8.2 Relevant Legislations, Standards &
Guidelines
8.3 Study Area and Sensitive Receivers
8.5 Description of the Environment &
Baseline Fisheries Information
8.6 Impact Identification and Assessment
8.8 Recommendations & Mitigation Measures
8.10 Environmental Monitoring and Audit
Programme
8
FISHERIES IMPACT ASSESSMENT
8.1.1 This Chapter presents an assessment of potential fisheries impacts associated with the Project. This assessment comprises: 1.) establishment of a baseline condition, 2.) evaluation and assessment of fisheries impacts, and 3.) suggestion of appropriate mitigation measures to mitigate identified impacts where necessary.
8.2 Relevant Legislations, Standards & Guidelines
8.2.1 Reference has been made to the following Ordinances and Regulations which are relevant to this study:
· The Environmental Impact Assessment Ordinance (Cap. 499) (EIAO) and the associated Technical Memorandum (TM) (i.e. EIAO-TM Annexes 9 & 17);
· Fisheries Protection Ordinance (Cap. 171) and its subsidiary legislation, the Fisheries Protection Regulations;
· Marine Fish Culture Ordinance (Cap. 353) and associated subsidiary legislation; and
· Water Pollution Control Ordinance (Cap. 358) and its supporting regulations and statements.
8.3 Study Area and Sensitive Receivers
8.3.1 The Study Area for fisheries impact assessment shares the same Study Area as the water quality impact assessment, covering Po Toi O bay, Clearwater Bay and waters surrounding Steep Island (see Figure 5-3). Sensitive receivers identified within the Study Area were as follows:
· Po Toi O Fish Culture Zone (PTOFCZ)
· Fishing ground in the eastern waters of Hong Kong including Po Toi O
· Spawning and nursey grounds for commercial fisheries resources in the eastern waters of Hong Kong
· Artificial reefs in the outer Port Shelter.
Literature Review
8.4.1 Relevant data on fisheries resources from both capture and mariculture fisheries were collected from:
· AFCD Port Surveys
· AFCD Annual Reports
· Artificial Reef Project
· Paper from Legislative Council
· Past studies conducted in nearby waters
8.4.2 AFCD Port Survey 2006 involved interview of fishermen on fisheries production and fishing operations in Hong Kong waters, including those from Po Toi O (AFCD 2014a). The sea was divided into grids to visualize distribution, composition and commercial value of fisheries resources and types of fishing vessel. This provided comprehensive information on the degree of importance of different parts of Hong Kong waters.
8.4.3 AFCD Annual Reports presented data on the overall fisheries practices in Hong Kong, illustrating trend throughout the years.
8.4.4 Consultancy paper “Fisheries Resources and Fishing Operations in Hong Kong Waters” identified important spawning and nursery grounds of fisheries resources in Hong Kong waters (ERM 1998).
8.4.5
Legislative Council discussion
paper “Marine Fish Culture in Hong Kong” (LC Paper No. CB(2)2520/11-12(01)) in
2012 listed out the latest
licensing details of fish culture zones.
Identification of Data Gap
8.4.6 Relevant literatures were able to provide sufficient information required for fisheries impact assessment under the EIAO-TM. Therefore, no field survey was required.
8.5 Description of the Environment & Baseline Fisheries Information
Capture Fisheries
Fishing Vessels
8.5.1 The AFCD Port Survey 2006 (AFCD 2014a) pointed out that Po Toi O is one of the homeports in Hong Kong.
8.5.2 According to the AFCD Port Survey 2006 (AFCD 2014a), around 100 – 400 vessels were operated near Po Toi O. Most of them (100 – 400 vessels, which had a relatively medium – high abundance among Hong Kong waters) were not exceeding 15m in length, while only 10 – 50 vessels (i.e. having a relatively low – medium abundance among Hong Kong waters) were exceeding 15m in length. The productivity (adult fish) of vessels (not exceeding 15m in length) operating in the Study Area described in Section 8.3.1 was 100 – 200 kg/ha, which had a relatively medium productivity among Hong Kong waters. As for vessels exceeding 15m in length, the productivity (adult fish) in the Study Area was less than or equal to 50 kg/ha, which had a relatively low productivity among Hong Kong waters.
8.5.3 As for vessel type, according to the AFCD Port Survey 2006 (AFCD 2014a), 8 vessel types were recorded being operated near Po Toi O. Vessel numbers and the relative abundance among Hong Kong waters of each vessel type are presented in Table 8-1. The productivity (adult fish) and the relative productivity (adult fish) among Hong Kong waters of each vessel type are also presented in Table 8-1.
Table 8-1: Vessel Number, Relative Abundance, Productivity (Adult Fish) and Relative
Productivity (Adult Fish) among Hong Kong Waters of Each Vessel Type Operating near Po Toi O (AFCD 2014a)
Vessel type |
Vessels number |
Relative abundance among Hong Kong waters |
Productivity (adult fish) (kg ha-1) |
Relative productivity (adult fish) among Hong Kong waters |
Stern Trawler * |
> 0 & ≤ 10 |
Low |
> 0 & ≤ 50 |
Low |
Shrimp Trawler * |
10 – 50 |
Low – Medium |
> 0 & ≤ 50 |
Low |
Gill Netter |
10 – 50 |
Medium |
> 0 & ≤ 50 |
Low |
Long Liner |
> 0 & ≤ 10 |
Low |
> 0 & ≤ 50 |
N.A. ** |
Hand Liner |
> 0 & ≤ 10 |
Low |
> 0 & ≤ 50 |
N.A. ** |
Purse Seiner |
> 0 & ≤ 10 |
Low |
> 0 & ≤ 50 |
Low |
Sampan |
100 – 400 |
High |
100 – 200 |
Medium - High |
Miscellaneous Craft |
10 – 50 |
High |
> 0 & ≤ 50 |
Low |
Overall |
100 – 400 |
Medium – High |
100 – 200 |
Low – Medium |
* Trawling operations in Hong Kong waters
have been banned since 31 December 2012 (AFCD 2014b) ** There was only 2
productivity classes – either no productivity, or > 0 & ≤ 50 kg ha-1
– for this vessel type among Hong Kong waters (AFCD 2014a) |
Adult Fish Production
8.5.4 The consultancy paper “Fisheries Resources and Fishing Operations in Hong Kong Waters” (ERM 1998) pointed out that the adult catch in the Study Area was in a range of 102 – 250 kg/ha, which had a relatively low – medium production among Hong Kong waters. Similarly, the AFCD Port Survey 2006 (AFCD 2014a) also pointed out that the annual production of adult fish was 100 – 200 kg/ha, which had a relatively low – medium production among Hong Kong waters as well.
8.5.5 The fishery production (adult fish) in the Study Area was dominated by Rabbitfish (Siganidae) and Squid (AFCD 2014a). The production composition of the top 10 families is summarized in Table 8-2.
Table 8-2: Production Composition of the Top 10 Families from Capture Fisheries in the Study Area (AFCD 2014a)
Family |
Productivity (adult fish) (kg ha-1) |
Relative productivity (adult fish) among Hong
Kong waters |
Scad (Carangidae) |
≤ 5 |
Low |
Shrimp |
≤ 5 |
Low |
Rabbitfish (Siganidae) |
20 – 40 |
Medium |
Squid |
20 – 40 |
Medium |
Croaker (Sciaenidae) |
10 – 20 |
Medium |
Crab |
5 – 10 |
Medium - Low |
Mullet (Mugilidae) |
≤ 5 |
Low |
Sardine (Clupeidae) |
≤ 5 |
Low |
Seabream (Sparidae) |
10 – 20 |
Medium - Low |
Anchovy (Engraulidae) |
10 – 20 |
Medium |
8.5.6 Based on the data in the AFCD Port Survey 2006 (AFCD 2014a), the overall fisheries production (i.e. including both adult fish and fish fry) in the Study Area was $2000 – $5000 ha-1, which had a relatively medium – high production value among Hong Kong waters.
Fish Spawning and Nursery
Grounds
8.5.7 The consultancy paper “Fisheries Resources and Fishing Operations in Hong Kong Waters” (ERM 1998) pointed out that the Study Area is located in an important spawning area, the Eastern Waters, for commercial fisheries resources. Apogon quadrifasciatus, Parapristipoma trilineatum, Sebasticus marmoratus, Trichiurus haumela, Upeneus sulphureus and U. tragula were the major species found in the Eastern Waters.
8.5.8 According to the same consultancy paper (ERM 1998), the fry caught in the Study Area varied in different zones. It varied from > 4,000 tails/ha/year (the highest productivity class among Hong Kong waters) in the Clear Water Bay, to no caught in Po Toi O Bay and around Steep Island. There was 1,000 – 2,000 tails/ha/year fry caught (a relatively low productivity among Hong Kong waters) in the edge of the Study Area, adjacent to the outer Port Shelter (ERM 1998). Clear Water Bay was one of the major fish fry production grounds in addition to another locality near Kau Sai Chau.
8.5.9 Nevertheless, the AFCD Port Survey 2006 (AFCD 2014a) pointed out that, the whole Study Area (including Clear Water Bay) had a low production of fish fry (> 0 & ≤ 50 tails/ha) among Hong Kong waters.
Artificial Reefs
8.5.10 To protect and enhance fishery resources in the outer Port Shelter, AFCD deployed twelve artificial reef sites between Steep Island, Tiu Chung Chau and Basalt Island, as shown in Figure 8-1 (AFCD undated). The deployment was conducted from 2001 – 2009, covering 103,270 m3 of volume. PS10 to PS12 are located at the edge of the Study Area. Steel vessels of 29.2 x 8.6 x 8.9 m3 were deployed at these three stations.
Culture Fisheries
8.5.11 The PTOFCZ occupies 38,200 m2 within the semi-enclosed bay in Po Toi O. Location and photographic record of the fish culture zone are presented in Figure 8-2 and Figure 8-3 respectively. According to the Legislative Council discussion paper “Marine Fish Culture in Hong Kong” (LC Paper No. CB(2)2520/11-12(01)), the licensed area was 4,330 m2 as in May 2012.
8.5.12 According to the “List of rafts allowed to conducted recreational fishing” updated on 1 September 2014 (AFCD 2014c), the PTOFCZ had contained fish raft which allows for recreational fishing. Nevertheless, since 19 October 2014, its recreational fishing consent letter has expired and hasn’t been renewed (AFCD 2014c; AFCD 2014d). Therefore, no fish raft in the PTOFCZ is allowed to conduct recreational fishing.
8.6 Impact Identification and Assessment
Construction Phase
Direct
Impact
8.6.1
Direct impact on fisheries has been minimized by limiting marine
construction works for the establishment of the submarine outfall. The
submarine outfall will be constructed below seabed by horizontal directional
drill (HDD) without the need of open dredging. No loss of spawning and nursery grounds
for fisheries resources is expected for the establishment of
the submarine outfall.
8.6.2
Dredging is only required for the installation of diffuser, which will be carried
out within a sheet pile cofferdam with an area of 10 m x 50 m (i.e. 500 m2).
Seabed within the cofferdam will be dredged (about 500 m2) to ensure the
seabed stability for installing the diffuser with 5 m2 in
size (i.e. about 2.5 m in diameter). Important spawning
ground and benthic habitat in the cofferdam and the associated fisheries resources
(e.g. crustaceans and bivalves) will be lost during construction phase.
8.6.3
However, except the area occupied by the diffuser, all dredged seabed
will be backfilled to the original seabed level with
rockfill. The cofferdam will also be removed after the completion of
backfilling. Therefore, the installation of diffuser will lose 5 m2 seabed
permanently, and 495 m2 seabed temporarily.
8.6.4
In addition to the loss of fisheries resources in seabed, the
construction works area will temporarily reduce the area of fishing ground. Since a cofferdam, a silt
curtain and two marine barges (i.e. a construction
barge and a moving barge) will stay temporarily around the
mouth of Po Toi O bay for construction work, the navigable area in the mouth of
the bay would be reduced. Hence, fishing vessels entering and departing the Po Toi O Homeport would be
disturbed.
8.6.5
The cofferdam, silt curtain and marine barges would occupied around
1,920 m2 in total (i.e. 500 m2 by the cofferdam, approx. 400 m2
extra surrounded by the silt curtain, and 1,020 m2
by marine barges on sea surface). Nevertheless, the occupied area will be released
once the construction work is finished. Therefore, the disruption of fishing
activity would be temporary.
8.6.6
In summary, about 1,920 m2 of fishing ground (including 500 m2
important spawning ground and seabed) will be temporarily lost during
construction phase. In which, 5 m2 of the important spawning ground
will be permanently lost upon the completion of diffuser installation. As the direct impacts identified
are expected to be localized, largely temporary and reversible, the overall
direct impact on the capture fisheries will be insignificant.
8.6.7
Since all marine-based construction works will be 300 m away from the PTOFCZ and
over 1 km away from artificial reefs, no direct encroachment on
these sensitive receivers is expected.
Indirect
Impact – Water Quality Deterioration
8.6.8
Both land based and marine based construction
activities are expected to deteriorate
the water quality via surface runoff, waste water generated, accidental leakage of chemicals, and release of suspended solids (SS) during
installing and extracting the sheet pile cofferdam. Past studies verified that
certain levels of SS would depress both health and survival rate of fish
(Binnie 1994).
8.6.9
Nevertheless, according to the assessment in Chapter 5 – Water Quality Impact Assessment,
the water quality impact due to land-based construction works would be
minimized to acceptable level if mitigation measures were implemented properly.
8.6.10 Chapter 5 – Water Quality Impact Assessment also pointed out that the marine-based construction
works (i.e. installation & extraction of sheeting pile cofferdam by
vibratory action) would only cause minor displacement of marine
sediment. With erection of silt curtain around the piling area, the displaced
sediment will settle quickly and will not significantly increase the SS level
in the water column. In addition, dredging and
backfilling works will be confined within fully enclosed
cofferdam. The dredger barge will be anchored
outside the cofferdam for dredging and backfilling operation, as well as storage of marine
sediment in a sealed compartment. No opening of cofferdam will be
required and thus there will be no release of sediment into water bodies. Therefore, these works are not expected to impact on the water
quality.
8.6.11 Therefore,
indirect water quality impact on both capture and culture fisheries, and
spawning and nursery grounds is expected to be insignificant.
Operational Phase
Direct
Impact – Loss of Fishing Ground
8.6.12
While 5 m2 of the benthic habitat will be
permanently lost for the installation of diffuser, this
is an insignificant area when compared to the unaffected area in the
nearby waters in Po Toi O and Clearwater Bay. The impact will be insignificant.
Indirect
Impact – Effluent Discharge under Normal Operation
8.6.13
According to Section 9.1 of the “Technical Memorandum Standards for Effluents
Discharged into Drainage and Sewerage Systems, Inland and Coastal Waters of the
Water Pollution Control Ordinance” (WPCO TM), no new effluent will be allowed
within 200 m of the seaward boundaries of a marine fish culture zone, and
within 100 m of the landward
boundaries. The diffuser of the Project will be installed over 330 m away from
PTOFCZ and 175 m away from the shore. Therefore, the WPCO TM is complied with.
8.6.14
In
addition to SS, change in concentrations of total inorganic nitrogen (TIN),
unionized ammonia (UIA) and dissolved oxygen (DO) can affect health and
survival of fishery resources. TIN is a
plant nutrient which could encourage algal bloom, UIA is
toxic to fish and DO is essential for survival of fisheries resources. Also, E. coli (which can
survive in fish intestine) could contaminate fish and lead to
health implication if consumed. During normal
operation, sewage collected will be treated before being discharged at the
diffuser. With
reference to Chapter
5 – Water Quality Impact Assessment, the water quality model predicted no
substantial change in these water quality parameters in the Study Area (described in Section 8.3.1) is anticipated during normal operation. Therefore,
no adverse impact on fishing ground and fish culture zone (hence both capture
and culture fisheries), and spawning ground is expected. As the artificial
reefs are located far from the Po Toi O bay, no adverse impact on artificial
reefs is anticipated.
Indirect Impact – Emergency Plant Breakdown
8.6.15 The Po Toi O Sewage Treatment Plant
(PTO STP) cannot operate in case of power or equipment failure. The Supervisory Control and
Data Acquisition (SCADA) system in the PTO STP will signal to the
operation and maintenance personnel for emergency attendance. Standby pump and
screen will be provided at the PTO STP. According to the performance pledge of
CLP, electricity provision will be restored within 2 hours after fault outage.
Also, emergency generator will be delivered to PTO STP within 4 hours by future
term contractor in case of plant failure where necessary.
8.6.16
As the average dry weather flow (ADWF) of PTO STP would be small (about 139 m3/day), it would be
possible to deploy tankers to transport away the sewage to Tseung Kwan O
Preliminary Treatment Works (TKO PTW) (or other nearby sewage treatment works (STW))
for treatment in case the PTO STP cannot be recovered in a short period of
time.
8.6.17
Emergency storage of 4-hour ADWF (23.19m3)
will be provided in the PTO STP. In case of plant failure, three 12m3
sewage tankers will be called in to transport the sewage from PTO STP to TKO
PTW. Tankers will take different travel routes to reduce the risk of delay due
to traffic jam. The tanker arrangement is as follows:
Table
8-3: Tanker Away Arrangement
Tanker |
Source |
Potential Route |
Arrival Time |
Duty |
A |
DSD’s tanker which stationed at Sai Kung Sewage Treatment Works |
Sai Kung STW |
1.5 hours from plant failure |
Transport sewage from PTO STP to TKO PTW |
B |
DSD Sewage Treatment Division Term Contractor, required to arrive in 2
hours in contract |
Shatin STW* |
2.5 hours from plant failure |
Transport sewage from PTO STP to TKO PTW |
C |
DSD District Term Contractors (any 1 of the 3 districts), required to arrive in 1.5
hours in contract |
Kwun Tong Preliminary
Treatment Works* |
2.5 hours from plant failure |
Standby at PTO STP, to be on duty if Tanker A/B breaks down or encounters
traffic delay |
* Typical location where term contractor’s tankers are stationed
8.6.18
The distance between PTO STP and TKO PTW is about
12.1km or 18-minute travel distance. Including sewage loading and unloading
time, each tanker is assumed to take 2 hours round trip. Tankers A and B will
work in shift to continuously remove sewage from PTO STP. If one of the tankers
fails to arrive at PTO STP on time, Tanker C will come in to ensure that at
least two tankers will be operating. An operation drill prior to future operation will
be conducted to confirm the time estimates achievable at peak hours.
8.6.19
Appendix 5.5 shows the
fluctuation of sewage volume in PTO STP in case plant failure occurs during
peak sewage flow (6 pm). With continuous removal of sewage by tankers in
rotation, the highest quantity stored in the plant will be 17.24 m3,
which is well below the emergency storage capacity (23.19 m3). With
about additional 6 m3 storage buffer, the chance of having sewage volume exceeding the
storage capacity is very low. No overflow of sewage
from the PTO STP is anticipated.
8.6.20
Each
tanker will deliver 12 m3 sewage from PTO STP to TKO PTW. Based on
DSD’s past experience, it takes 15 minutes to unload all sewage. The average
flow rate will be 12 m3/15 minutes/60 seconds = 0.013 m3/s,
which is far below the design capacity of TKO PTW (5.55 m3/s [1]). No overloading of TKO PTW is anticipated.
·
Delivery of an emergency generator to the PTO STP
within 4 hours from plant failure;
·
Provision of dual power by CLP;
·
Provision of a supervisory control and data
acquisition system (SCADA), which signals to the operation and maintenance
personnel for emergency attendance in case of plant failure;
·
Provision of a standby pump and screen at the PTO
STP;
·
Provision of emergency storage of 4-hr ADWF sewage
retention time;
·
Arrangement of tankers for continuous removal of
incoming sewage to other sewage treatment plants for treatment to ensure a
sufficient buffer for emergency storage.
8.6.22
Based on these provisions, no adverse impact on water
quality or fisheries due to emergency plant breakdown is anticipated.
Cumulative Impact
8.6.23
Currently, there is one
planned marine project, maintenance dredging of Po Toi O Fish Culture Zone, located
within the Study Area. However,
there is no solid plan on when the works will be carried out.
Therefore, it is assumed that it will not be carried out concurrently with the
construction work of the Project, and hence, no cumulative impact is expected.
8.7.1 Impact on fisheries was evaluated in accordance with EIAO-TM Annex 9 “Guidelines for Fisheries Impact Assessment”. Details are presented in Table 8-4.
Table 8-4: Evaluation of the Significance of Impacts on Fisheries
Criteria |
Evaluation |
Nature of impact |
A tiny area of benthic habitat
loss due to dredging; |
Size of affected area |
Temporary working area in
construction phase: |
Loss of fisheries resources / production |
Loss in fishing ground: Not anticipated for
aquaculture activity Overall Insignificant |
Destruction and disturbance of
nursery and spawning grounds |
Loss in important spawning
ground: 495 m2 temporary in construction
phase, 5 m2 permanent; Overall Insignificant |
Impact on fishing activity |
Temporary loss of about 1,920
m2 of fishing ground of mainly vessels smaller than 15 m in length Overall Insignificant |
Impact on aquaculture activity |
No direct loss of PTOFCZ; Overall Insignificant |
8.8 Recommendations & Mitigation Measures
8.8.1
Since
the direct impact on fisheries will be insignificant
and the impact on fisheries will be depended on water quality, mitigation
measures proposed in Chapter 5
– Water Quality Impact Assessment will be sufficient to
mitigate the impact on fisheries. No specific mitigation measure on fisheries
is proposed.
8.9.1
With proper implementation of mitigation measures, the
residual impact is anticipated to be acceptable during construction and
operational phases.
8.10 Environmental Monitoring and Audit Programme
8.10.1
Since
the impact on fisheries will be depended on water
quality, water quality monitoring and audit programme proposed in the EM&A Manual will be
sufficient. No specific monitoring and audit programme
on fisheries is required.
8.11.1
Fisheries resources in the Study Area described in Section 8.3.1 included the Po Toi O Fish Culture Zone, Artificial Reefs,
fishing ground in the eastern waters of Hong
Kong including Po Toi O, and spawning and nursery grounds for commercial
fisheries resources in the eastern waters of Hong
Kong. In terms of capture
fisheries, adult fish production (in weight) in the Study Area was “relatively low –
medium”, while the overall fish (i.e. both adult fish and fish fry) production
(in value) was “relatively medium – high” among Hong Kong waters.
8.11.2 Although no direct encroachment on the Po Toi O Fish Culture Zone and Artificial Reefs in the Study Area is anticipated, about 1,920 m2 of fishing ground and 500 m2 of benthic spawning ground will be affected. Except the 5 m2 benthic spawning ground will be lost permanently, other impacted area will only be temporarily affected in construction phase (reversible impact). Indirect impact on fisheries resources by the water quality deterioration will be insignificant. No cumulative fisheries impact is expected as no project will be carried out concurrently with this Project.
8.11.3
As sewage
will be collected and treated before discharge, no substantial change in water quality is expected for normal operation of the Project. Considering the project scale, risk of
emergency condition, construction difficulties and cost, the following
provisions are the most appropriate and practical mitigation measures in case
of emergency
plant breakdown:
·
Delivery of an emergency generator to the PTO STP
within 4 hours from plant failure;
·
Provision of dual power by CLP;
·
Provision of a supervisory control and data
acquisition system (SCADA), which signals to the operation and maintenance
personnel for emergency attendance in case of plant failure;
·
Provision of a standby pump and screen at the PTO
STP;
·
Provision of emergency storage of 4-hr ADWF sewage
retention time;
·
Arrangement of tankers for continuous removal of
incoming sewage to other sewage treatment plants for treatment to ensure a
sufficient buffer for emergency storage.
8.11.4
With these provisions, emergency discharge of untreated sewage
will not be
required, and thus
no adverse impact on water quality and fisheries due to emergency plant
breakdown is anticipated. In summary, no adverse
impact on fisheries
is expected in operational phase.
8.11.5 With proper implementation of mitigation measures on water quality, the residual impact on fisheries is expected to be acceptable. No specific monitoring and audit programme is required for fisheries.
8.11.6 The overall impact on fisheries is considered as acceptable.
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Fisheries and Conservation Department (AFCD). (2014a). Port Survey 2006.
[online] http://www.afcd.gov.hk/english/fisheries/fish_cap/fish_cap_latest/fish_cap_latest.html. Accessed: 22 September 2014.
Agriculture,
Fisheries and Conservation Department (AFCD). (2014b). Conservation of
Fisheries Resources. [online] http://www.afcd.gov.hk/english/fisheries/fish_cap/fish_cap_con/fish_cap_con.html. Accessed: 23 September 2014.
Agriculture,
Fisheries and Conservation Department (AFCD). (2014c). List of Rafts Allowed to Conducted
Recreational Fishing. [online] https://www.afcd.gov.hk/tc_chi/fisheries/fish_aqu/fish_aqu_mfco/files/RF_list_01092014.pdf. Accessed: 24 September 2014.
Agriculture,
Fisheries and Conservation Department (AFCD). (2014d). List of Rafts Allowed to Conducted
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Agriculture,
Fisheries and Conservation Department (AFCD). (undated). Hong Kong Artificial
Reef Project. [online] http://www.artificial-reef.net/
Accessed: 9 January 2015.
Binnie Consultants Limited.
(1994). Marine Ecology of the Ninepin Islands. For the Fill
Management Department. Hong Kong SAR Government.
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and Fishing Operations in Hong Kong Waters. Agriculture & Fisheries
Department, Hong Kong SAR.
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Asia Ltd. 2005. Further Development of Tseung Kwan O Feasibility Study
(Application No. EIA-111/2015) Ch. 6 Sewerage and Sewage Treatment. [online]
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