of the planning and development control framework;

· Baseline study of landscape character and landscape resources of the Study Area;

· Landscape impact assessment during construction and operation of the Project;

· Visual impact assessment during construction and operation of the Project;

· Assessment of night lighting and glare; and

· Recommendations for landscape and visual mitigation measures for both the construction and operation phases;

· Assessment of the residual impacts and conclusion on the acceptability of the Project.

6.2 Project Description

The background to the Project and the general description of the wind turbine at Hei Ling Chau are presented in Sections 1 and 3, respectively.

The Project will comprise the enabling works for the access roads and the construction and operation of an 800 kW to 1.3 MW wind turbine and associated equipment. The following description of the major visual components of the Project is based on the initial design and will be subject to refinement at the detailed engineering design stage. The layout plan of the Project Site is illustrated in Figure 3.1b.

6.2.1 Wind Turbine

The wind turbine comprises 3 rotor blades connected by a hub to a nacelle which is in turn attached to the top of a tapered tower. The hub height of the wind turbine is 60m and the diameter of the rotor blade swept path is 60m. The total maximum height of the structure is 90m and the base of the wind turbine is at +70mPD. This gives the maximum height of the wind turbine at 160 mPD.

6.2.2 Temporary Steel Platform and Bridge and Construction Access Routes

The major components of the wind turbine (ie, the blades, nacelle and tower) will be delivered by a barge to the temporary steel platform of the short access route (see Figure 3.3f). Each of these components will then be lifted to the deck of the temporary bridge by a 300-tonne mobile crane and transported to the Project Site by a transporter using the short access route. The wind turbine components will be assembled at the Project Site and erected using mobile cranes.

The other construction plant and equipment will be delivered to the existing jetty at the northern side of the island and transported to the Project Site using the long access route.

6.2.3 Project Site Areas

The site measures 100m in length and 54m at its widest point (not including the entry driveway) and is on a concrete hardstand (see Figure 3.1b). The total area of the site is about 5,157 m². The other visually prominent components are as follows:

· Two laydown areas for wind turbine assembly (10m x 35m and 4m x 15m);

· Jib assembly area (4m x 80m);

· Two temporary cabins (5m x 10m each);

· A substation (5m x 6m);

· A transformer (2.4m x 2.6m); and

· Crane area (18m x 22m).

6.2.4 Construction Programme

The construction of the Project is scheduled to commence in 2007 and expected to complete in 2008.

6.3 Legislation Requirements and Evaluation Criteria

The LVIA was undertaken in accordance with the guidelines and requirements stipulated in Annexes 10 and 18 of the EIAO-TM under the EIAO (Cap.499, S16), entitled "Criteria for Evaluating Visual and Landscape Impact" and "Guidelines for Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment", respectively and the EIAO Guidance Note No. 8/2002 “Preparation of Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment Under the Environmental Impact Assessment Ordinance.”

The landscape assessment considers the potential impacts of the Project on the existing landscape and particularly on the landscape resources within 500m of the Project Site and the work areas of the enabling works along the access routes.

The visual assessment analyses the potential impacts of the wind turbine on the existing views and the visual amenity, particularly from the Visually Sensitive Receivers (VSR) within the viewshed (sometimes referred to as the Zone of Visual Influence (ZVI). This report will use the term “viewshed”. In order to illustrate the visual impacts of the wind turbine, photomontages prepared from selected viewpoints compare the existing conditions with the view after commissioning. The residual impacts are evaluated qualitatively, in accordance with the requirements of Annex 10 of the EIAO-TM.

6.3.1 Planning

There are currently no Outline Zoning Plans (OZP) covering the Project Site at Hei Ling Chau (see Figure 6.3a) and hence potential conflict with future planned landuses cannot be determined. The LVIA will be assessed against the baseline conditions of the Study Area.

6.4 Landscape Assessment

In accordance with Annex 18 of the EIAO-TM, the landscape impact assessment will cover the following:

· Describe the baseline landscape. This section describes the landscape within 500m of the Project Site and the works area of the enabling works along the access routes.

· Describe the Landscape Character Areas (LCAs) and Landscape Resources (LRs). The existing LCAs and LRs are based on both topography and vegetation. As well this section also describes edges as different LRs.

· Map the distribution of the LCAs and LRs at Hei Ling Chau. This section maps both the distribution of the LRs at present.

· Propose a qualitative and quantitative assessment methodology. This is based on an assessment of significant thresholds which reflects the magnitude of change and sensitivity to change of a particular LCA and LR.

· Analyse the landscape impacts during construction, impact after development, and off-site landscape impacts. This section analyses the extent to which these landscape units and edges are changed, using both quantitative and qualitative assessments.

· Discuss mitigation measures. This section examines landscape measures that will contribute to reducing any landscape impacts and that will enhance the landscape associated with the development. This may include planting, new landscaped areas and re-vegetation. The residual landscape impacts are also analysed.

· Provide conclusions on the impacts of the Project. These are discussed along with the Visual Impact and Landscape Character Impacts in Section 6.15.

6.4.1 Baseline Landscape Conditions

As specified by the EIA Study Brief, the area for the Landscape Impact Assessment covers the area within 500m of the proposed development. The landscape baseline study examines the potential impacts on the Project Site and surrounding areas in terms of both the Landscape Character Areas (LCAs) and the Landscape Resources (LRs).

The LCAs and LRs of the Study Area have been categorised according to the presence of common elements. These include factors such as:

· Topography;

· Vegetation type (both species and age);

· Built forms;

· Evidence on human modifications;

· Land use (past and present); and

· Edges.

6.4.2 Landscape Sensitivity

An understanding of the sensitivity to change of the LCAs and LRs is important when analysing the overall landscape impact of the Project upon the LCAs and LRs.

Factors affecting the sensitivity of change for evaluation of landscape are:

· Quality of LCAs and LRs;

· Importance and rarity of special landscape elements;

· Ability of the landscape to accommodate change;

· Significance of the change in the local and regional context; and

· Maturity of the landscape.

The degree of sensitivity of the LCAs and LRs is classified as follows:

· High – eg important components or landscape of particularly distinctive character susceptible to small changes;

· Medium – eg a landscape of moderately valued characteristics reasonably tolerant to change; and

· Low – eg a relatively unimportant landscape which is able to accommodate extensive change.

The following section describes each of the LCAs and LRs within the Study Area.

6.4.3 Landscape Character Areas (LCAs)

The landforms on Hei Ling Chau are characterised by hill slopes that vary between gently undulating to three steep main peaks. The central peak is approximately 187 mPD, the north-eastern peak at 92 mPD and the southern peak near the Project Site at 122 mPD. The island includes habitats such as plantation, shrubland, abandoned wet agricultural land, reservoir and streams. However the island has also undergone a number of man-made changes, including the construction of:

· Two Addiction Treatment Centres,

· Correctional Institution,

· Staff Quarters,

· Roads; and

· Associated Infrastructure.

The Landscape Character Map of Hong Kong describes Hei Ling Chau as ‘Coastal Waters Landscape’. However, within this classification a number of more descriptive Landscape Character Areas are identified. These include:

· LCA1 – Island Landscape;

· LCA2 – The Institutional Landscape;

· LCA3 – The Reservoir Landscape;

· LCA4 – The Typhoon Shelter Landscape; and

· LCA5 – The Inshore Water Landscape.

These Landscape Character Areas are illustrated in Figure 6.4o and are described in more detail below.

Island Landscape (LCA1)

This LCA accounts for the largest area of the island. It is characterised by vegetated areas, most commonly shrubland, that range generally from 2-5m in height. There are also isolated boulders and rocky areas protruding from the vegetation. The terrain is generally sloping, quite steeply in some areas and falls down to the mostly rocky shoreline. This LCA is considered to have a high sensitivity to change.

Figure 6.4a Island Landscape

Institutional Landscape (LCA2)

This LCA consists of the CSD’s buildings and infrastructure. It also includes the staff quarters on the island. This LCA is considered to have a low sensitivity to change.

Figure 6.4b Institutional Landscape

Reservoir Landscape (LCA3)

The reservoir is a small area of the island, but has a unique landscape character. It is characterized by the fresh water body with a vegetated edge. The reservoir is considered to have a medium sensitivity to change.

Figure 6.4c Reservoir Landscape

Typhoon Shelter Landscape (LCA4)

The typhoon shelter is located in the bay to the south east of the island. This area is characterised by calm waters, moored marine vessels and the man made seawalls. This LCA is considered to have a medium sensitivity to change.

Figure 6.4d Typhoon Shelter Landscape

Inshore Waters Landscape (LCA5)

The inshore waters landscape is characterised by generally calm waters with passing marine vessels. There are a number of nearby surrounding islands and shores that gives this marine environment and intimate atmosphere. The shorelines are generally rock lined with some sandy beaches. This LCA is considered to have a high sensitivity to change.

Figure 6.4e Coastal Waters Landscape

6.4.4 Landscape Resources (LRs)

Eight LRs have been identified and are described below.

Shrubland (LR1)

Shrubland is the dominant LR within the Study Area and the vegetation is generally about 1 to 4 m in height.

Figure 6.4f Shrubland (LR1)

Shrubland is dominated by several native shrub species including Rhodomrytus tomentosa, Cratoxylum cochinchinensis, Eurya nitida, Embelia laeta, Embelia ribes and Gardenia jasminoides. Shrubland patches in the valleys are taller with an average 2 to 4 m in height while those on the hill slopes and ridges of the hills are 1 to 2.5 m in height. A total of 62 plant species, with one of them, the Golden Eulophia Eulophia flava, a rare and protected plant species in Hong Kong, were recorded within the shrubland.

The Shrubland is considered to have a medium sensitivity to change.

Plantation (LR2)

Two small patches of plantations are located at the east and south of the Study Area, which comprised a total area of 1.1 ha. A total of 33 plant species were recorded in the plantations.

Figure 6.4g Plantation (LR2)

The canopy species was dominated by Delonix regia, Casuarina equisetifolia and Artocarpus hypargyrea. The middle layer of understorey is dominated by Dimocarpus longan, Melia azedarach and Sterculia lanceolata while the lower layer of understorey is dominated by Macaranga tanarius, Schefflera octophylla and Celtis sinensis. Three individuals of a locally protected tree species Artocarpus Artocarpus hypargyrea were recorded at the plantation, which are mature in size. The plantation located at the south of the Study Area are exotic plantation dominated by tree species Acacia confusa of canopy height of 3 to 5 m. They are young in age and the understorey is scarcely occupied by native shrubs and weeds including Bridelia tomentosa, Lantana camara and Miscanthus sinensis. The plantation is located at the east next to the proposed wind turbine.

The Plantation is considered to have a medium sensitivity to change.

Abandoned Wet Agricultural Land (LR3)

A small patch of abandoned wet agricultural land is located in the middle of the Island next to some existing houses.

Figure 6.4h Abandoned Wet Agricultural Land (LR3)

This LR is dominated by a cultivated plant Zingiber officinale at a height of 1.5 m. The abandoned wet agricultural land was moist most of the time during the surveys with sedges being the dominant vegetation type. A total of 31 plant species were recorded within this LR and none of them are rare or protected.

The Abandoned Wet Agricultural Land is considered to have a medium sensitivity to change.

Streams (LR4)

Three partially modified streams, are located within the Study Area. Twenty plant species were recorded along the streams and no rare/protected species were found during the surveys.

Figure 6.4i Stream (LR4)

The streams are considered to have a medium sensitivity to change.

Reservoir (LR5)

A reservoir is located in the middle of the Island. A partially channelized stream was found at the west of the reservoir to discharge the overflow water towards the Hei Ling Chau Addiction Treatment Centre (Annex). No plants were found in this LR.

Figure 6.4j Reservoir (LR5)

The Reservoir is considered to have a medium sensitivity to change.

Developed Areas (LR6)

Developed areas comprise the buildings of the Hei Ling Chau Correctional Institution, Hei Ling Chau Addiction Treatment Centre, Hei Ling Chau Addiction Treatment Centre (annex) and Lai Sun Correctional Institution, as well as other associated facilities, including administration buildings, staff quarters, two helipads, a guard dog kennel and a few old village houses. A typhoon shelter was constructed at the western side of the Island.

Figure 6.4k Developed Areas (LR6)

All of the vegetation recorded within this LR, such as Acacia confusa, Delonix regia, Bauhinia blackeana and Ficus microcarpus, were planted for landscaping purposes. This LR was highly developed in nature with limited ecological significance. A total of 33 plant species were found in this LR and no rare plant species were found.

The Developed Areas is considered to have a low sensitivity to change.

Rocky Shoreline (LR7)

The Rocky Shoreline LR is the most common edge to the island.

Figure 6.4l Rocky Shoreline (LR7)

Along the indented rocky shore there are steep rock-faces which extend up from the shore.

The Rocky Shoreline LR generally provides the border to the Shrubland LR as it meets the sea. The Rocky Shoreline comprises approximately 95% of the perimeter of Hei Ling Chau.

The Rocky Shoreline is considered to have a high sensitivity to change.

Sandy Shore (LR8)

Sandy Shore is relatively uncommon on Hei Ling Chau.

Figure 6.4m Sandy Shore (LR8)

The Sandy Shore LR accounts for approximately 5% of the islands edge.

Sandy Shore is considered to have a high sensitivity to change.

6.4.5 The Distribution of LRs

Most of the Study Area remained natural with some areas partly disturbed by rural/village developments. Habitats found within the Study Area include, Shrubland, Plantation, Abandoned Wet Agricultural Land, Streams, Reservoir, Developed Area, Rocky Shore and Sandy Shore (see Figures 6.4f to 6.4m).

Figure 6.4n shows the distribution of the existing LRs. The most dominant landscape resource is shrubland followed by developed area.

Table 6.4a LCAs and LRs Recorded Within the Study Area

6.4.6 Landscape Impacts During Construction

The two key factors that affect the evaluation of LCA and LR impacts are the magnitude of change and the sensitivity of the landscape areas/resources. The sensitivity to change for each of the LCAs and LRs has been described above and the factors affecting the magnitude of change are outlined below.

Factors affecting the magnitude of change for assessing landscape impacts are:

· Compatibility of the Project with the surrounding landscape, ie how well will the proposed development fit with its surrounds. For example, a new housing development constructed in an area with other housing developments or built forms will have a higher compatibility.

· Scale of the development, ie how big is the development relative to its surroundings. For example a 30-storey building constructed on Hong Kong harbour is considered ‘small scale’. However, the same development constructed in Hei Ling Chau would be considered ‘large scale’.

· Reversibility of change. This refers to how easily the changes on the landscape can be reversed. For the purposes of this assessment, we have assumed the wind turbine changes are ‘irreversible’.

The magnitude of change is classified as follows:

· Large – notable change in the landscape characteristics over an extensive area ranging to very intensive change over a more limited area;

· Intermediate – moderate changes to a local area;

· Small – changes to specific landscape components; and

· Negligible – no substantial changes to the baseline condition.

The landscape impact is a product of the magnitude of change the wind turbine will have and the sensitivity of the LR. Table 6.4b shows the significance threshold of the LR impacts.

Table 6.4b Significance Threshold of Potential Landscape Resource Impact

Table 6.4c provides some definitions of the significance thresholds for landscape impacts.

Table 6.4c Adverse / Beneficial Impact of Landscape Impact

Level of Impacts (Negative / Beneficial)
Significant:	Moderate:	Slight:	Negligible
Adverse / beneficial impact where the Project would cause significant degradation or improvement in existing landscape baseline conditions	Adverse / beneficial impact where the Project would cause noticeable degradation or improvement in existing landscape baseline conditions	Adverse /beneficial impact where the Project would cause a barely noticeable degradation or improvement in existing landscape conditions or where the changes brought about by the Project would not be apparent in visual terms	The Project does not affect the existing landscape baseline conditions

Unmitigated Landscape Impacts During Construction

Table 6.4d shows the impact of the Project on each of the LRs and the overall impact based on the preceding Landscape Impact Assessment Matrix.

Table 6.4d Unmitigated Landscape Impact Significance Threshold Matrix

LR	Area / Length	LR Affected by Proposed Development	% of LR Area / Length Affected	Sensitivity to Change	Magnitude of Change	Significance Threshold of Landscape Impact
LR1 Shrubland	160 ha	0.16ha	0.1%	Medium	Small	Slight
LR2 Plantation	1.1 ha	Nil	0%	Medium	Negligible	Negligible
LR3 Abandoned Wet Agricultural Land	0.1 ha	Nil	0%	Medium	Negligible	Negligible
LR4 Streams	0.4 km	Nil	0%	Medium	Negligible	Negligible
LR5 Reservoir	0.2 ha	Nil	0%	Medium	Negligible	Negligible
LR6 Developed Area	29.9 ha	0.67 ha	2%	Low	Small	Slight
LR7 Rocky Shoreline	8.17 km	Nil	0%	High	Negligible	Negligible
LR8 Sandy Shore	0.43km	Nil	0%	High	Negligible	Negligible
LCA1 Island Landscape	169 ha	0.16ha	0.09%	High	Small	Moderate
LCA2 Institutional Landscape	29.9ha	0.67 ha	2%	Low	Small	Slight
LCA3 Reservoir	0.2ha	Nil	0%	Medium	Negligible	Negligible
LCA4 Typhoon Shelter	190ha	Nil	0%	Medium	Negligible	Negligible
LCA5 Inshore Waters	350ha	Nil	0%	High	Negligible	Negligible

Summary of Un-mitigated Impacts on Landscape Resources During Construction

The Project will impact on approximately 0.1% of the shrubland resources and 2% of the developed area. These are both assessed as slight adverse impacts.

Figures 6.4p to 6.4v show the unmitigated potential impacts on the LR of Hei Ling Chau.

Summary of Un-mitigated Impacts on Landscape Character Areas During Construction

The Project will impact on approximately 0.4% of LCA1 Island Landscape. As the sensitivity to change for the LCA1 is High, even the smallest impact is considered moderate. There will also be a slight impact on the LCA2 Institutional Landscape. Both of these impacts are considered to be adverse.

Qualitative LCA Impact Assessment

As Landscape Character is defined more generally than LRs (views, surrounding landscapes, etc), the impacts on the LCAs are assessed qualitatively. This is more difficult to define, and is based on the professional judgment of the author. It is also predicated on the ability to see the development, which is assessed in Section 6.5. In order to qualitatively assess the impacts on the LCAs, the findings of the visual impact assessment in Section 6.5 have been consulted.

LCA1 – Island Landscape

The impacts on the quality of the LCA1 Island landscape will be varied. Many parts of the island will not see the wind turbine, particularly the northern areas therefore the impact will be negligible. However from the southern areas the wind turbine and associated works will be visible from a number of areas. The overall Impact on the quality of this LCA is considered to be moderate.

LCA2 – Institutional Landscape

As for LCA1, the wind turbine and associated works will not have any impact on many parts of this LCA. Also, given this LCA contains many build forms, this will lessen any impact on the quality of the LCA. Therefore the impact is considered to be slight.

LCA3 – Reservoir Landscape

The works will have no direct impact on this area, and will only be partially visible. However given the proximity of the wind turbine to this LCA and its inherent intimate atmosphere, there may be some views to the wind turbine therefore the impact on the quality of this LCA is considered to be slight.

LCA4 – Typhoon Shelter Landscape

The wind turbine will be visible from nearly all areas within this LCA. However the presence of the man made seawalls and the moored marine vessels indicates that the impacts on the quality of this LCA will be slight.

LCA5 – Inshore Waters Landscape

The wind turbine will not be visible from most of the areas within this LCA, and there will not be any impact. However, some areas will experience an impact as the wind turbine will be visible. The effect this impact will have on the Inshore Waters Landscape within the Study Area is considered to be moderate.

Summary of Impacts on LCAs

The quantitative and qualitative assessments are summarised in Table 6.4e and below. In order to define the impact on the LCAs an average of the two assessment methodologies has been taken.

Table 6.4e LCA Impact

LCA	Quantitative Impact	Qualitative Impact	Impact
1 Island Landscape	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate
2 Institutional Landscape	Slight	Slight	Slight
3 Reservoir	Negligible	Slight	Slight
4 Typhoon Shelter	Negligible	Slight	Slight
5 Inshore Waters	Negligible	Moderate	Slight

The impacts on LCAs 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 are considered to be adverse as the turbine will be a new man made facility and these four LCAs are mostly natural environments.

6.4.7 Landscape Impacts During Operation

It is anticipated that all of the impacts on the LR of Hei Ling Chau will only be created during the construction phase, therefore no further impacts on the LRs are expected during operation of the wind turbine. There would however be continuing impacts on the LCAs as the presence of the wind turbine will change the character of some LCAs for the duration of the Project. These impacts will continue as described in Table 6.4e.

6.4.8 Landscape Mitigation

The landscape mitigation measures proposed will be implemented progressively throughout the construction of the wind turbine.

Several mitigation measures are proposed to reduce the potential impacts on the existing LRs. These are illustrated in Figures 6.4p to 6.4v.

LMM 1 – Cultivation of areas impacted during construction. Areas impacted during the construction phase that are not required during the operation phase, are to be cultivated to a depth of 300mm in accordance with the future Landscape Specification.

LMM 2 – Soil stabilisation and embankment planting. During the design process a soil stabilisation and embankment planting strategy will ensure that all land affected by slope excavation can be replanted, wherever practicable. All soil preparation and the selection and provision of a suitable growing medium is to be completed in accordance with the relevant best practice guidelines. This mitigation measure will require long-term maintenance and management which will be the responsibility of the Project Proponent.

LMM 3 – Tree and shrub planting. All planting of trees and shrubs is to be carried out in accordance with the relevant best practice guidelines. Plant densities are to be provided in future detailed design documents and are to be selected so as to achieve a finished landscape that matches the surrounding, undisturbed, equivalent landscape types. This mitigation measure will require establishment maintenance which will be the responsibility of the Project Proponent.

The impacts on the LCAs will also be naturally mitigated over time. The landscape is constantly changing, as are people’s perceptions of the Landscape Character. People will become more accustomed to seeing the wind turbine over time, therefore time is a natural mitigation measure of the wind turbine’s impact on the LCAs.

Table 6.4f describes the predicted un-mitigated impacts on the landscape resources of Hei Ling Chau in both construction and operation phases. It also shows the predicted mitigated impacts during construction, day 1 of operation and year 10 of operation.

Table 6.4f Mitigated Landscape Impacts

The landscape mitigation measures will be carried out by the contractor. The contractor may elect to have the works carried out by a specialist landscape sub-contractor. Once the impacted areas are re-vegetated, there is no particular maintenance requirement for the vegetation.

Effectiveness of Landscape Resource Mitigation Measures

Due to the operational requirements of the wind turbine, some landscape impacts cannot be mitigated.

6.4.9 Residual Landscape Impacts

The residual landscape impacts (see Table 6.4g) are those that will exist after all mitigation measures have been implemented.

Table 6.4g Residual Landscape Impacts

LR/LCU	Area / Length	Area Affected by the Project	Mitigated Area	Residual Impact
LR1 Shrubland	160 ha	0.16 ha	0.01 ha	0.15 ha
LR2 Plantation	1.1 ha	Nil	Nil	Nil
LR3 Abandoned Wet Agricultural Land	0.1 ha	Nil	Nil	Nil
LR4 Streams	0.4 km	Nil	Nil	Nil
LR5 Reservoir	0.2 ha	Nil	Nil	Nil
LR6 Developed Area	29.9 ha	0.67 ha	0.67 ha	Nil
LR7 Rocky Shoreline	8.17 km	Nil	Nil	Nil
LR8 Sandy Shore	0.43km	Nil	Nil	Nil
LCA1 Island Landscape	169 ha	0.16ha	0.01ha	0.15ha
LCA2 Institutional Landscape	29.9ha	0.67 ha	0.67ha	Nil
LCA3 Reservoir	0.2ha	Nil	Nil	Nil
LCA4 Typhoon Shelter	190ha	Nil	Nil	Nil
LCA5 Coastal Waters	350ha	Nil	Nil	Nil

Residual Impact Summary

There will be a residual landscape impact of 0.15 ha of Shrubland (LR1) and 0.15 ha on Island Landscape (LCA1). As the developed areas will all be replaced with new developed areas as part of the wind turbine construction, there would be no residual impacts on the developed area and the Institutional Landscape.

6.4.10 Landscape Impact Conclusion

The Project will affect two types of LRs (Shrubland and Developed Area) principally as a result of the excavation required for the wind turbine such as the enabling works and formation of the Project Site. The potential un-mitigated impacts are considered to be slight adverse. Mitigation measures have been recommended to minimise the impacts. With the implementation of the recommended mitigation measures the long term impact will be negligible.

The LCAs will be affected by both the construction and operational phases of the Project. There will be a moderate adverse impact on LCA 1, Island Landscape, with the potential impacts on LCAs 2, 3, 4 and 5 considered to be slight adverse. Whilst these impacts may reduce over time as the landscape accepts the development, however the impacts on the LCA’s cannot be actively mitigated.

The impacts on the LRs and LCAs, are therefore considered to be acceptable.

6.5 Visual Impact Assessment

6.5.1 Introduction

The following tasks were undertaken in the visual impact assessment.

Define the viewshed that would be potentially impacted by the Project and map the areas of visual impact

This task describes the viewshed of the wind turbine, which was developed based on both the planning guidelines and the parameters of human vision. Geographical Information System (GIS) software was then utilised to determine areas that could potentially see the wind turbine. This GIS viewshed analysis was based solely on topography and did not take into account the screening potential of vegetation, which would further reduce the actual viewshed. The GIS viewshed analysis also mapped the visibility of the wind turbine from roads and houses.

Discuss atmospheric conditions

This task discusses the mitigating effects of weather, particularly sea haze and rainfall.

Assessing indicative viewpoints as a means of assessing the visual impact on the broader landscape

This task describes a number of Visually Sensitive Receiver (VSR) viewpoints around the wind turbine, which have been selected as indicative of the range of views from accessible locations within the viewshed. Photomontages have been prepared to show the existing landscape and the landscape with the wind turbine at the key VSRs.

Discuss visual mitigation measures

This task examines measures (if required) that will reduce any potential visual impacts. This may include planting and recommendations for material and finishes. These measures will also help improve the overall amenity of the Project. Residual impacts are also discussed.

Assess night lighting and glare impacts

This task examines the potential glare and night lighting impacts associated with the Project.

6.5.2 Viewshed Determination and Areas of Potential Visual Impact

The baseline for a visual impact assessment is an understanding of the existing visual qualities within the region that can be visually affected by a development. This area is referred to as the viewshed.

Defining an appropriate viewshed is the starting point to understand the visual impacts of a development as the area of the viewshed will vary depending on the nature and scale of the proposed development. The larger a development the greater the viewshed as it may be visually apparent for a greater distance. Once the viewshed is established, locations can be identified within the viewshed that are either particularly sensitive or indicative of the visual impact for a number of locations. In some circumstances, viewpoints may be identified beyond the viewshed to recognise the visual impact on locations of particularly high sensitivity.

The wind turbine is the major visual element of the Project and may visually impact on the surrounding landscape. As the viewer moves further away from the wind turbine, the visual impact decreases until the wind turbine is no longer visible. However, before the point of non-visibility is reached, the wind turbine has reduced in scale such that it no longer has a significant visual impact on the landscape. In most landscapes, especially those which have some degree of human intervention, the limit of the viewshed is defined as that point at which the wind turbine would have an insignificant effect on the view.

6.5.3 Types of Viewshed

In recognising that the viewshed is not the limit of visibility, but rather the extent to which the wind turbine would have an insignificant visual impact on the landscape, then the extent of a viewshed differs in the context of different landscapes.

A viewshed in a man-modified landscape is different to a viewshed in a pristine landscape or landscapes where there are no apparent signs of human influence. This is because in landscapes that appear ‘natural’ or pristine, a man made element such as a wind turbine, can visually influence the landscape for as long as a viewer can discern that newly introduced element. A man made element in a pristine landscape irrevocably changes a pristine landscape from natural to man modified. Therefore, viewsheds in pristine areas are extended to the limit of human visibility.

However in man modified landscapes, in which there are many other existing built forms or modifications to the landscape, the viewshed extends to that distance at which the wind turbine becomes a minor element in the landscape to all but the most sensitive of viewers. The wind turbine may still be visible beyond this viewshed, however it is considered that beyond this viewshed the visual impact will be insignificant.

The viewshed then is that area that is most likely to be visually impacted and once again, it is stressed that particularly sensitive locations beyond the viewshed may still need to be reviewed.

6.5.4 Viewshed Determination

The visual impact of a development can be quantified by reference to the degree of influence on a person’s field of vision. Figure 6.5a illustrates the typical parameters of human vision and are based on anthropometric data ([1]). This data provides a basis for assessing and interpreting the impact of a development by comparing the extent to which the development would intrude into the central field of vision (both horizontally and vertically).

Horizontal Cone of View

The central field of vision for most people covers an angle of between 50° and 60°. Within this angle, both eyes observe an object simultaneously. This creates a central field of greater magnitude than that possible by each eye separately. This central field of vision is termed the 'binocular field' and within this field images are sharp, depth perception occurs and colour discrimination is possible. These physical parameters are illustrated in the Figure 6.5a.

Figure 6.5a Horizontal Field of View

The visual impact of a development will vary according to the proportion in which a development impacts on the central field of vision. Developments, which take up less that 5% of the central binocular field, are usually insignificant in most landscapes (5% of 50° = 2.5°).

In assessing the visual impact of the wind turbine it is assumed that the largest horizontal component is the entire rotor, which is approximately 60m wide.

Table 6.5a Visual Impact Based on the Horizontal Field of View

Horizontal Field of View	Impact	Distance from an Observer to a 60m Rotor
<2.5° of view	*Insignificant* The development will take up less than 5% of the central field of view. The development, unless particularly conspicuous against the background, will not intrude significantly into the view. The extent of the vertical angle will also affect the visual impact.	>2km
2.5° – 30° of view	*Potentially noticeable* The development may be noticeable and its degree of visual intrusion will depend greatly on its ability to blend in with its surroundings.	150 m – 2km
>30° of view	*Potentially visually dominant* Developments that fill more than 50% of the central field of vision will always be noticed and only sympathetic treatments will mitigate visual effects.	< 150m

As shown in Table 6.5a, these calculations suggest that the impact of a 60m wide wind turbine rotor would reduce to insignificance at about 2km, as it would form less than 5% or 2.5° of the horizontal field of view.

Vertical Field of View

A similar analysis can be undertaken based upon the vertical line of sight for human vision. As can be seen in the Figure 6.5b the typical line of sight is considered horizontal or 0°. A person’s natural or normal line of sight is normally a 10° cone of view below the horizontal and, if sitting, approximately 15°.

Figure 6.5b Vertical Field of View

Objects, which take up 5% of this cone of view (5% of 10° = 0.5°) would only take up a small proportion of the vertical field of view, and are only visible when one focuses on them directly. Objects that take up such a small proportion of the vertical view cone are not dominant, nor do they create a significant change to the existing environment when such short objects are placed within a disturbed or man-modified landscape.

Table 6.5b shows the relationship between impact and the proportion that the development occupies within the vertical line of sight.

Table 6.5b Visual Impact Based on Vertical Field of View

Vertical Line of Sight	Impact	Distance from an Observer to a 90m Tall Wind Turbine
< 0.5° of vertical angle	*Insignificant* A thin line in the landscape.	>10 km
0.5° – 2.5° of vertical angle	*Potentially noticeable* The degree of visual intrusion will depend on the development’s ability to blend in with the surroundings.	1.5 – 10, km
> 2.5° of vertical angle	*Visually evident* Usually visible, however the degree of visual intrusion will depend of the width of the object and its placement within the landscape.	< 1.5km

These calculations suggest distances at which the magnitude of visual impact of the wind turbine will reduce with distance. At distances greater than 10km, a fully visible wind turbine would be an insignificant element within the landscape.

These calculations seem closer to the observed distances at which levels of impact seem to change. It is stressed that these ranges will only provide a guide for the visual impact assessment.

An apparent discrepancy will occur when analysing horizontal and vertical parameters separately. Generally, the more conservative figures form the basis for the assessment. In this example it is proposed to extend the viewshed to 10km, although it could be argued that a lesser extent would also be valid.

For the wind turbine, it is proposed that the distances described in Table 6.5c are used for the viewshed analysis.

Table 6.5c Viewshed and Degrees of Visual Influence

6.5.5 Areas of Potential Visual Impact

A GIS viewshed analysis can determine those areas that can potentially be visually impacted by the wind turbine. Such analysis is based on topography only, and shows those areas that would be screened by intervening hills etc. It does not account intervening vegetation or buildings, nor does it take into account small variations in topography, such as road cuttings. Therefore it is a conservative assessment of those areas that may be potentially able to view the wind turbine.

Figure 6.5c shows an analysis of those areas within a 10km viewshed that may be able to see any part of any of the wind turbine.

The viewshed is divided into two zones. The zone of greatest potential visual impact is those areas that lie within 1.5 km of the wind turbine. Since the wind turbine is shielded by the Hei Ling Chau Headland Hill, the majority of the areas that can see the turbine are in the ocean.

6.5.6 Atmospheric Factors Which Will Affect Visual Impact

Many climatic conditions result in changes to visibility. For example, sea haze, rainfall and other atmospheric conditions will alter the visibility of the wind turbine. The diminution of visual clarity bought about by atmospheric conditions increases with distance. As the much of the areas that can see the wind turbine are located on or across the sea, the impact of sea haze and other atmospheric conditions will reduce visibility.

Sea Haze

Sea haze is a climatic condition along coastlines that can reduce visibility even on days when the weather is fine. Wind which blows across the ocean or other atmospheric conditions can cause a sea haze, limiting views to the wind turbine from surrounding areas.

However sea haze is unlikely to have much impact on the visibility of the wind turbine when viewed from close proximity, say less than 1.5km. When the same features are viewed from greater distances within the viewshed the effect of sea haze will greatly reduce visibility and any potential visual impact.

Cloud Cover

Cloudy days can also reduce visibility of wind turbine. During site inspections of similar facility it was apparent that a backdrop of grey cloud reduced the visual impact. Full cloud cover also reduced the apparent contrast on elements that extend above the landscape backdrop and as these elements were neither strongly shadowed nor reflective, they merged into the sky.

Figure 6.5d shows that in Hong Kong, for much of the year the percentage of cloud cover exceeds 50%.

Rainfall

The effect that rainfall has on visibility can be measured in two ways. Firstly the event of falling rain reduces visibility as the water droplets obscure vision. This varies greatly depending on the heaviness of the precipitation, but even light rain obscures distant objects greatly.

Secondly, the event of rain, particularly sustained rain periods, reduces visitor numbers. Therefore, the visual impact is reduced on those days as lesser viewers are visiting the area and looking at the wind turbine.

Figure 6.5d Hong Kong Weather (Source: Hong Kong Observatory)

Figure 6.5d shows that during the wetter months, particularly from May through September, Hong Kong receives on average approximately 10mm of rain per day. These rain events reduce visibility.

6.5.7 Assessment Scenarios

Whilst the above Section 6.5.6 describes some of the climatic conditions that reduce the visibility of the wind turbine, the following assessment is based on a worst case impact scenario on visual quality and character assuming perfectly clear viewing conditions. Mitigation measures are proposed to reduce these impacts.

6.5.8 Baseline Visual Character

The area within the viewshed is of varying visual character and quality. The dominant features that define the visual character are the Islands of Hei Ling Chau, Peng Chau and Lantau, with scattered smaller surrounding islands. These islands are all generally similar in general landscape character. They are characterised by undulated vegetated slopes with protruding rocky outcrops. The coastal edge is generally rocky with scattered sandy beaches. There are also clear signs of human habitation on most of the islands. The islands are farmed by the coastal waters that are generally calm. The coastal waters also contain many passing marine vessels.

The presence of the vegetated hills, islands and water all contribute to an area of high visual quality and character.

6.5.9 Visually Sensitive Receivers

To determine the likely VSRs, a desktop assessment and detailed site assessment were carried out. The most sensitive VSRs were then identified and to encompass the likely range of potentially affected VSRs. These include VSRs in the following areas:

· Residents; including Villages such as Lamma Island, Peng Chau and Hei Ling Chau;

· Visitors; including Lamma Island, Peng Chau and Hei Ling Chau; and

· Visitors on Marine vessels; these include visitors on passing ferries as well as recreation visitors to the area.

6.5.10 VSR Assessment

The following factors have been considered in the visual impact assessment.

VSR Sensitivity

The first set of criteria relate to the sensitivity of the VSRs. They include:

· Value and quality of existing views;

· Availability and amenity of alternative views;

· Type and estimated number of receiver population;

· Viewer numbers;

· Duration of frequency of view; and

· Degree of visibility.

The views available to the identified VSRs were rated in accordance with their sensitivity to change using high, medium or low and are defined as follows:

· High

i. The nature of the viewer groups who expect a high degree of control over their immediate environment; and

ii. The viewer groups are in proximity to the wind turbine.

· Medium

i. The nature of the viewer groups who expect a medium degree of control over their immediate environment; or

ii. The nature of the viewer groups who have some degree of control over their immediate environment, people in transit.

· Low

i. The nature of the viewer groups does not expect a high degree of control over their immediate environment.

It should be noted that the above provided are a guide only, and each VSR regardless of type is assessed according to its specific circumstances.

Magnitude of Change

This set of criteria is related to the specific details of the proposal and how it relates to the existing landscape and the visible magnitude of change it will cause. The criteria to be assessed are:

· Compatibility of the wind turbine with the surrounding landscape;

· Scale of the development;

· Reversibility of change;

· Viewing distance;

· Potential blockage of view; and

· Duration of impact under construction and operation phases.

The magnitude of change to a view was rated as large, intermediate, small or negligible and are defined as follows:

· Large: eg major change in view.

· Intermediate: eg moderate change in view.

· Small: eg minor change in view.

· Negligible: eg no discernible change in view.

The degree of visual impact or significance threshold was rated in a similar fashion to the landscape impact, ie significant, moderate, slight and negligible.

Therefore, the visual impact is a product of the magnitude of change to the existing baseline conditions, the landscape context and the sensitivities of VSRs. The significance threshold of visual impact was rated for the construction phase and for Day 1 and Year 10 of the operation phase as described in Table 6.4b.

6.5.11 Photomontage Preparation

The visual impact assessments were also partly based on photomontages, which showed the view with and without the wind turbine.

Photographs that form the base of the photomontages are taken with a 70mm Nikon lens on a 35mm film single lens reflex camera. A 70mm lens has a picture angle of 34.34°and a horizontal angle of view of 28.84° ([2]). When two photographs taken with a 70mm lens are overlapped approximately 1/3, the resultant image has a picture angle of approximately 50°, which is very similar to the central cone of view of human vision.

Figure 6.5e Two Photographs Overlapped 1/3 to Create an Image Approximately the Same as the Central Cone of View of Human Vision

The central field of human vision is approximately 50° - 60°. Two photographs taken with a 70mm lens with approximately 1/3 overlap best show this static view.

6.5.12 Turbine Markings

The photomontages discussed in the following pages show the wind turbine with aviation warning marking (with orange and white bands) as required by the Civil Aviation Department.

6.5.13 Viewer Perception

Several studies (see below) have shown that a larger portion of the general public is in favour of wind turbines. The visual impact of the wind farm ultimately depends on the perception of the viewer and viewer perception is an important issue to consider, especially in areas near tourist destinations or other attractions. The degree of visual impact also partly depends on how the viewer perceives renewable energy, the wind turbines and the landscape. The following section builds upon ERM’s discussion of perception issues in past visual impact assessments of other wind turbines and wind farms.

Community perception studies have also been undertaken overseas to gauge levels of community support and opposition to wind farms.

Peoples’ Perception of Wind Farms in Victoria, Australia

Australia has experienced a strong growth in the numbers of wind farms and wind turbines, particularly in coastal areas. This research is therefore relevant to the development of a wind turbine at Hei Ling Chau.

Market research has been undertaken by government agencies as well as wind farm proponents, to ascertain people’s perception and response to wind farms in Victoria, Australia.

Research on the Victorian Coastal Region was undertaken by TQA Research Pty Ltd for The Department of Natural Resources and Environment.

Figure 6.5f Reaction to Wind Farms on Coastal Headlands ([3])

This report looked at many issues involving the Victorian Coastline by questioning participants at various clinics and workshops. Amongst the issues addressed was participants’ support or opposition to the presence of wind farms on coastal headlands. The support (or opposition) was measured on people’s initial reaction and then after being exposed to arguments on renewable energy, greenhouse gas emissions and climate change issues. This study found that after these arguments were presented, opposition reduced from 27% to 21%.

Peoples Perception of Wind Farms in England, Wales and Scotland

A paper presented at the 20^th British Wind Energy Association Conference ([4]), gives an overview of public opinion surveys undertaken from 1996 and reports:

· Overwhelming majority of respondents supports the principal of development of wind power in the UK, and they also support their local wind farm.

· Those with direct experience of an operating wind farm are more supportive and positive than those without experience.

· Once wind farms are in operation, concerns about noise and visual impact decrease.

· The majority of people find the wind farms acceptable in the landscape and more find the wind turbines graceful than ugly.

· A strong majority support and a small minority oppose wind farms, with more expressing no opinion than opposition.

Anne Marie Simon Planning and Research produced a detailed study ([5]) for the British Wind Energy Association in September 1996. It compiled the results for 13 different research studies undertaken by wind power proponents, opposition groups, the BBC, statutory authorities and a Liverpool University dissertation. The study states "Every single study shows that the overwhelming majority of residents, in areas with a wind farm, are pro wind power, both in theory as a renewable energy source and in their area." Between 61% and 96% of survey respondents were supportive of wind power.

Peoples Perception of Wind Farms in North Carolina, USA

The experience in the USA is also similar. A study ([6]) prepared on the public attitudes towards wind energy in Western and Eastern North Carolina prepared by Dennis Grady of the ASU Energy Centre and presented to the ‘Efficient NC Conference’ on the 4 March 2004 also found similar degrees of approval.

Figure 6.5g Placement Issues – Eastern NC (which included Coastal Areas)

The Sounds are the coastal areas of North Carolina and the level of acceptance reduced to 50% at these areas. However the degree to which the respondents believe that wind farms on mainland sites should not be prohibited is very similar to the previous English and Australian studies with between 69-73% believing that wind farms should not be prohibited from these areas.

These examples support the theory that in general terms, more people support wind turbines and wind farms than those that oppose them. No such studies have been undertaken in Hong Kong, however the construction of this demonstration project for public interest will be a valuable gauge of the acceptability of future wind turbines in Hong Kong.

6.5.14 Visual Impact Assessment from Visually Sensitive Receivers (VSR)

Figure 6.5h shows the indicative viewpoints from publicly accessible locations, which have been selected for analysis. The viewpoints have been selected to represent the range of views from accessible locations.

VSR1 – View from Cheung Chau

The VSR from Cheung Chau is located at about 4.5km south of the wind turbine. Cheung Chau experiences large numbers of visitors and has many permanent residents. Whilst this location is a little further away from the turbine than the northern tip of the island, it wasted as it experiences relatively high numbers of visitors that will have an elevated view of the turbine. It therefore represents a worst-case scenario.

Figure 6.5i VSR1 - Cheung Chau

Photomontage 1 (see Figure 6.5j) shows that the wind turbine will be noticeable. However the peak at the southern end of Hei Ling Chau blocks much of the view of the base of the wind turbine, leaving the top portion of the mast, the blades and the nacelle visible.

Table 6.5d Sensitivity / Quality of VSR at Cheung Chau

Table 6.5e Magnitude of Change

Table 6.5f Significance Threshold during Construction

Table 6.5g Significance Threshold during Operation

The wind turbine will be noticeable on clear days; however, given the long distance from this viewpoint and the high availability of other attractive views, there will be a moderate adverse visual impact.

VSR2 – View from Mui Wo

The VSR at Mui Wo is located at about 4.9km north-west of the wind turbine. Mui Wo experiences high visitor numbers and has permanent residents.

Figure 6.5k VSR2 - Mui Wo

Photomontage 2 (see Figure 6.5l) shows that the wind turbine will be noticeable. However there are several developments on the western side of the Hei Ling Chau that are also visible.

Table 6.5h Sensitivity / Quality of VSR at Mui Wo

Table 6.5i Magnitude of Change

Table 6.5j Significance Threshold during Construction

Table 6.5k Significance Threshold during Operation

The visual impact of the wind turbine from this location is considered moderate adverse due to the presence of other man made structures and the high availability of other attractive views.

VSR 3 - View From Discovery Bay

The VSRs at Discovery Bay are located 6.8 km north-north west of the Project Site. Discovery Bay has high numbers of permanent residents and moderate numbers of visitors.

Figure 6.5m VSR3 - Discovery Bay

From this viewpoint the wind turbine may be noticeable from some areas of Discovery Bay, however due to the undulating topography of the area, the wind turbine will not be visible from many locations.

Table 6.5l Sensitivity / Quality of VSR

Table 6.5m Magnitude of Change

Table 6.5n Significance Threshold during Construction

Table 6.5o Significance Threshold during Operation

The long distance and the topography of the area will limit views to the wind turbine from this location. Therefore the impact is assessed as slight-moderate adverse.

VSR4 – View from Peng Chau

The VSR at Peng Chau is located at about 4km north of the wind turbine. Peng Chau has permanent residents and experiences moderate visitor numbers.

Figure 6.5n VSR4 - Peng Chau

Photomontage 3 (see Figure 6.5o) shows that the wind turbine will be noticeable. However there is a large cutting at the site location associated with the existing prison which detracts from the visual amenity of this view. In addition, only the top portion of the mast and blades as well as the nacelle will protrude above the ridgeline.

Table 6.5p Sensitivity / Quality of VSR

Table 6.5q Magnitude of Change

Table 6.5r Significance Threshold during Construction

Table 6.5s Significance Threshold during Operation

Given the long distance from this viewpoint and the high availability of other attractive views, there will be a moderate adverse visual impact.

VSR5 – View from Cheung Chau - Mui Wo Ferry

This VSR on the Cheung Chau – Mui Wo Ferry is located 2.4 km south-west of the wind turbine.

Figure 6.5p VSR5 - Cheung Chau- Mui Wo Ferry

Photomontage 4 (see Figure 6.5q) shows that the wind turbine will be noticeable. The whole of the wind turbine is visible from this location. However there are large road cuttings, a man made typhoon shelter and other structures visible.

Table 6.5t Sensitivity / Quality of VSR

It should be noted that due to the transient nature of this VSR, the overall sensitivity is low.

Table 6.5u Magnitude of Change

Table 6.5v Significance Threshold during Construction

Table 6.5w Significance Threshold during Operation

Given the long distance from this viewpoint and the high availability of other attractive views, there will be a slight-moderate adverse visual impact.

VSR6 - Chi Ma Wan Peninsula

The Chi Ma Wan Peninsula is largely covered by the Lantau South Country Park. It also contains the Chi Ma Wan Correctional Institution. Its closest point to the proposed turbine is approximately 3.8 km. The turbine will be noticeable from some areas of the Chi Ma Wan Peninsula, particularly those areas that slope to the north-west.

Figure 6.5r VSR6 – Chi Ma Wan Peninsula

Table 6.5x Sensitivity / Quality of VSR

Table 6.5y Magnitude of Change

Table 6.5z Significance Threshold during Construction

Table 6.5aa Significance Threshold during Operation

The relatively low numbers of user to this area and the proximity of the VSRs to the wind turbine indicate that the visual impact will be moderate adverse.

VSR7 - Lantau Hikers

There are a number of walking trails across Lantau Island that may be able to see the wind turbine. The distance ranges from 3 to 5 km away from the wind turbine.

Figure 6.5s VSR7 – Lantau Hikers

Whilst the distance to the wind turbine vary, the sensitivity of the walkers can generally be assumed as higher than general visitors as walkers generally expect a more natural views and vistas. The walker numbers are relatively few however. Photomontage 5 (see Figure 6.5t) shows that the wind turbine will be noticeable from walking trails across Lantau Island at about 3km away from the wind turbine. However there are several developments on the western side of the Hei Ling Chau that are also visible.

Table 6.5ab Sensitivity / Quality of VSR

Table 6.5ac Magnitude of Change

Table 6.5ad Significance Threshold during Construction

Table 6.5ae Significance Threshold during Operation

Due to the relatively low visitor numbers, the variety of available views and the varying distance, the impact is assessed as moderate adverse.

VSR8 – View from Hei Ling Chau

This VSR is located at about 1.6 km north-west of the wind turbine on Hei Ling Chau itself. Hei Ling Chau has restricted access as it contains a Correctional Institution and an Addiction Treatment Centre. The Correctional Services Department (CSD) has indicated that it is supportive of the proposal.

Figure 6.5u VSR8 - Hei Ling Chau

Photomontage 6 (see Figure 6.5v) shows that the wind turbine is clearly noticeable from this location.

Table 6.5af Sensitivity / Quality of VSR

Table 6.5ag Magnitude of Change

Table 6.5ah Significance Threshold during Construction

Table 6.5ai Significance Threshold during Operation

Due to the undulating nature of Hei Ling Chau, a large proportion of the island will not be able to see the wind turbine. Some areas are in relatively close proximity to the turbine although relatively low numbers of VSRs will be affected. This will result in a moderate -significant adverse visual impact from this location.

VSR9 – View from Lamma Island

This VSR is located at about 7.5km south-east of the wind turbine. Lamma Island has high visitor numbers and permanent residents. Lamma has a similar wind turbine, and the Lamma Power Station.

Figure 6.5w VSR9 - Lamma Island

Photomontage 7 (see Figure 6.5x) shows that the wind turbine is hardly noticeable from this location.

Due to the large distance to the wind turbine, the visual impact is slight-moderate adverse.

VSR10 - Hong Kong Island

Parts of Hong Kong Island such as Pokfulam and Cyberport are within the viewshed of the wind turbine. The closest areas are about 8.9km from the wind turbine.

Figure 6.5y VSR10 – Hong Kong Island

Photomontage 8 (see Figure 6.5z) shows that the wind turbine will be noticeable on clear days. Due to the large distance to the wind turbine, the visual impact is slight-moderate adverse.

VSR11 – Disneyland Hong Kong

The Disneyland Hong Kong site at Penny’s Bay is one of Hong Kong’s most popular tourist attractions. It is also within the viewshed of the proposed wind turbine, approximately 7.5km from the proposed turbine.

Figure 6.5aa VSR11 – Disneyland Hong Kong

The view to the proposed wind turbine will be obscured by the higher peak on Hei Ling Chau which is approximately 187 mPD, and the lower hills of Peng Chau. Disneyland Hong Kong has been created as its own ‘fantasy world’ and views from the development have been carefully restricted. The turbine blades may be just noticeable from some elevated viewpoints (eg from the higher floors of the Disneyland Resort hotels), but to the majority of viewers within the park the wind turbine will not be visible. Therefore the impact from this VSR is assessed as negligible.

6.5.15 Visual Mitigation Measures

As shown in Table 6.5av, the construction and operation of the wind turbine will cause negligible to moderate adverse visual impact. However, the impacts with respect to the wind turbine cannot be mitigated.

([1]) Human Dimension & Interior Space – A Source Book of Design Reference Standards, Julius Panero and Martin Zelnik, The Architectural Press Ltd. London, 1979.

([3]) George Kantos & Tony Quinn TQA Research (2000) Market Research Report: Victorian Coastal and Marine Research Wave 2 - 2000, Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Melbourne, p111.

([4]) Freris, K. 1998. Love Them or Loathe Them? Public Opinion and Wind farms. Simon Powles, ed. Wind Energy. Switch on to Wind Power. Proceedings of the 20th British Wind Energy Association Conference. Cardiff University of Wales, 2-4 September 1998.

([5]) Anne Marie Simon Planning and Research, for The British Wind Energy Association, September 1996, webpage at www.bwea.com/ref/procs98.html