8 ECOLOGICAL IMPACT (Terrestrial and Aquatic)

8.1 Introduction

8.1.1.1 This chapter presents an assessment of potential impacts on ecological resources within the assessment area, resulting from the construction and operation of the Project. The baseline conditions of ecological components of the terrestrial and aquatic environment were evaluated based on information from available literature and field surveys conducted for the purposes of this EIA. Measures required to mitigate any identified adverse impacts were recommended, where appropriate, and residual impacts were assessed.

8.2 Environmental Legislation, Standards and Guidelines

8.2.1.1 This assessment makes reference to the following Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) Government ordinances, regulations, standards, guidelines, and documents when identifying ecological importance of habitats and species, and evaluating and assessing potential impacts of the Project on the ecological resources:

· Environmental Impact Assessment Ordinance (Cap. 499), and its subsidiary legislation, which provides guidelines on the environmental impact assessment process;

· Technical Memorandum on Environmental Impact Assessment Process (EIAO-TM) Annex 8, which recommends the criteria to be used for evaluating habitat and ecological impact;

· EIAO-TM Annex 16, which sets out the general approach and methodology for assessment of ecological impacts arising from a project or proposal, to allow a complete and objective identification, prediction and evaluation of the potential ecological impacts;

· EIAO Guidance Note No. 3/2010 Flexibility and Enforceability of Mitigation Measures Proposed in an Environmental Impact Assessment Report, which provides guiding principles on the approach to assess the recommended environmental mitigation measures in EIA reports;

· EIAO Guidance Note No. 6/2010 Some Observations on Ecological Assessment from the Environmental Impact Assessment Ordinance Perspective, which clarifies the requirements of ecological assessments under the EIAO;

· EIAO Guidance Note No. 7/2010 Ecological Baseline Survey for Ecological Assessment, which provides general guidelines for conducting ecological baseline surveys in order to fulfil requirements stipulated in the EIAO-TM.

· EIAO Guidance Note No. 10/2010 Methodologies for Terrestrial and Freshwater Ecological Baseline Surveys, which introduces some methodologies in conducting terrestrial and freshwater ecological baseline surveys in order to fulfil requirements stipulated in the EIAO-TM;

· Country Parks Ordinance (Cap. 208), which provides for the designation and management of country parks and special areas. Country Parks are designated for the purpose of nature conservation, countryside recreation and outdoor education. Special areas are created mainly for the purpose of nature conservation;

· Forests and Countryside Ordinance (Cap. 96), which prohibits felling, cutting, burning or destroying of trees and growing plants in forests and plantations on Government land. Related subsidiary regulations prohibit the selling or possession of listed, restricted and protected plant species;

· Wild Animals Protection Ordinance (Cap. 170), under which the designated wild animals are protected from being hunted, whilst their nests and eggs are protected from injury, destruction and removal. All birds and most mammals, including marine cetaceans, are protected under this Ordinance;

· Protection of Endangered Species of Animals and Plants Ordinance (Cap. 586) gives effect to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) in Hong Kong. It restricts the import and export of species listed in CITES Appendices so as to protect wildlife from overexploitation or extinction. The Ordinance is primarily related to controlling trade in threatened and endangered species and restricting the local possession of them;

· Town Planning Ordinance (Cap. 131), which provides for the designation of Coastal Protection Areas, Sites of Special Scientific Interest, Conservation Area, Country Park, Green Belt or other specified uses that promote conservation or protection of the environment;

· Water Pollution Control Ordinance (Cap. 358), which provides the main statutory framework for the declaration of water control zones (WCZ) to cover the whole of Hong Kong and the establishment of water quality objectives;

· Chapter 10 of the Hong Kong Planning Standards and Guidelines (HKPSG), which covers planning considerations relevant to conservation. This chapter details the principles of conservation, the conservation of natural landscape and habitats, historic buildings, archaeological sites and other antiquities. It also describes enforcement issues. The appendices list the legislation and administrative controls for conservation, other conservation related measures in Hong Kong and Government departments involved in conservation;

· Environment, Transport and Works Bureau Technical Circular (Works) (ETWB TCW) No. 5/2005 Protection of Natural Streams/rivers from Adverse Impacts Arising from Construction Works, which provides an administrative framework to better protect all natural streams/rivers from the impacts of construction works; and

· Environmental Protection Department Practice Note for Professional Persons ProPECC PN 1/94 Construction Site Drainage, which provides some basic environmental guidelines for the handling and disposal of construction site discharges.

8.2.1.2 This section also makes reference to the following international conventions and national legislation:

· The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species, which provides taxonomic, conservation status and distribution information on taxa that have been evaluated using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. This system is designed to determine the relative risk of extinction, and the main purpose of the IUCN Red List is to catalogue and highlight those taxa that are facing a higher risk of global extinction. The IUCN Red List also includes information on taxa that are either close to meeting the threatened thresholds or that would be threatened were it not for an ongoing taxon-specific conservation programme;

· The People's Republic of China National Protection Lists of Important Wild Animals and Plants, which lists detailed Category I and Category II key protected animals and plant species under Mainland Chinese Legislation; and

· The Convention on Biological Diversity (the CBD), which opened for signature at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992 with three main objectives: to conserve biodiversity, to ensure sustainable use of the components of biodiversity, and to share the benefits arising from the use of genetic resources in a fair and equitable manner. There are currently over 190 Parties to the Convention, including China. In May 2011, the CBD was formally extended to Hong Kong. The Environment Bureau and the Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department have embarked on an exercise to develop a city-level Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (BSAP) under the CBD.

8.3 Assessment Methodology

8.3.1 Assessment Area

8.3.1.1 The assessment area for terrestrial ecology includes areas within a 500 m distance from the boundary of the Project site and associated works as well as other areas likely to be impacted by the Project (Figure 8.1 refers).

8.3.1.2 For aquatic ecology, the assessment area is the same as that for water quality impact assessment, which includes areas within 500 m from the boundary of the Project and covers the Deep Bay, North Western and other affected Water Control Zones as designated under the Water Pollution Control Ordinance (Cap. 358) and water sensitive receivers in the vicinity of the Project (Figure 8.1 refers).

8.3.2 Literature Review

8.3.2.1 The ecological characteristics of the assessment area were identified through a comprehensive review of the available literature. This review collated ecological information from various reports and publications which included:

· Biodiversity – newsletters of Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department (AFCD);

· AFCD’s Website and Biodiversity Database (AFCD, 2021);

· AFCD’s Biodiversity Survey Data between 2002 and 2020 (AFCD, 2020a);

· Annual Report and other Publications of The Hong Kong Bird Watching Society;

· A field guide to the terrestrial mammals of Hong Kong (Shek, 2006);

· The Hong Kong Dragonflies (Tam et al., 2011);

· Check List of Hong Kong Plants (Hong Kong Herbarium, 2012);

· Rare and Precious Plants of Hong Kong (Hu et al., 2003);

· Field Guide to Trees in Hong Kong’s Countryside (Lai et al., 2008); and

· Gymnosperms and angiosperms of Hong Kong (Xing et al., 2000)

8.3.2.2 The review also included the below relevant approved EIA studies:

· Housing Sites in Yuen Long South – Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) (AEIAR-215/2017) (CEDD, 2017); and

· Yuen Long and Kam Tin Sewerage and Sewage Disposal Stage 2 – EIA (AEIAR-078/2004) (DSD, 2004)

8.3.2.3 A map showing the assessment areas of the approved EIA studies reviewed and the 500 m assessment area of this Project is provided in Figure 8.2.

8.3.3 Ecological Survey Methodology

8.3.3.1 The ecological surveys followed the technical guidelines of ecological assessment in Annexes 8 and 16 of EIAO-TM and relevant EIAO Guidance Note 6/2010, 7/2010 and 10/2010. All field surveys were carried out in such ways that no unnecessary stress or damage to the existing habitats and wildlife was resulted.

8.3.3.2 Ecological surveys of the Project were conducted between December 2020 and July 2021, covering both dry and wet seasons for a period of six months. Day-time and night-time surveys were conducted for major faunal groups. The schedule for the ecological surveys conducted is given in Table 8.1 and the survey locations are presented in Figure 8.1.

Table 8.1 Ecological Survey Schedule

Survey	2020	2021
	Dry Season		Transition Season	Wet Season
	Dec	Jan	Apr	May	Jun	Jul
Habitat and Vegetation (Day)	✓			✓
Avifauna (Day & Night)	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Survey for Breeding Egrets and Heron⁽¹⁾			✓	✓	✓	✓
Butterfly and Odonate (Day)	✓		✓	✓		✓
Herpetofauna (Day & Night)	✓			✓		✓
Mammal (Day& Night)		✓	✓		✓
Freshwater Community		✓			✓

Note:

(1) The survey period covers the ardeid breeding season.

Habitat Mapping and Vegetation Survey

8.3.3.3 Habitats within the assessment area were identified by making reference to the latest available aerial photographs obtained from Lands Department (LandsD) and also ground-truthing on foot. Habitats identified have been illustrated on the habitat map of an appropriate scale (e.g. 1:1000 to 1:5000) to show the distribution and coverage of each habitat type.

8.3.3.4 Ecological characteristics of each identified habitat type, such as size, vegetation type, dominant floral species present, species abundance and diversity, community structure, naturalness, seasonal patterns and inter-dependence of habitats and species, and presence of any features of ecological importance, were discussed. For watercourses, physical attributes such as type of riparian zone, channel width and depth, substrate type, and any signs of disturbance were reported. Representative photographs of each habitat type and any importance ecological features were recorded.

8.3.3.5 Vegetation survey were conducted via transects which were set across representative patches of each habitat type. Floral species observed during the surveys were identified to species level, with their relative abundance recorded. Special attention was also paid to the presence of any rare or protected species. A plant species list presenting the recorded plant species and presence of species of conservation concern was established for the assessment area. The plant species list also presented the conservation status, the form (e.g. herb, shrub, tree) and categorised whether the species was native or exotic. Nomenclature and conservation status of floral species followed Xing et al. (2000), Hu et al. (2003), Lai et al. (2008), Hong Kong Herbarium (2012) and Hong Kong Herbarium and South China Botanical Garden (2007, 2008, 2009, 2011).

Avifauna Survey

8.3.3.6 Avifauna surveys were conducted monthly at suitable time (usually in early morning) when birds are most active using the transect count and point count methods. The presence and relative abundance of avifauna species at various habitats were recorded visually and aurally. Night-time surveys were also conducted to detect presence of nocturnal species.

8.3.3.7 Avifauna species were detected either by direct sighting or by their call and identified to species level. Any notable behaviours such as feeding, roosting and breeding were also recorded. Bird species encountered outside the point count locations and walk transects were also recorded. A comprehensive list of species recorded from the assessment area was prepared, with wetland-dependence, conservation and/or protection status indicated. Ornithological nomenclature in this report follows Carey et al. (2001), Viney et al. (2005) and the most recent updated list from Hong Kong Bird Watching Society.

8.3.3.8 Ecological field surveys covering ardeid breeding season were undertaken at the potential egrets and herons foraging wetland habitats by using the point count method (refer to Figure 8.1 for representative point count locations). The point count locations were mainly located in the vicinity of the potential foraging wetland habitats that would potentially be utilized by the breeding egrets and herons within assessment area. Each point count location was surveyed for 5 minutes during which all breeding egrets and herons seen or heard within 30 m of the point count locations were counted and identified to species level, wherever possible. The breeding egrets and herons noted during the survey were recorded and quantified, with their activities noted to identify roosting and foraging habitats. The flight lines of breeding egret and heron individuals were followed by means of high-power binoculars to identify their landing locations/habitats, wherever possible.

Butterfly and Odonate Survey

8.3.3.9 Butterflies and odonates (dragonflies and damselflies) within the assessment area were surveyed along the survey transects. Special attention was given to their potential habitats including watercourses and ponds. The surveys were conducted at suitable weather condition to avoid overcast weather when the dragonflies were less active. All species observed were identified to species level as far as possible. Relative abundance of butterflies, dragonflies and damselflies were recorded, while larva, pupa and nymphs encountered were also recorded. Nomenclature of butterfly follows Lo & Hui (2010) and nomenclature of dragonfly and damselfly follows Tam et al. (2011) and Reels (2019).

Herpetofauna Survey

8.3.3.10 Herpetofauna within the assessment area were surveyed along survey transects. Potential microhabitats (e.g. leaf litter, underneath of rotten logs) were searched. All reptiles and amphibians sighted were recorded.

8.3.3.11 Amphibian survey were conducted whenever possible after dusks following or during periods of rainfall, focusing on areas suitable for amphibians (e.g. forests, shrublands, grasslands, streams, catchwaters, fishponds and marshes, if any). Records of calling amphibians formed the bulk of the data collected, but this was also supplemented when possible by visual observation of eggs, tadpoles and frogs and toads.

8.3.3.12 During reptile surveys, careful searches of appropriate microhabitats and refugia (e.g. stones, pond bunds, crevices, leaf litter/debris, rotten log) were undertaken. All reptiles observed were identified. In addition to active searching, observation of exposed, basking or foraging reptiles were also recorded.

8.3.3.13 Nomenclature of amphibian and reptile follows Chan et al. (2005) and Chan et al. (2006) respectively.

Terrestrial Mammal Survey

8.3.3.14 Surveys were conducted in areas which might potentially be utilised by terrestrial mammals. The surveys focused on potential areas where terrestrial mammals are likely to be present, search for field signs such as droppings, footprints, diggings or burrows left by larger mammals were also conducted. Mammal identification was made as accurate as possible from the field signs encountered. In addition, any mammals directly observed were identified. Nomenclature of mammal follows Shek (2006).

8.3.3.15 Bat surveys were undertaken by surveyor(s) equipped with ultrasonic bat detector at potential roosting, commuting, foraging and drinking site along the survey transects. The bat species were located upon the detection location of echolocation calls and from direct observation. The acoustic information (species-specific echolocation calls) were recorded for later analysis, supplemented with other direct observation (e.g. size, flying pattern, flight height and utilization of nearby habitats) for species identification.

Freshwater Community Survey

8.3.3.16 Freshwater communities were surveyed through active searching and direct observation at representative sampling locations within the assessment area. To avoid driving organisms (e.g. fish and shrimps) away, and avoid disturbing the bottom substrate, direct observation from a suitable distance was conducted prior to active searching and kick sampling. Boulders within the watercourse would be turned over to locate any aquatic animals beneath. Hand net were used to collect organisms along the watercourse. Organisms encountered were recorded and identified to the lowest possible taxon level. Nomenclature of freshwater fish and invertebrate communities follows Lee et al. (2004) and Dudgeon (2003), respectively.

8.4 Baseline Conditions

8.4.1 Project Site

8.4.1.1 The Project site is located in an area of extensive development in Yuen Long South and it is separated into two smaller portions. The both portions are currently occupied by open storage, light industrial developments and car workshops. A section of modified watercourse also falls within the north-western margin of the Project site.

8.4.1.2 Beyond the Project site, further extensive urban developments can be found in the north and east of the assessment area, which comprise industrial developments and operations as well as low-rise rural residential development. To the south and southwest of the Project site, vast area of grassy shrubland can be found on the uplands on Kung Um Shan, while parcels of woodland habitats can be found at the foothill between the grassy shrubland and urban developments. An area comprising a matrix of agricultural lands and orchards are also found towards the eastern part of the assessment area. A number of semi-natural and modified watercourses are also found within the assessment area, most notably Yuen Long Nullah which originates from the tip of the southern portion of the Project site towards the Yuen Long city area.

8.4.2 Sites of Conservation Importance and Other Ecologically Sensitive Areas

Tai Lam Country Park

8.4.2.1 Tai Lam Country Park (TLCP) is located at the southwestern boundary of the assessment area (Figure 8.1 refers). It possesses as diverse floral composition in spite of its poor soil and frequent hill fires. While shrubland constitutes the upland of TLCP, the remaining wooded areas do support a great fauna assemblage (AFCD, 2020b). An approximate 17.5 ha of TLCP falls within the current assessment area and is located approximately 150 m from the nearest Project site. The portion of TLCP that falls within the assessment area is made up of predominantly shrubland habitat.

Conservation Area

8.4.2.2 A “Conservation Area” (“CA”) of approximately 48 ha is identified within the assessment area, which spans along the lower and middle slopes of Kung Um Shan from the northwest to the south of the assessment area, abutting the southern boundaries of the Project site. The “CA” is gazetted under the approved Tong Yan San Tsuen Outline Zoning Plan (S/YL-TYST/14) with the intention to protect and retain the existing natural landscape, ecological or topographical features of the area for conservation, education and research purposes and to separate Country Park from development (TPB, 2020). Apart from watercourses, the “CA” also covers areas of shrubland, mixed woodland, plantation, village/orchard, agricultural land, and developed area/wasteland within the current assessment area (CEDD, 2017).

Yeung Ka Tsuen Ecologically Important Stream

8.4.2.3 Yeung Ka Tsuen Ecologically Important Stream (EIS) is located approximately 425 m from the Project site at the eastern boundary of the assessment area, and its downstream adjoins a section of the channelised Yuen Long Nullah (ETWB, 2005). The EIS is semi-natural with natural beds but modified banks and was designated given the diversity of stream specialist dragonflies recorded. It was found to be influenced by nearby agricultural activities and domestic discharges, and was heavily choked with grasses and ruderal vegetation, thus had a slow flow (CEDD, 2017).

Egretry

8.4.2.4 No active egretry was recorded within the assessment area. Two historical egretries were reported in close proximity to the assessment area, which include Tai Tong Egretry and Tai Tong (Pak Sha Tsuen) Egretry. Tai Tong Egretry was located approximately 750 m from the Project site near Yeung Ka Tsuen and has been abandoned since 2014 (Anon, 2014).

8.4.2.5 Tai Tong (Pak Sha Tsuen) Egretry was located approximately 1 km north of the Project site and was first reported in July 2013. Since then, between 12 to 34 nests of Eastern Cattle Egret (Bubulcus coromandus), Little Egret (Egretta garzetta) and Chinese Pond Heron (Ardeola bacchus) were recorded in subsequent breeding seasons up until 2019, during which only one Chinese Pond Heron nest was recorded (Anon, 2014; Anon, 2015; Anon, 2016; Anon, 2017; Anon, 2018; Anon, 2020). In 2020, the egretry was reported to be abandoned (Anon, 2021).

8.4.2.6 Flight-line surveys conducted previously at Tai Tong (Pak Sha Tsuen) Egretry showed that most flight lines recorded were in the northern, north-eastern and eastern direction toward potential foraging grounds at Yuen Long (West) Nullah and Kam Tin River. Only a limited number of birds were seen heading the southern direction (i.e. toward the Project site), presumably due to the lack of suitable foraging habitats in that area (CEDD, 2017).

8.4.2.7 During the present survey, verification checks were conducted at Tai Tong (Pak Sha Tsuen) to ascertain and status of the egretry and it was found that the egretry was indeed no longer active.

“Green Belt”

8.4.2.8 An area located at the foothill of Kung Um Shan is zoned as “Green Belt” (“GB”) under the approved Tong Yan San Tsuen Outline Zoning Plan (Plan No. S/YL-TYST/14). The planning intention of “GB” is “primarily for defining the limits of urban and sub-urban development areas by natural features and to contain urban sprawl as well as to provide passive recreational outlets.” (TPB, 2020). This “GB” abuts existing development (i.e. developed area/wasteland) and covers a large proportion of mixed woodland within the assessment area. The riparian habitat on the two sides of W3 will be gazetted as “GB” under the proposed revised Recommended Outline Development Plan (RODP) for Yuen Long South Development Area (YLS DA) and will be linked with the proposed reedbed and hillside river corridor.

Reedbed (to be established)

8.4.2.9 A reedbed will be constructed in an area to the north of YLSEPP as proposed in the RODP for YLS DA and approved EIA study for Housing Sites in Yuen Long South. According to which, the reedbed could act as a clean-up reedbed whilst providing foraging and shelter opportunities for aquatic fauna, and the drainage/stormwater would be treated before being discharged into Yuen Long Nullah (CEDD, 2017). However, the design, layout, proposed vegetation to be planted and the construction programme for the reedbed are not available at present, physical description of the reedbed is not plausible at this point.

8.4.3 Literature Review

Habitat and Vegetation

8.4.3.1 Fourteen types of habitats including developed area, wasteland, village area, grassland/ shrubland, secondary woodland, plantation, grassland, dry agricultural land, inactive agricultural land, seasonally wet grassland, orchard, pond, channelised watercourse and watercourse, were identified within the assessment area in previous studies (DSD, 2004; CEDD, 2017). Only one flora species of conservation was identified from grassland/shrubland in the assessment area (CEDD, 2017). The flora species of conservation importance recorded in previous studies is presented in Table 8.2.

Table 8.2 Flora Species of Conservation Importance Previously Recorded within the Assessment Area

Common Name (Scientific Name)	Distribution in Hong Kong ⁽¹⁾	Protection Status	Habitat Recorded ⁽²⁾
Luofushan Joint-fir (Gnetum luofuense)	Very Common	Near Threatened ⁽³⁾	Grassland/Shrubland ⁽⁴⁾

Common Name

(Scientific Name)

Distribution in Hong Kong ⁽¹⁾

Protection Status

Habitat Recorded ⁽²⁾

Luofushan Joint-fir

(Gnetum luofuense)

Very Common

Near Threatened ⁽³⁾

Grassland/Shrubland ⁽⁴⁾

Notes:

(1) Xing et al. (2000).

(2) CEDD. (2017).

(3) IUCN. (2021).

(4) As mentioned in 8.4.3.5, grassland/shrubland defined in previous study is categorised as shrubland under the present study.

Developed Area

8.4.3.2 Developed area covered close to half of the assessment area, and it was dominated by residential developments and rural industrial developments. The habitat comprised low diversity of planted exotic tree species including Tree Cotton (Bombax ceiba) and Camel's Foot Tree (Bauhinia variegata), and shared similar herbaceous vegetation assemblage with wasteland (CEDD, 2017). The floristic diversity and ecological value of the habitat was considered low. This habitat, together with wasteland and village area, are categorised as developed area/wasteland in the present study.

Wasteland

8.4.3.3 Wasteland were scattered across the assessment area, predominantly between village areas. These wastelands derived from fallow cultivations and/or woodland clearance, and had progressively become overgrown with weedy species due to the lack of management. Vegetation associated with this habitat type included pioneer herbaceous species such as Bidens alba, Couch Grass (Cynodon dactylon), Gairo Morning Glory (Ipomoea cairica) and Mile-a-minute Weed (Mikania micrantha). Limited tree stands were observed within this habitat (CEDD, 2017). Wasteland within the assessment area was considered of low ecological value due to the high human disturbance experienced and the low floristic diversity and value exhibited. This habitat, together with developed area and village area, are categorised as developed area/wasteland in the present study.

Village Area

8.4.3.4 Village areas identified within the assessment area were mainly situated in villages (e.g. Wong Nai Tun Tsuen) along Kiu Hing Road and Wong Nai Tun Tsuen Road. These areas were made up mostly of two to three storeys village housings. Plant diversity recorded in the habitat exhibited moderate floristic diversity with planted fruit trees such as Mandarin (Citrus reticulata), Wampi (Clausena lansium), Longan (Dimocarpus longan), as well as a wide range of ornamental species. Common pioneer herbs such as Bidens alba and Chinese Knotweed (Persicaria chinensis) were also recorded in open fields. While exhibiting moderate floristic diversity, the floristic assemblage recorded within village area was of low value due to the lack of native species present and the high level of disturbance experienced in these areas (CEDD, 2017). This habitat, together with wasteland and developed area, are categorised as developed area/wasteland in the present study.

Grassland/ Shrubland

8.4.3.5 Grassland/ shrubland was identified on the uplands and it spanned across the western and southern parts of the assessment area. Much of this grassland/ shrubland habitat falls within the “CA” and TLCP. Vegetation found within this grassland/ shrubland included native shrubs Dwarf Mountain Pine (Baeckea frutescens), Hairy-fruited Abacus Plant (Glochidion eriocarpum), Narrow-leaved Screwtree (Helicteres angustifolia) and Twelve-stamened Melastoma (Melastoma dodecandrum), and native grass Minireed (Arundinella nepalensis), Burma-reed (Neyraudia reynaudiana), Hilo Grass (Paspalum conjugatum) and Dichotomy Forked Fern (Dicranopteris pedata). Due to the large number of graves present in the habitat, it was subject to intermittent disturbance by human-induced burning and intentional clearance. The floristic diversity exhibited in grassland/shrubland was low to moderate, and the habitat was considered to be of low to moderate ecological value. One flora species of conservation importance was recorded in the grassland/shrubland habitat near Kung Um Temple (CEDD, 2017). This habitat is defined as shrubland in the present study due to the change in floristic composition and structure.

Secondary Woodland

8.4.3.6 Secondary woodland identified within the assessment area comprised the woodland found on the small knoll near Yeung Ka Tsuen and the hillside woodland along the lower slope of Kung Um Shan. The woodland found near Yeung Ka Tsuen comprised a relative low diversity of common native tree species such as Aporosa (Aporosa dioica), Pop-gun Seed (Bridelia tomentosa), Opposite-leaved Fig (Ficus hispida) and Pond Spice (Litsea glutinosa). Small number of exotic plantation species such as Taiwan Acacia, Horsetail Tree and White Popinac (Leucaena leucocephala) were also recorded there. This woodland was considered to be of low to moderate ecological value (CEDD, 2017).

8.4.3.7 Hillside woodland was identified in areas abutting the developed area and adjoining upper plantation and/or shrubland/grassland in the west of the assessment area. These patches of hillside woodland were young native woodlands that established in the absence of hill fire and intentional clearance through natural regeneration or were remnants that were undisturbed by previous development. The floristic diversity exhibited within was moderate and was dominated by native tree species such as Yellow Cow Wood (Cratoxylum cochinchinense), Common Red-stem Fig (Ficus variegata), Fragrant Litsea (Litsea cubeba), Pond Spice, and the understorey was moderately dense with species like Wild Coffee (Psychotria asiatica) and Sarcandra (Sarcandra glabra). The ecological value of this hillside woodland was considered moderate given its naturalness and remoteness from human disturbance (CEDD, 2017). This habitat is defined as mixed woodland in the present study due to the change in floristic composition and structure.

Plantation

8.4.3.8 Plantations were identified in the southern part of the assessment area on hillside uplands. These plantations were established by the government following erosion or hill fire through reforestation efforts. Therefore, vegetation recorded within this habitat included predominantly exotic species which are typically used for plantation such as Taiwan Acacia (Acacia confusa), Horsetail Tree (Casuarina equisetifolia), Swamp Mahogany (Eucalyptus robusta), Brisbane Box (Lophostemon confertus) and Slash Pine (Pinus elliotti). The floristic structure exhibited was rather simple with a thin understorey and a lack of natural regeneration (CEDD, 2017). The floristic diversity and ecological value of plantation were considered low.

Grassland

8.4.3.9 Grassland was identified at the foothill in the southeast of the assessment area, as well as among village area near Wong Nai Tun Tsuen. Vegetation found in the habitat included predominantly grass species such as Burma-reed, Guinea Grass (Panicum maximum), Ciliate Crabgrass (Digitaria ciliaris) and Lalang Grass (Imperata cylindrica var. major). The grassland habitats identified within the assessment area were subject to disturbance and were of low floristic diversity and ecological value (CEDD, 2017).

Dry Agricultural Land

8.4.3.10 Dry agricultural land was mainly identified in the area around Yeung Ka Tsuen. These agricultural lands were actively maintained for crop production. Crop species such as Welsh Onion (Allium fistulosum), Chinese Aloe (Aloe vera), White Gourd (Benincasa hispida), Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea) and fruit trees such as Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), Papaya (Carica papaya) and Wampi were the dominating species found in the habitat. On field bunds, Billygoat-weed (Ageratum conyzoides), Giant Alocasia (Alocasia macrorrhizos), Green Amaranth, Bidens alba were recorded. Due to the active management, these agricultural fields were low in floristic diversity and heterogeneity, and were considered to be of low ecological value (CEDD, 2017).

Inactive Agricultural Land

8.4.3.11 Inactive agricultural land was previously identified interspersed between village area near Yeung Ka Tsuen. These small pockets of inactive agricultural land were dominated by common pioneer herbs such as Billygoat-weed, Green Amaranth (Amaranthus viridis), Bidens alba and Conyza canadensis. A small number of abandoned crop plants (e.g. Matrimony Vine (Lycium chinense)) and weedy shrubs and trees (e.g. White Popinac (Leucaena leucocephala) and Lantana (Lantana camera)) were also recorded in this habitat. The habitat lacked floristic diversity and value thus was considered to be of low ecological value (CEDD, 2017). This habitat is defined as grassland in the present study due to the change in floristic composition and structure.

Seasonally Wet Grassland

8.4.3.12 Seasonally wet grassland was identified near the south-eastern margin of the assessment area near Yeung Ka Tsuen. These seasonally wet grasslands were linked with adjacent active agricultural land and in close proximity to the Yeung Ka Tsuen EIS. This habitat was made up by fallow agricultural fields which became waterlogged after prolonged rainy periods due to poor drainage. These seasonally wet grasslands were found to support some wetland plant species including Interrupted Tri-vein Fern (Cyclosorus interruptus), Diffuse Day-flower (Commelina diffusa), Ginger Lily (Hedychium coronarium) and Club Head Cutgrass (Leersia hexandra) (CEDD, 2017). This habitat has since converted and is categorised as marsh in the present study.

Orchard

8.4.3.13 Small areas of orchards were identified near village areas in the assessment area, mainly to the west of Wong Nai Tun Tsuen and southwest of Yeung Ka Tsuen. Vegetation in these orchards were dominated by typical fruit trees such as Wampi, Longan, Lychee (Litchi chinensis) and Mango (Mangifera indica) (CEDD, 2017). These orchards were man-made habitats and were subject to intermittent human disturbance, thus their ecological value was low.

Pond

8.4.3.14 A pond was identified near Wong Nai Tun Tsuen towards the north-eastern part of the assessment area. This pond was measured at 0.05 ha in area and was reported to be overgrown. The vegetation assemblage and usage/ function of this pond was not specified in CEDD (2017). However, based on available aerial photo, the pond looks to be located with a fenced property and no signs of active pond fish culture (e.g. aeration pumps) are visible. Some submerged pond plants are also noticed.

Channelised Watercourse

8.4.3.15 A number of channelised watercourses were identified within the assessment area in previous studies, most notably Yuen Long Nullah, which runs southwest-northeast in the centre of the assessment area. Yuen Long Nullah is a large trapezoidal concrete channel constructed primarily for drainage purpose. While grasscretes and riparian vegetation were found in some areas of the nullah, the flora species associated with these structures and vegetation were of limited ecological value. Vegetation recorded previously included mostly some common herbs such as Giant Alocasia, Alligator-weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides), Sessile Alternanthera (Alternanthera sessilis) and Bidens alba (CEDD, 2017). The Wong Nai Tun Tsuen Section of Yuen Long Nullah is hydrologically linked with Yeung Ka Tsuen EIS.

8.4.3.16 Some smaller concrete channels and ditches were also identified in the assessment area, which discharged into Yuen Long Nullah. These channels were considered to be of little to no ecological value due to the low water flow and water level, and the lack of microhabitats they provided (CEDD, 2017).

8.4.3.17 The water quality recorded in these channelised watercourses were poor due to the presence of direct domestic and industrial discharge from nearby developments (CEDD, 2017).

Watercourse

8.4.3.18 Natural watercourses identified previously in the assessment area were restricted to the hillslopes in the west and south of the assessment area, these streams were reported to be seasonal watercourses, with water limited to small pools in the dry season. Riparian vegetation of these truly natural watercourses included the shrubby grassland found in the uplands (CEDD, 2017).

8.4.3.19 Lowland watercourses were mainly identified in the eastern part of the assessment area, including Yeung Ka Tsuen EIS (Section 8.4.2.3 refers). These watercourses were subject to some modifications and human influences either by nearby industrial activities or agricultural activities. Some of these lowland watercourses were fragmented by existing development and signs of pollution and dumping were prominent. Water quality in general were poor for those near industrial development and moderate for those near agricultural lands, and riparian vegetation associated with these watercourses included Giant Alocasia, Bidens alba and Diffuse Day-flower.

Fauna

Avifauna

8.4.3.20 Most avifauna recorded in the assessment area in previous studies were species which are common and widespread in Hong Kong, with the highest abundance of birds recorded in dry agricultural land (CEDD, 2017). A number of avifauna species of conservation importance were recorded in the assessment area of the EIA study for Housing Site in Yuen Long South (CEDD, 2017), including Black-crown Night Heron (Nycticorax nycticorax), Eastern Cattle Egret (Bubulcus coromandus), Chinese Pond Heron (Ardeola bacchus), Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea), Little Egret (Egretta garzetta), Little Ringed Plover (Charadrius dubius), Greater Pained-snipe (Rostratula benghalensis), Greater Coucal (Centropus sinensis) and Red-throated Pipit (Anthus cervinus). However, since the location of which these species were recorded were not disclosed in the EIA, it is uncertain whether they were recorded within the assessment area for the current study or not. Nonetheless, the distribution and protection status of previously recorded avifauna species are present in Table 8.3.

Table 8.3 Avifauna Species of Conservation Importance Previously Recorded within the Assessment Area

Common Name ⁽¹⁾ (Scientific Name)	Distribution in Hong Kong ⁽²⁾	Principal Status ⁽³⁾	Protection Status	Habitat Recorded ⁽⁴⁾⁽⁹⁾
Red-throated Pipit (Anthus cervinus)	Common	M, W	LC ⁽⁵⁾	Dry Agricultural Land
Chinese Pond Heron ⁽⁸⁾ (Ardeola bacchus)	Common	P	PRC (RC) ⁽⁵⁾	Channelized Watercourse; Dry Agricultural Land; Grassland/ Shrubland; Inactive Agricultural Land; Orchard; Pond; Secondary Woodland; Village Area; Wasteland; Watercourse
Grey Heron ⁽⁸⁾ (Ardea cinerea)	Common	W	PRC ⁽⁵⁾	Channelized Watercourse
Eastern Cattle Egret ⁽⁸⁾ (Bubulcus coromandus)	Common	P	(LC) ⁽⁵⁾	Dry Agricultural Land; Secondary Woodland
Greater Coucal (Centropus sinensis)	Common	R	Class II ⁽⁶⁾; Vulnerable ⁽⁷⁾	Inactive Agricultural Land
Little Ringed Plover ⁽⁸⁾ (Charadrius dubius)	Common	W, R	(LC) ⁽⁵⁾	Channelized Watercourse
Little Egret ⁽⁸⁾ (Egretta garzetta)	Common	P	PRC (RC) ⁽⁵⁾	Channelized Watercourse; Developed Area; Dry Agricultural Land; Grassland/ Shrubland; Inactive Agricultural Land; Natural Watercourse; Pond; Village Area
Black-crowned Night Heron ⁽⁸⁾ (Nycticorax nycticorax)	Common	P	(LC) ⁽⁵⁾	Watercourse
Greater Painted-snipe ⁽⁸⁾ (Rostratula benghalensis)	Resident passage migrant and winter visitor	M, R	LC ⁽⁵⁾	Channelized Watercourse; Pond

Notes:

(1) All wild birds are protected under Wild Animals Protection Ordinance (Cap. 170).

(2) AFCD (2021).

(3) Carey et al. (2001): R=resident; W=winter visitor; M=migrant; AM=autumn migrant; Su=summer visitor; P=present all year, exact composition unknown.

(4) CEDD (2017).

(5) Fellowes et al. (2002): LC=Local Concern; RC=Regional Concern; GC=Global Concern; PRC=Potential Regional Concern; PGC= Potential Global Concern.

* Letters in parentheses indicate that the assessment is on the basis of restrictedness in nesting and/or roosting sites rather than in general occurrence.

(6) List of Wild Animals under State Protection (promulgated by State Forestry Administration and Ministry of Agriculture on 14 January 1989).

(7) Zheng & Wang (1998).

(8) Wetland-dependent species (including wetland-dependent species and waterbirds).

(9) As stated in S.8.4.3.2 to 8.4.3.19, habitats recorded in previous studies are defined as follows in the present study: grassland/shrubland = shrubland, inactive agricultural land = grassland, dry agricultural land and cultivated land = agricultural land, secondary woodland = mixed woodland, developed area, village area and wasteland = developed area/wasteland and seasonally wet grassland = marsh.

Butterfly and Odonate

8.4.3.21 A majority of the butterfly species recorded in the assessment area in previous studies were common and widespread species. Three butterfly species of conservation importance were recorded in previous EIA studies including Pale Palm Dart (Telicota colon stinga) and Small Cabbage White (Pieris rapae crucivora), which were recorded in village area and EIS in Yeung Ka Tsuen. Metallic Cerulean (Jamides alecto alocina) was also recorded in the secondary woodland to the west of the Project site.

8.4.3.22 Similarly, odonate species previously recorded in the assessment area were mostly some common and widespread species. Two odonate species of conservation importance were recorded in an upland seasonal stream in the west of the assessment area, namely Blue-spotted Dusk-hawker (Gynacantha japonica) and Emerald Cascader (Zygonyx iris insignis). A summary of butterfly and odonate species of conservation importance recorded in the assessment area in previous studies is presented in Table 8.4.

Table 8.4 List of Butterfly and Odonate Species of Conservation Importance Previously Recorded within the Assessment Area

Common Name (Species Name)	Distribution in Hong Kong ⁽¹⁾	Protection Status	Habitat Recorded ⁽²⁾⁽⁴⁾
Butterfly
Metallic Cerulean (Jamides alecto alocina)	Very Rare	-	Secondary Woodland
Small Cabbage White (Pieris rapae crucivora)	Rare	-	Watercourse
Pale Palm Dart (Telicota colon stinga)	Rare	LC ⁽³⁾	Village Area
Odonate
Blue-spotted Dusk-hawker (Gynacantha japonica)	Common	LC ⁽³⁾	Watercourse
Emerald Cascader (Zygonyx iris insignis)	Abundant	PGC ⁽³⁾	Watercourse

Notes:

(1) AFCD (2021) Hong Kong Biodiversity Database.

(2) CEDD (2017).

(3) Fellowes et al. (2002): LC=Local Concern, PGC=Potential Global Concern.

(4) As stated in S.8.4.3.2 to 8.4.3.19, habitats recorded in previous studies are defined as follows in the present study: grassland/shrubland = shrubland, inactive agricultural land = grassland, dry agricultural land and cultivated land = agricultural land, secondary woodland = mixed woodland , developed area, village area and wasteland = developed area/wasteland and seasonally wet grassland = marsh.

Herpetofauna

8.4.3.23 Most amphibian species previously recorded within the assessment area were common and widespread in Hong Kong and not of conservation importance with the exception of Chinese Bullfrog (Hoplobatrachus rugulosus) and Lesser Spiny Frog (Quasipaa exilispinosa). The former was recorded in a seasonally wet grassland near Yeung Ka Tsuen, while the tadpoles of the latter were recorded from an upland stream in the west of the assessment area. A summary of the distribution and protection status of these species are presented in Table 8.5.

8.4.3.24 Majority of the reptile species recorded within the assessment area were common and widely distributed in Hong Kong. No reptile species of conservation importance were reported in previous EIA studies. However, in AFCD’s territory-wide ecological surveys, White-spotted Slug Snake (Pareas margaritophorus) was recorded within the assessment area (AFCD, 2020), it is unknown where and which habitat the species was recorded in as the recorded location was not provided in the literature. A summary of these previously recorded reptile species of conservation importance is presented in Table 8.5.

Table 8.5 List of Amphibian and Reptile Species of Conservation Importance Previously Recorded within the Assessment Area

Common Name (Scientific Name)	Distribution in Hong Kong ⁽¹⁾	Protection Status	Habitat Recorded ⁽²⁾⁽⁶⁾
Amphibian
Chinese Bullfrog (Hoplobatrachus rugulosus)	Widely distributed	PRC ⁽³⁾; Class II ⁽⁴⁾; Endangered ⁽⁵⁾	Seasonally Wet Grassland
Lesser Spiny Frog (Quasipaa exilispinosa)	Occurs throughout the territory	PGC ⁽³⁾; Vulnerable ⁽⁵⁾	Watercourse
Reptile
White-spotted Slug Snake (Pareas margaritophorus)	Distributed in woodland or shrubland throughout Hong Kong	Near Threatened ⁽⁵⁾	-

Notes:

(1) AFCD (2021).

(2) CEDD (2017); AFCD (2020).

(3) Fellowes et al. (2002): PRC=Potential Regional Concern, PGC=Potential Global Concern.

(4) List of Wild Animals under State Protection (promulgated by State Forestry Administration and Ministry of Agriculture on 14 January 1989).

(5) Jiang et al. (2016). Red List of China’s Vertebrates.

(6) As stated in S.8.4.3.2 to 8.4.3.19, habitats recorded in previous studies are defined as follows in the present study: grassland/shrubland = shrubland, inactive agricultural land = grassland, dry agricultural land and cultivated land = agricultural land, secondary woodland = mixed woodland , developed area, village area and wasteland = developed area/wasteland and seasonally wet grassland = marsh.

Mammal

8.4.3.25 Six mammal species of conservation importance were previously recorded in the EIA study for Housing Site in Yuen Long South, all of which were bats. Since the exact locations of where these bats were recorded were not disclosed in the report, it is uncertain whether they were recorded inside the current assessment area. Nonetheless, a summary of these recorded bat species of conservation importance is provided in Table 8.6.

Table 8.6 List of Mammal Species of Conservation Importance Previously Recorded within the Assessment Area

Common Name (Scientific Name)	Distribution in Hong Kong ⁽¹⁾	Protection Status	Habitat Recorded ⁽²⁾
Short-nosed Fruit Bat (Cynopterus sphinx)	Very Common	Cap. 170 ⁽³⁾; Near Threatened ⁽⁴⁾	Dry Agricultural Land
Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros armiger)	Very Common	Cap. 170 ⁽³⁾; (LC) ⁽⁵⁾	Dry Agricultural Land
Japanese Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus abramus)	Very Common	Cap. 170 ⁽³⁾	Cultivated Land; Pond; Shrubland
Chinese Noctule (Nyctalus plancyi)	Common	Cap. 170 ⁽³⁾; PRC(RC) ⁽⁵⁾	Dry Agricultural Land; Wasteland
Least Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus pusillus)	Uncommon	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; PRC(RC) ⁽⁵⁾	Secondary Woodland
Leschenault’s Rousette (Rousettus leschenaultia)	Common	Cap. 170 ⁽³⁾; (LC) ⁽⁵⁾	Dry Agricultural Land

Notes:

(1) AFCD (2021) Hong Kong Biodiversity Database.

(2) CEDD (2017).

(3) Protected under Wild Animals Protection Ordinance (Cap. 170).

(4) Jiang et al. (2016).

(5) Fellowes et al. (2002): LC= Local Concern, RC= Regional Concern, PRC=Potential Regional Concern.

* Letters in parentheses indicate that the assessment is on the basis of restrictedness in nesting and/or roosting sites rather than in general occurrence.

Freshwater Fauna

8.4.3.26 Freshwater fauna recorded in watercourses within the assessment area in previous studies were mostly common and widespread species, such as freshwater fish Nile Tilapia, Chinese Barb and Mosquito fish (DSD, 2004; AFCD, 2020a). Three freshwater species of conservation importance were previously recorded, namely Somanniathelphusa zanklon, Crytopotamon anacolython and Predaceous Chub (Parazacco spilurus). Somanniathelphusa zanklon was recorded in numbers in a watercourse to the north of the Project site, the watercourse was modified with parts being decked over and was fed by runoff from the hill slopes to the west. A dead Crytopotamon anacoluthon was recorded near the Project Site in Yuen Long Nullah and was suspected to have washed down from the upstream during heavy rainfall as it is unusual for the species to be present in channelised watercourse of poor water quality. Predaceous Chub was recorded in Yeung Ka Tsuen EIS near the eastern margin of the assessment area (CEDD, 2017). The local distribution and protection status of these freshwater fauna species of conservation importance are summarised in Table 8.7.

Table 8.7 List of Freshwater Fauna Species of Conservation Importance Previously Recorded within the Assessment Area

Common Name (Scientific Name)	Distribution in Hong Kong ⁽¹⁾	Protection Status	Habitat Recorded ⁽²⁾
Cryptopotamon anacoluthon	Endemic to Hong Kong. Very Common	PGC ⁽³⁾; Vulnerable ⁽⁴⁾	Channelised Watercourse
Predaceous Chub (Parazacco spilurus)	Common	Vulnerable ⁽⁵⁾	Watercourse
Somanniathelphusa zanklon	-	GC ⁽³⁾; Endangered ⁽⁴⁾	Watercourse

Notes:

(1) AFCD (2021).

(2) DSD (2004), CEDD (2016).

(3) Fellowes et al. (2002): GC= Global Concern; PGC=Potential Global Concern.

(4) IUCN (2021).

(5) Yue & Chan (1998).

8.5 Survey Findings

8.5.1 Habitat and Vegetation

8.5.1.1 A total of eleven habitat types, including developed area/wasteland, plantation, grassland, shrubland, mixed woodland, village/orchard, agricultural land, marsh, pond, modified watercourse and natural watercourse were recorded within the 500 m assessment area from the ecological surveys. Habitat map and representative photographs of habitats recorded within assessment area are shown in Figure 8.3 and Appendix 8.1. Habitats identified within the Project site included developed area/wasteland, shrubland and modified watercourse.

8.5.1.2 The sizes of these habitats within the assessment area are summarised in Table 8.8 below. The flora recorded during the ecological surveys are listed in Appendix 8.2. A total of two flora species of conservation importance were recorded. The indicative locations and representative photographs of the species of conservation importance are presented in Figure 8.3 and Appendix 8.1. A summary of flora species of conservation importance recorded within the assessment area are presented in Table 8.9.

Table 8.8 Habitats Recorded within the Assessment Area

Habitat Type	Total Habitat Area (ha)		Percentage of Area
Habitat Type	Within Project Site	Within 500 m Assessment Area (including Project Site)	Percentage of Area
Developed Area/Wasteland	4.58	57.94	39.85%
Plantation	-	0.58	0.40%
Grassland	-	0.74	0.51%
Shrubland	0.01	62.80	43.20%
Mixed Woodland	-	8.10	5.57%
Village/Orchard	-	3.28	2.26%
Agricultural Land	-	5.06	3.48%
Marsh	-	0.69	0.47%
Pond	-	0.35	0.24%
Modified Watercourse	0.05 (0.02 km in length)	1.13 (2.4 km in length)	0.78%
Natural Watercourse	-	3.34 (2.0 km in length)	2.30%
Total	4.64 ha	145.38 ha	100%

Table 8.9 List of Flora Species of Conservation Importance Recorded within the Assessment Area during Field Surveys

Species	Distribution in Hong Kong ⁽¹⁾	Protection Status	Habitat Recorded
Incense Tree (Aquilaria sinensis)	Common	Cap. 586 ⁽²⁾; Category 2&3 (Near Threatened) ⁽³⁾; Illustrations of Rare and Endangered Plants in Guangdong ⁽⁴⁾; Near Threatened ⁽⁵⁾; Category II ⁽⁶⁾; Vulnerable ^(7)(8)(9)	Mixed Woodland
Luofushan Joint-fir (Gnetum luofuense)	Very Common	Near Threatened⁽⁹⁾	Shrubland; Mixed Woodland; Natural Watercourse

Species

Distribution in Hong Kong ⁽¹⁾

Protection Status

Habitat Recorded

Incense Tree

(Aquilaria sinensis)

Common

Cap. 586 ⁽²⁾;

Category 2&3 (Near Threatened) ⁽³⁾;

Illustrations of Rare and Endangered Plants in Guangdong ⁽⁴⁾;

Near Threatened ⁽⁵⁾;

Category II ⁽⁶⁾;

Vulnerable ^(7)(8)(9)

Mixed Woodland

Luofushan Joint-fir

(Gnetum luofuense)

Very Common

Near Threatened⁽⁹⁾

Shrubland; Mixed Woodland; Natural Watercourse

Notes:

(1) Xing et al. (2000).

(2) Protected under Protection of Endangered Species of Animals and Plants Ordinance (Cap. 586).

(3) Hu et al. (2003).

(4) Wu & Hu (1998).

(5) Feng et al. (2002).

(6) List of Wild Plants under State Protection (promulgated by State Forestry Administration and Ministry of Agriculture on 4 August, 1999).

(7) Fu (1992).

(8) Qin et al. (2017).

(9) IUCN. (2021).

Developed Area/Wasteland

8.5.1.3 Developed area/wastelands amounted to a little over 40% of the assessment area, including the Project site, and it mainly comprised brownfield operations (e.g. car workshops, open storages), residential areas, road infrastructures and public facilities and utilities. Human disturbance was prominent in this habitat due to ongoing heavy vehicle traffic, industrial activities from brownfield operations and existing residential development in the vicinity.

8.5.1.4 Vegetation recorded in this habitat mainly comprised landscaping/ornamental and roadside planting, as well as fruit trees and exotic plants, such as Chinese Banyan (Ficus microcarpa), Alexandra Palm (Archontophoenix alexandrae), Wampi (Clausena lansium), Longan (Dimocarpus longan), White Popinac (Leucaena leucocephala) and Chinese Privet (Ligustrum sinense). Some common native self-sown shrubs and weedy herbaceous species were also commonly found in this habitat, particularly along footpaths and roads, including Pop-gun Seed (Bridelia tomentosa), Opposite-leaved Fig (Ficus hispida), Guinea Grass (Panicum maximum) and Bidens alba. The abundance and diversity of vegetation recorded in the habitat were generally low, and the vegetation recorded within the Project site exhibited similar floristic structure and composition to those recorded outside. No flora species of conservation importance was recorded.

Modified Watercourse

8.5.1.5 Modified watercourses included those which had received some levels of modification, including channelisation, culverting, alteration for drainage or agricultural purpose. Most of the modified watercourses within the assessment area have concrete beds and banks and were void of natural riparian. A majority of them were exposed to existing human disturbance including littering, construction waste dumping and wastewater discharge from nearby industrial activities and residential development.

8.5.1.6 The Kung Um section of Yuen Long Nullah (i.e. W1), beginning at the southern portion of the Project site, runs through the axis of the assessment area from south to north. The nullah is hydrologically linked with its upper natural tributaries which originate from the uplands. The nullah is approximately 9 m wide, with a 0.5 m wide dry weather flow channel on the bottom of nullah. Water flow observed in the nullah during both dry and wet season was slow and had a water depth measured at 0.1 – 0.2 m. The bank and bed of the nullah is entirely lined with concrete. Patches of weedy herbaceous vegetation, such as Mile-a-minute Weed (Mikania micrantha) and Guinea Grass (Panicum maximum), were seen growing on the concrete banks on the nullah, with their growth especially pronounced in the wet season. White Popinac (Leucaena leucocephala) was also commonly recorded in the nullah. The nullah itself was highly disturbed and odorous, with signs of littering, illegal dumping and pollution from industrial discharges observed in the nullah throughout the course of the field survey.

8.5.1.7 Modified watercourse W2 was identified along the fence of the existing brownfield operation in the northern side of the Project site. The watercourse is approximately 0.5 m in width, and it is linked with its upper seasonal natural section. The water flow observed in W2 during the survey was slow with a water depth of approximately 0.4 m. Due to its close distance with existing industrial operations, the condition of W2 was found to be poor, with signs of littering, illegal dumping and water pollution from wastewater discharge observed. One side of the watercourse was made up of a vertical concrete bank while the other was comparatively more natural, with a narrow strip of riparian vegetation made up of some native shrubs and trees such as Elephant’s Ear (Macaranga tanarius var. tomentosa) and China-berry (Melia azedarach), though vegetation clearing was observed along this bankside during the survey.

8.5.1.8 Another modified watercourse (i.e. W3, 1 – 1.5 m wide) was identified to the north of the Project site. This modified watercourse is hydrologically linked with its upland natural tributaries and with Yuen Long Nullah downstream, and it weaves through area of industrial operations and residential development, as such signs of pollution and littering were prominent in the watercourse. While the watercourse itself was largely modified and paved for drainage and catchwater purpose, some areas and segments of the watercourse retained some natural characteristics such as possessing a muddy/silty bottom and a bankside riparian albeit small in size. The waterflow observed in W3 was slow and its water depth was around 0.2 m deep. Given its slow flow and exposure to nearby residential and industrial discharge, the water quality of the watercourse was very poor, with signs of hypoxia and eutrophication observed (i.e. algal bloom in water and strong odour). Vegetation recorded within and on the bankside of W3 comprised some common and very common herbs and shrubs species, such as Elephant’s Ear, Opposite-leaved Fig, Giant Alocasia (Alocasia macrorrhizos), Guinea Grass, Wedelia trilobata and Bidens alba.

8.5.1.9 Other modified watercourses were identified in the periphery of the assessment area, including the modified section of Yeung Ka Tsuen EIS (i.e. W4). W4 receives water from its natural upstream tributaries and runs through areas of agricultural land and village/orchard habitat. As such, vegetation found along its riparian were closely associated with crop cultivation, such as fruit trees like Banana (Musa x paradisiaca) and Papaya (Carica papaya), and self-sown herbs and shrubs like Giant Alocasia, Taro (Colocasia esculenta), Mile-a-minute Weed, Blunt Signal-grass (Brachiaria mutica) and Bidens alba. This modified section differs from its upper natural sections in that the two banks of the watercourse have been modified or altered to some extent and are lined with either vertical concrete/brick walls or fabric tarpaulins. The water flow of W4 was noted to be slow, with a water depth ranging between 0.3 - 0.5 m. The water quality of W4 was noticeably better than that observed in other modified watercourses due to the absence of industrial operations nearby.

Shrubland

8.5.1.10 Shrubland covered much of the upland terrains of Kung Um Shan, “Conservation Area” (“CA”) and Tai Lam Country Park (TLCP), and amounted to about 44% of the total assessment area. A small area of shrubland falls within the southern portion of the Project site. The physical environment within the shrubland habitat was found to be quite diverse due to the different degrees of disturbance that different areas are exposed to. Shrubland areas closest to development, coincides with burial sites and walking trails, and on steep eroded terrains were largely barren with grass, ferns and short shrubs dominating the ground cover such as Dichotomy Forked Fern (Dicranopteris pedata), Guinea Grass, Chinese Silvergrass (Miscanthus sinensis) and Dwarf Mountain Pain (Baeckea frutescens); Occasional ornamental plants, such as Dragon Juniper (Juniperus chinensis 'Kaizuca'), were recorded near graves and burial sites.

8.5.1.11 Areas further uphill and closer to TLCP were found to be comparatively more natural and more established. Typical native shrubland species, as well as shrubby plantation species that are associated with reforestation, including Shining Eurya (Eurya nitida), Oblong-leaved Litsea (Litsea rotundifolia var. oblongifolia), Hong Kong Gordonia (Polyspora axillaris), Chinese Red Pine (Pinus massoniana) and Slash Pine (Pinus elliottii) were recorded there.

8.5.1.12 The shrubland within TLCP is relatively free of disturbance in comparison to the other two types described above, due to its distance from development and that it is buffered by an existing maintenance vehicle access and catchwater, as well as the “CA” downhill. The floristic structure and composition of the shrubland within TLCP were more mature and diverse, and of higher native species richness. Species recorded within include Yellow Cow Wood (Cratoxylum cochinchinense), Morris's Persimmon (Diospyros morrisiana), Shining Eurya, Narrow-leaved Screwtree (Helicteres angustifolia), Wax Tree (Rhus succedanea) and Prickly Ash (Zanthoxylum avicennae). Woody climbers and vines were also prominent in this shrubland, including species like Goat Horns (Strophanthus divaricatus), Little-leaved Rourea (Rourea microphylla) and Bentham's Rosewood (Dalbergia benthamii).

8.5.1.13 One flora species of conservation importance was recorded within the shrubland, namely Luofushan Joint-fir (Gnetum luofuense). Clusters of the species were mainly found along the access road on the bounds of TLCP, as well as on more densely vegetated parts of the shrubland, such as along the staircase leading to Kung Um Temple. Whilst being listed in the IUCN red list as “Near Threatened”, the species is locally very common, particularly in this type of habitat, and was quite commonly observed in large clusters in and around the assessment area.

Mixed Woodland

8.5.1.14 Mixed woodland within the assessment area were mainly identified at the foothill of Kung Um Shan, between the shrubland of “CA” and existing development in the west, as well as on the small knoll located south of Wong Nai Tun Tsuen. These mixed woodlands were presumably wooded areas that have naturally regenerated following land clearing, thus possessed a mix of native and exotic flora species and moderate floristic diversity. The canopy of these woodlands was dominated by trees like Ficus spp., Lance-leaved Sterculia (Sterculia lanceolata), Ivy Tree (Schefflera heptaphylla), Brisbane Box (Lophostemon confertus), Horsetail Tree (Casuarina equisetifolia) and Aporosa (Aporosa dioica), while the understorey was dominated by shrubs and small trees such as Chinese Alangium (Alangium chinense), Pond Spice (Litsea glutinosa) and Wild Coffee (Psychotria asiatica). In areas closer to village/orchards and agricultural areas, fruit trees, (e.g. Lychee (Litchi chinensis), Longan (Dimocarpus longan) and Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus)), were also commonly seen.

8.5.1.15 Two flora species of conservation importance, namely Incense Tree (Aquilaria sinensis) and Luofushan Joint-fir, were recorded in the mixed woodlands at the foothill. Records of the two species were mostly made in mixed woodland close to development or along paths and areas that were recently cleared, thus are susceptible to existing disturbance. Incense Tree is protected and listed by several local, regional and international laws and listings (Table 8.9 refers), though its distribution in Hong Kong is common.

Agricultural Land

8.5.1.16 Agricultural lands were predominantly identified in and near Yeung Ka Tsuen and Wong Nai Tun Tsuen toward the eastern part of the assessment area and comprised mostly small-scaled agricultural production. Vegetation recorded within varied throughout the course of the survey as rotation cropping was practised in these agricultural operations and farms, nonetheless they typically involved common crop species such as Chinese Aloe (Aloe vera), Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea var. albiflora), Pineapple (Ananas comosus) and Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata). Stands of fruit trees, such as Papaya, Pomelo (Citrus maxima) and Common Banana, were also commonly seen along field bunds. Some common weedy herbaceous species were recorded along paths and in the fields during fallow periods, including Chinese Knotweed (Persicaria chinensis), Bidens alba, Guinea Grass. The ecological value of these agricultural lands was generally low since these habitats were highly susceptible to human alteration and disturbance (i.e. active management and human presence).

Village/Orchard

8.5.1.17 Village/orchard areas were identified interspersed across the assessment area, but mainly near Yeung Ka Tsuen and adjacent the mixed woodland habitat to the west of the Project site. These village/orchards were typically made up of temporary housings, typically less than a storey tall. Ornamental and/or amenity planting were often associated with this habitat type. Due to the active management that these village/orchards are exposed to, they had low floristic diversity and abundance, with fruit trees, such as Wampi (Clausena lansium), Lychee, Longan and Carambola (Averrhoa carambola), being the most prominent type of vegetation found within the habitat. Along the mixed woodland margins, native trees and shrubs, such as White Mulberry (Morus alba), Lance-leaved Sterculia (Sterculia lanceolata) and Ivy Tree (Schefflera heptaphylla), were more prominent and the floristic structure and composition were richer. No species of conservation importance were found.

Grassland

8.5.1.18 Small areas of grasslands were identified around Wong Nai Tun Tsuen in the northeast of the assessment area. These grasslands were presumably formed due to lack of management following abandonment of agricultural fields, and were found to be dominated by weedy herbs and climbers including Blunt Signal-grass (Brachiaria mutica), Wedelia trilobata, Redtop (Melinis repens) and Mile-a-minute Weed. Some remnant crop plants were also recorded in these grasslands such as Chinese Aloe, Green Amaranth (Amaranthus viridis) and Citrus sp.. The floristic structure and diversity in these grasslands were relatively simple and no flora species of conservation importance was recorded in the habitat.

Marsh

8.5.1.19 Marshes were predominantly identified in the north-eastern part of the assessment area in Wong Nai Tun Tsuen. These marshes were interspersed between areas of grassland and agricultural land and were found to be waterlogged throughout the duration of the survey. Another marsh was identified to the west of the project site close to the hillside. These marshes were presumably previous agricultural land and pond that were abandoned and left without management for a long period of time, thus allowing vegetation to gradually recolonise and overgrow in these areas. Apart from some common weedy herb, grass and climber species, species that are typically associated with semi-aquatic habitats were also seen in these marshes, including Umbrella Plant (Cyperus involucratus), Taro (Colocasia esculenta), Sessile Alternanthera (Alternanthera sessilis) and Ginger Lily (Hedychium coronarium). Since these marshes are located within areas of development, signs of disturbance were observed including littering, vegetation clearing, presence of ornamental plants along the edges, as well as presence of household pets (i.e. cats) in and around these marshes. No flora of conservation of importance were recorded in the habitat.

Pond

8.5.1.20 Two ponds were identified within the assessment area, one of which is an ornamental pond located within a private fenced lot in Wong Nai Tun Tsuen, while the other was located near Yeung Ka Tsuen in the south eastern part of the assessment area. These ponds were presumably fishponds that had ceased operation and had been converted into ornamental and/or amenity ponds. Vegetation cover in these ponds in general were limited, where vegetation were present, they were typically dominated by Blunt Signal-grass. Due to the existing active management that these ponds experience, their floristic structure and composition were low.

Plantation

8.5.1.21 A small area of plantation was identified within the “CA” in the western part of the assessment area. The habitat was dominated by some typical exotic plantation species such as Brisbane Box (Lophostemon confertus), Eucalyptus sp., Acacia spp. and Cadaga (Corymbia torellian). A number of native shrubs and trees were also seen in the understory including Aporosa, Desmos (Desmos chinensis), Shining Eurya, Schima (Polyspora axillaris) and Opposite-leaved Fig. While the plantation was highly dominated by a few exotic species, due to its high connectivity with nearby shrubland habitats of TLCP and “CA”, it exhibited a relatively high species diversity in comparison to other young plantations in the territory, contributed by the high native species recruitment around the edges.

Natural Watercourse

8.5.1.22 Natural watercourses within the assessment area were mainly identified on the uplands and are hydrologically linked with the modified watercourses in the assessment area. These natural watercourses are mostly seasonal in which waterflow was only observed during the wet season or after heavy rainfall events. During the dry season, water in these natural watercourses retracted to smaller pools. Upland natural watercourses within the assessment area had a natural bed comprising of bedrock and loose pebbles or sand and their riparian habitats were mainly made up of adjacent shrubland vegetation such as Dichotomy Forked Fern, Wood-fern (Cyclosorus parasiticus), Interrupted Tri-vein Fern (Cyclosorus interruptus) and Common Lophantherum (Lophatherum gracile). The riparian of lowland natural watercourses, such as the upper section of Yeung Ka Tsuen EIS and W3, had much denser vegetation cover composing of species such as Giant Alocasia, Blunt Signal-grass, Taro and Umbrella Plant. Due to their proximity to existing agricultural land and village/orchards, plants typically associated with these habitats were also recorded in these lowland watercourse sections, including Longan, Wampi, Common Banana and Tapioca Plant (Manihot esculenta). Herbs and climbers typical of disturbed habitats were also found in higher abundance in these sections such as Mile-a-minute Weed, Wedelia trilobata, Aromatic Kyllinga (Kyllinga polyphylla) and Bidens alba.

8.5.1.23 One species of conservation importance, namely Luofushan Joint-fir, was recorded along the riparian of the watercourse near Kung Um Temple.

8.5.2 Terrestrial Fauna

Avifauna

8.5.2.1 A total of 50 avifauna species were recorded within the assessment area. While the avifauna community was dominated by species that are commonly distributed in Hong Kong, 11 species of conservation importance were recorded (Table 8.10 refers). The full list of avifauna species recorded, their protection status, and the habitats in which they were recorded are presented in Appendix 8.3a. Low diversity and abundance of avifauna were recorded within the Project site and no avifauna species of conservation importance was recorded within the Project site. No breeding or roosting behaviour nor potential breeding or roosting habitats of any avifauna was identified within the Project site.

8.5.2.2 Given the extent of existing development and the lack of good quality habitat nearby, the occurrence of birds was generally quite low in the vicinity of the Project site, with mostly some common and very common avifauna species recorded in these areas. Two sightings of Chinese Pond Heron (Ardeola bacchus), a species of conservation importance, were made in W3 during the course of the survey. Another bird species of conservation importance, Greater Coucal (Centropus sinensis), was heard in the mixed woodland and village/orchard habitat to the west of the Project Site.

8.5.2.3 During the survey, bird occurrence was observed to be higher near Wong Nai Tun Tsuen and Yeung Ka Tsuen, toward the eastern side of the assessment area, as well as in the upland shrubland of TLCP, possibly due to the availability of more suitable foraging habitats (i.e. agricultural land, marshes and ponds) and higher quality habitats (i.e. intact and less disturbed shrubland) in these areas. A number of species of conservation importance were sighted in the agricultural land, pond and marsh habitats near Yeung Ka Tsuen including some ardeid and wetland-associated species such as Eastern Cattle Egret (Bubulcus coromandus), Little Egret (Egretta garzetta), Chinese Pond Heron (Ardeola bacchus) and White-throated Kingfisher (Halcyon smyrnensis). Besides the above-mentioned birds, three raptor species, namely Common Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus), Eastern Buzzard (Buteo japonicus) and Black Kite (Milvus migrans), were also observed foraging above the agricultural fields near Yeung Ka Tsuen. Lesser Coucal (Centropus bengalensis), Chinese Francolin (Francolinus pintadeanus) and Chinese Hwamei (Garrulax canorus) were recorded in the upland shrubland habitats within and near TLCP.

8.5.2.4 The historical Tai Tong (Pak Sha Tsuen) egretry, which is located to the north outside the current assessment area, was visited during the ardeid breeding season, no ardeid nor ardeid nest was recorded in the egretry. Thus, no ardeid flight paths were observed from the above egretry. Similarly, flight paths of ardeids were also not observed in and around the vicinity of the Project site, as well as at the point count locations, which is likely a result of the lack of suitable breeding or foraging habitats in the area. The few ardeid flight paths that were observed during the transect survey mainly took on a north-south direction along Yuen Long Nullah (Wong Nai Tun Section) and Yeung Ka Tsuen outside the current assessment area.

Table 8.10 List of Avifauna Species of Conservation Importance Recorded within the Assessment Area during Field Surveys

Common Name (Scientific Name) ⁽¹⁾	Distribution in Hong Kong ⁽²⁾	Principal Status ⁽³⁾	Protection Status	Habitat Recorded
Chinese Pond Heron ⁽⁸⁾ (Ardeola bacchus)	Common	P	PRC (RC) ⁽⁴⁾	Agricultural Land, Marsh, Modified Watercourse, Pond
Eastern Cattle Egret⁽⁸⁾ (Bubulcus coromandus)	Common	P	(LC)⁽⁴⁾	Agricultural Land, Pond
Eastern Buzzard ⁽⁸⁾ (Buteo japonicus)	Common	W	Cap. 586 ⁽⁵⁾; Class II ⁽⁶⁾	Modified Watercourse
Lesser Coucal (Centropus bengalensis)	Common	R	Class II ⁽⁶⁾; Vulnerable ⁽⁷⁾	Shrubland
Greater Coucal (Centropus bengalensis)	Common	R	Class II ⁽⁶⁾; Vulnerable ⁽⁷⁾	Developed Area/Wasteland; Grassland; Mixed Woodland; Modified Watercourse; Shrubland; Village/Orchard
Little Egret ⁽⁸⁾ (Egretta garzetta)	Common	P	PRC (RC) ⁽⁴⁾	Developed Area/Wasteland; Agricultural Land; Pond
Common Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus)	Common	AM, W	Cap. 586 ⁽⁵⁾, Class II ⁽⁶⁾	Shrubland; Mixed Woodland
Chinese Francolin (Francolinus pintadeanus)	Common	R	Near Threatened ⁽⁸⁾	Shrubland
Chinese Hwamei (Garrulax canorus)	Common	R	Cap. 586 ⁽⁵⁾; Near Threatened ⁽⁸⁾	Shrubland
White-throated Kingfisher ⁽⁸⁾ (Halcyon smyrnensis)	Common	AM, P	(LC) ⁽⁴⁾	Shrubland
Black Kite ⁽⁸⁾ (Milvus migrans)	Common	W, R	(RC) ⁽⁴⁾; Cap. 586 ⁽⁵⁾; Class II⁽⁶⁾	Developed Area/Wasteland

Notes:

(1) All wild birds are protected under Wild Animals Protection Ordinance (Cap. 170).

(2) AFCD (2021).

(3) Carey et al. (2001): R=resident; W=winter visitor; M=migrant; P=present all year, exact composition unknown

(4) Fellowes et al. (2002): LC=Local Concern; RC=Regional Concern; GC=Global Concern; PRC=Potential Regional Concern; PGC= Potential Global Concern.

* Letters in parentheses indicate that the assessment is on the basis of restrictedness in nesting and/or roosting sites rather than in general occurrence.

(5) Protected under the Protection of Endangered Species of Animals and Plants Ordinance (Cap. 586).

(6) List of Wild Animals Under State Protection (promulgated by State Forestry Administration and Ministry of Agriculture on 14 January, 1989).

(7) Zheng & Wang. (1998).

(8) Wetland-dependent species (including wetland-dependent species and waterbirds).

Butterflies

8.5.2.5 A total of 40 butterfly species were recorded within the assessment area. The full list of butterfly species recorded, their protection status, and the habitats in which they were recorded are presented in Appendix 8.3b. The Project site supported a very limited butterfly community, comprising of species that are common and very common in the territories and are species that are typically found in disturbed urbanised environment. Within the assessment area, the greatest diversity of butterflies was recorded in the upland shrublands and in the mixed woodland. One species of conservation importance was recorded during the survey, namely Chinese Cabbage White (Pieris rapae crucivora). This species was found in relatively high numbers in the agricultural lands around Yeung Ka Tsuen and Wong Nai Tun Tsuen, likely due to the availability and abundance of suitable nectar and larval food plants in these habitats. Other habitats where the species was recorded include developed area/wasteland, grassland and marshes near Wong Nai Tun Tsuen, as well as on the bank of W3 and in the shrubland habitat to the east of the Project site (Table 8.11 refers).

Table 8.11 List of Butterfly Species of Conservation Importance Recorded within the Assessment Area during Field Surveys

Common Name (Species Name)	Distribution in Hong Kong⁽¹⁾	Protection Status	Habitats Recorded
Small Cabbage White (Pieris rapae crucivora)	Rare	-	Developed Area/Wasteland; Grassland, Shrubland; Modified Watercourse; Agricultural Land; Marsh

Common Name

(Species Name)

Distribution in Hong Kong⁽¹⁾

Protection Status

Habitats Recorded

Small Cabbage White

(Pieris rapae crucivora)

Rare

Developed Area/Wasteland; Grassland, Shrubland; Modified Watercourse; Agricultural Land; Marsh

Note:

(1) AFCD (2021).

Odonates

8.5.2.6 A total of 17 odonate species were recorded within the assessment area. The full list of odonate species recorded, their protection status, and the habitats in which they were recorded are presented in Appendix 8.3c. The odonate species recorded within the assessment area were quite limited in both diversity and abundance, and are all commonly or abundantly distributed in Hong Kong. Given the lack of suitable habitat in the vicinity, only a few individuals of some common odonate species were recorded within the Project site. Outside the Project site, the catchwater channel and shrubland at the bounds of TLCP and the marsh-agricultural land matrix near Wong Nai Tun Tsuen were found to support higher number and diversity of odonates, including two species of conservation importance, namely Dancing Shadow-emerald (Idionyx victor) and Gynacantha sp.. Both species are considered to be of “Local Concern” in Fellow et al. (2002) (Table 8.12 refers).

Table 8.12 List of Odonate Species of Conservation Importance Recorded within the Assessment Area during Field Surveys

Common Name (Species Name)	Distribution in Hong Kong ⁽¹⁾	Protection Status	Habitats Recorded
Gynacatha sp.	-	LC ⁽²⁾	Marsh
Dancing Shadow-emerald (Idionyx victor)	Common	LC ⁽²⁾	Shrubland; Modified Watercourse

Common Name

(Species Name)

Distribution in Hong Kong ⁽¹⁾

Protection Status

Habitats Recorded

Gynacatha sp.

LC ⁽²⁾

Marsh

Dancing Shadow-emerald

(Idionyx victor)

Common

LC ⁽²⁾

Shrubland; Modified Watercourse

Notes:

(1) AFCD (2021).

(2) Fellowes et al. (2002): LC: Local Concern.

Herpetofauna

8.5.2.7 A total of five reptile and eight amphibian species were recorded within the assessment area. The full list of herpetofauna species recorded, their protection status, and the habitats in which they were recorded are presented in Appendix 8.3d. The Project site supported very low diversity and abundance of herpetofauna with no records of herpetofauna of conservation importance. While most of the recorded herpetofauna are widely distributed in Hong Kong (AFCD, 2021), calls of Lesser Spiny Frog (Quasipaa exilispinosa), an amphibian species of conservation importance, were heard near the upland catchwater channel in TLCP (Table 8.13 refers).

Table 8.13 List of Herpetofauna Species of Conservation Importance Recorded within the Assessment Area during Field Surveys

Common Name (Species Name)	Distribution in Hong Kong ⁽¹⁾	Protection Status	Habitats Recorded
Lesser Spiny Frog (Quasipaa exilispinosa)	Occurs throughout the territory.	PGC ⁽²⁾; Vulnerable ⁽³⁾⁽⁴⁾	Modified Watercourse

Common Name

(Species Name)

Distribution in Hong Kong ⁽¹⁾

Protection Status

Habitats Recorded

Lesser Spiny Frog

(Quasipaa exilispinosa)

Occurs throughout the territory.

PGC ⁽²⁾;

Vulnerable ⁽³⁾⁽⁴⁾

Modified Watercourse

Notes:

(1) AFCD (2021).

(2) Fellowes et al. (2002): PGC= Potential Global Concern.

(3) Jiang et al. (2016).

(4) IUCN (2021).

Mammals

8.5.2.8 A total of eight mammal species were recorded within the assessment area. The full list of mammal species recorded, their protection status, and the habitats in which they were recorded are presented in Appendix 8.3e. All but one mammals recorded are species of conservation importance, including Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros armiger), Chinese Noctule (Nyctalus plancyi), Japanese Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus abramus), Lesser Bamboo Bat (Tylonycteris pachypus), two unknown Versperilionidae species and East Asian Porcupine (Hystrix brachyura) (Table 8.14 refers). Most of the recorded mammal species are common and very common in Hong Kong with the exception of the two unknown Versperilionidae species. No mammal species of conservation importance were recorded within the Project Site.

8.5.2.9 Japanese Pipistrelle and Chinese Noctule were commonly detected in the assessment area throughout the survey period, primarily along modified watercourses and near agricultural land and village/orchard near Yeung Ka Tsuen. Lesser Bamboo Bats were recorded in areas around the mixed woodland knoll west of Yeung Ka Tsuen. The two unknown Vespertilionidae species and Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bat were also detected in and around the shrubland margins in the assessment area. No bat roosts were identified during the surveys.

8.5.2.10 One sighting of East Asian Porcupine was made in the mixed woodland habitat to the west of the Project site.

Table 8.14 List of Mammal Species of Conservation Importance Recorded within the Assessment Area during Field Surveys

Common Name (Species Name)	Distribution in Hong Kong ⁽¹⁾	Protection Status	Habitats Recorded ⁽⁶⁾
East Asian Porcupine (Hystrix brachyura)	Very Common	Cap. 170 ⁽²⁾; PGC ⁽³⁾	Mixed Woodland
Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros armiger)	Very Common	Cap. 170 ⁽²⁾; PRC ⁽³⁾	Developed Area/Wasteland; Shrubland
Chinese Noctule (Nyctalus plancyi)	Common	Cap. 170 ⁽²⁾; PRC ⁽⁴⁾	Developed Area/Wasteland; Shrubland; Modified Watercourse; Agricultural Land
Japanese Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus abramus)	Very Common	Cap. 170 ⁽²⁾	Developed Area/Wasteland; Village/Orchard; Shrubland; Modified Watercourse; Agricultural Land
Lesser Bamboo Bat (Tylonycteris pachypus)	Very Common	Cap. 170 ⁽²⁾; (LC) ⁽³⁾; Rare ⁽⁴⁾	Developed Area/Wasteland; Agricultural Land
Unknown Vespertilionidae Sp. 1	Uncommon	Cap. 170⁽²⁾; Near Threatened ⁽⁵⁾	Developed Area/Wasteland; Shrubland
Unknown Vespertilionidae Sp. 2	Rare	Cap. 170 ⁽²⁾; Near Threatened ⁽⁵⁾	Developed Area/Wasteland; Shrubland

Notes:

(1) AFCD (2021).

(2) Protected under Wild Animals Protection Ordinance (Cap. 170).

(3) Fellowes et al. (2002): LC= Local Concern, PRC= Potential Regional Concern, PGC=Potential Global Concern

* Letters in parentheses indicate that the assessment is on the basis of restrictedness in nesting and/or roosting sites rather than in general occurrence.

(4) Wang (1998).

(5) Jiang et al. (2016).

(6) Actual habitats where the bat species were recorded could not be accurately ascribed given the low light levels during surveys as well as the high mobility and propensity for bats to use interface habitats.

Freshwater Fauna

8.5.2.11 The freshwater fauna assemblages recorded in watercourses within the assessment area were generally low in diversity and abundance, and were made up of species that are commonly found in disturbed watercourses of Hong Kong. The modified watercourses within and in the vicinity of the Project site (i.e. FS1 - 4) supported limited freshwater fauna, only some freshwater gastropods and insects were recorded in low abundance such as the invasive Apple Snail (Pomacea canaliculata) and Backswimmer (Notonectidae). In areas where pollution and eutrophication were obvious, Blood Worms (Chironomus plumosus) and Planorbidae snails were prominent. No freshwater crab species of conservation importance was recorded in the modified watercourses within the assessment area in the present survey.

8.5.2.12 Freshwater fauna communities observed in watercourses near Yeung Ka Tsuen possessed higher diversity in comparison to those located within and near the Project site. Similarly, other natural watercourses (e.g. upstream of W1 and W3) in the uplands were also seen to be composed of a healthier assemblage of freshwater fauna. No freshwater species of conservation importance were recorded in the assessment area. The full list of freshwater fauna species recorded within the assessment area is presented in Appendix 8.3f.

8.6 Ecological Value

8.6.1.1 The ecological importance of recorded habitats was evaluated in accordance with the EIAO-TM Annex 8 criteria and presented in Table 8.15 to Table 8.20 below.

Developed Area/Wasteland

8.6.1.2 Developed area/wasteland within the assessment area comprised mainly brownfield operations, residential areas, road infrastructures and public facilities and utilities and was subjected to high level of human disturbances. This habitat supported moderate to high diversity but low abundance of flora species, with majority of them being exotic and/or planted/ornamental species, as well as low to moderate faunal diversity and low faunal abundance. It is highly re-creatable and has low ecological potential. The ecological value of this habitat is therefore considered low.

Table 8.15 Ecological Evaluation of Developed Area/ Wasteland within the Assessment Area

Criteria	Developed Area/ Wasteland
Naturalness	Low
Size	Large (57.94 ha)
Diversity	Project site Low floral diversity, comprising mostly exotic and/or planted species Very low faunal diversity Assessment area outside the Project site Moderate to high floral diversity, comprising mostly exotic and/or planted species Low-moderate faunal diversity
Rarity	Very common man-made habitat in Hong Kong Previous Studies Two avifauna, one butterfly and one mammal of conservation importance recorded within the assessment area in previous studies Present Survey Three avifauna, one butterfly and six mammal species of conservation importance recorded within assessment area outside the Project site in present survey
Re-creatability	High
Fragmentation	None
Ecological linkage	The developed area/wasteland in the assessment area is bounded by “CA” along the southern margin.
Potential value	Low
Nursery ground	No records of nursey or breeding ground
Age	N/A
Abundance/ Richness of Wildlife	Low
Ecological Value	Low

Plantation

8.6.1.3 Plantation within the assessment area was artificially created and mainly comprised plantation species with low to moderate floral diversity, low faunal diversity and low wildlife richness. The ecological value of this habitat is low given its small size. This habitat is considered as of low ecological value, though given its connectiveness with the intact shrubland of “CA”, its ecological value may potentially rise if given time for succession to take place.

Grassland

8.6.1.4 Grassland within the assessment area was presumably previous agricultural fields that were abandoned and left unmanaged for a long period of time. As such, some weedy grass species were able to colonise and blossom in these fields, along with some remnant crop species. It possessed low to moderate floral diversity, low faunal diversity and richness, and its high fragmented and lacked ecological linkage with adjacent high quality habitats or sites of conservation importance. As such, its ecological value is rated as low.

Table 8.16 Ecological Evaluation of Plantation and Grassland within the Assessment Area

Criteria	Plantation	Grassland
Naturalness	Low	Low
Size	Very small (0.58 ha)	Very small (0.74 ha)
Diversity	Low to moderate floral diversity, comprising mostly common plantation species Low faunal diversity	Low to moderate floral diversity, dominated by weedy grass species. Low faunal diversity
Rarity	Common man-made habitat in Hong Kong No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies and in present survey	Common man-made habitat in Hong Kong Previous Studies Three avifauna of conservation importance recorded in previous studies Present Survey One avifauna and one butterfly species of conservation importance recorded in the present survey
Re-creatability	High	High
Fragmentation	High	High
Ecological linkage	The plantation habitat recorded within the assessment area falls within the “CA”.	No linkage with sites of conservation importance or habitats of high ecological value
Potential value	Low to moderate if given time for natural succession of native species from nearby natural shrubland to take place.	Low
Nursery ground	No records of nursey or breeding ground	No records of nursey or breeding ground
Age	Young	Young
Abundance/ Richness of Wildlife	Low	Low
Ecological Value	Low	Low

Shrubland

8.6.1.5 Shrubland habitat within the assessment area supported moderate to high floral and moderate faunal diversity. Parts of the extensive shrubland habitat falls within TLCP and “CA”, as such these parts of the shrubland are less disturbed and are of higher ecological value in comparison to those closer to development, with high native flora diversity, more complex floristic structure and composition observed in these areas, and also supported more wildlife. Shrubland habitats along the development margin were barren and disturbed with signs of fire and other human disturbance observed. Flora and fauna diversity recorded within were low. The ecological value of shrubland close to existing development is considered low while shrubland located within and close to TLCP is moderate to high.

Mixed Woodland

8.6.1.6 The mixed woodland within the assessment area supported a moderate to high diversity of floral species, comprising an even mix of native and exotic species. Though a moderate diversity of fauna were recorded, they were recorded in low abundance. Signs of human disturbance were commonly observed, such as land clearing and planting of non-native ornamental/amenity species around the mixed woodland margins. Overall, the ecological value of this habitat is low to moderate.

Table 8.17 Ecological Evaluation of Shrubland and Mixed Woodland within the Assessment Area

Criteria	Shrubland	Mixed Woodland
Naturalness	Near existing development Low Within and near TLCP Moderate to high	Moderate, signs of human disturbance and encroachment at the margins of these mixed woodland habitats (e.g. ornamental/amenity species, land clearing)
Size	Large (62.80 ha)	Small compared to other habitats within the assessment area (8.10 ha)
Diversity	Near existing development Low floral diversity, comprising mostly exotic and/or weedy herbaceous species Low faunal diversity Within and near TLCP Moderate to high floral diversity, with a mix of common plantation species and native shrub and climber species Moderate faunal diversity	Moderate to high floral diversity Moderate faunal diversity
Rarity	A common habitat in Hong Kong. Previous Studies One flora, two avifauna and one mammal species of conservation importance recorded from previous studies Present Survey One flora, six avifauna, one butterfly, one dragonfly and five mammal species of conservation importance recorded from present survey	Common habitat in Hong Kong. Previous Studies Two avifauna, one butterfly and one mammal species of conservation importance recorded from previous studies Present Survey Two flora, two avifauna and one mammal of species of conservation importance recorded from present survey
Re-creatability	Re-creatable if time is allowed for maturation and natural succession	Can be re-created if nearby disturbance is reduced and given time to mature
Fragmentation	Low - Intact shrubland that spans across the uplands in the western and southern parts of the assessment area	Moderate - These woodlands within the assessment area are reduced to the foothill margin and isolated areas near Yeung Ka Tsuen, and are interspersed by areas of development. Land clearing around the woodland margin was observed during the survey
Ecological linkage	A large part of the shrubland habitat falls within TLCP and “CA”	Areas of mixed woodland falls within the “CA” and are connected with the shrubland within
Potential value	Near existing development Low due to ongoing disturbances Within and near TLCP Moderate	Moderate if nearby disturbance is reduced and given time to mature
Nursery ground	No records of nursey or breeding ground	No records of nursey or breeding ground
Age	Young	Young
Abundance/ Richness of Wildlife	Near existing development Low Within and near TLCP Low	Low
Ecological Value	Near existing development Low Within and near TLCP Moderate to High	Low to moderate

Agricultural Land

8.6.1.7 Agricultural land within the assessment area supported low to moderate diversity and low abundance of floral and faunal communities. Flora species recorded within were predominantly common crop and cultivation species. Given its connectedness with Yeung Ka Tsuen EIS, the agricultural fields around the Yeung Ka Tsuen area served as potential foraging habitats and attracted a number of ardeid, wetland-associated species and raptor species. The high availability of crop plants from the Brassicaceae family also allowed a population of the butterfly of conservation importance, Small Cabbage White, in these agricultural fields. The habitat itself was man-made and was subject to active management as well as disturbance from nearby residential development, therefore, the ecological value of agricultural land within the assessment area is low.

Village/Orchard

8.6.1.8 Village/Orchard habitat within the assessment area supported low to moderate floral diversity of predominantly introduced and planted fruit tree and crop species. This habitat supported low abundance and diversity of fauna. Given that this is a man-made habitat which was highly disturbed by human activities (e.g. noise, farming), the ecological value of this habitat is considered low.

Table 8.18 Ecological Evaluation of Agricultural Land and Village / Orchard within the Assessment Area

Criteria	Agricultural Land	Village/Orchard
Naturalness	Low	Low
Size	Small compared to other habitats within the assessment area (5.06 ha)	Small (3.28 ha)
Diversity	Low to moderate floral diversity Low to moderate faunal diversity	Low to moderate floral diversity Low faunal diversity
Rarity	Common habitat Previous Studies Four avifauna and five mammal species of conservation importance recorded from previous studies Present Survey Three avifauna, one butterfly and three mammal species of conservation importance recorded from the present survey	Common man-made habitat in Hong Kong. Previous Studies One avifauna species of conservation importance recorded from previous studies Present Survey One avifauna and one mammal species of conservation importance recorded from present survey
Re-creatability	High	High
Fragmentation	Moderate - One continuous agricultural area near Yeung Ka Tsuen with smaller scattered patches across the assessment area	Moderate - scattered throughout the assessment area in small areas.
Ecological linkage	Agricultural land near Yeung Ka Tsuen is ecologically linked to Yeung Ka Tsuen EIS	Village/orchard habitat at the foothill are adjacent to “CA” and TLCP
Potential value	Low	Low
Nursery ground	No records of nursey or breeding ground	No records of nursey or breeding ground
Age	Young	N/A
Abundance/ Richness of Wildlife	Low	Low
Ecological Value	Low	Low

Marsh

8.6.1.9 Marsh habitats within the assessment area were mainly located within existing residential development at Wong Nai Tun Tsuen. These marshes were presumably historical agricultural lands which had been left abandoned for a long period of time and on-going encroachment from nearby development. The floral and fauna diversity and abundance recorded in these marshes were low. The ecological value of this habitat is therefore considered low.

Pond

8.6.1.10 Ponds within the assessment area were artificial habitats mainly for ornamental and amenity purposes and are isolated and restricted to two locations in the assessment area. The habitat supported limited flora diversity and abundance with common grass and weedy herb species dominating the ground cover. Similarly, the ponds supported a very low diversity and low abundance of fauna, though a few ardeid species of conservation importance were recorded in the ornamental pond near Yeung Ka Tsuen in a few occasions. In general, the ecological value of ponds within the assessment area is considered low.

Table 8.19 Ecological Evaluation of Marsh and Pond within the Assessment Area

Criteria	Marsh	Pond
Naturalness	Low – remnant of previous agricultural land and ornamental ponds that were left unmanaged	Low
Size	Very small (0.69 ha)	Very small (0.35 ha)
Diversity	Low floral and faunal diversity	Very low floral diversity Very low faunal diversity
Rarity	Uncommon habitat in Hong Kong Previous Studies One herpetofauna species of conservation importance recorded from previous study Present Survey One avifauna, one butterfly and one dragonfly species of conservation importance recorded from present survey	Uncommon habitat Previous Studies Three avifauna and one mammal species of conservation importance recorded from previous survey Present Survey Three avifauna species of conservation importance recorded from the present survey
Re-creatability	Medium to high	Readily re-creatable
Fragmentation	High - Isolated and scattered across the assessment area	High
Ecological linkage	No ecological linkage with sites of conservation importance or other high value habitats	The pond in the southeast is located adjacent TLCP and Yeung Ka Tsuen EIS
Potential value	Low given the extent of existing development around the marshes	Low – Both ponds are located within areas of development and/or human disturbance and are too small in size
Nursery ground	No records of nursey or breeding ground	No records of nursey or breeding ground
Age	Young	Around 30 to 50 years
Abundance/ Richness of Wildlife	Low	Very low
Ecological Value	Low	Low

Modified Watercourse

8.6.1.11 The modified watercourse habitats recorded within the assessment area covered Yuen Long Nullah and its tributaries, as well as some smaller drainage and catchwater channels within areas of development. All of these modified watercourses have been completely paved or been modified to some extent and supported limited floral and faunal diversity and abundance. Due to their close proximity to nearby industrial and residential development, signs of disturbance were prominent, such as littering, pollution and illegal dumping. Amongst the modified watercourses identified, the modified section of Yeung Ka Tsuen EIS (W4) and the catchwater channel located uphill at TLCP were found to support higher number of wildlife, in particular gastropods and dragonflies, possibly due to their high connectivity to more natural and less disturbed habitats. Overall, the modified watercourses identified on the lowland (excluding Yeung Ka Tsuen EIS) are considered to be of very low ecological value, and the modified section and Yeung Ka Tsuen EIS and TLCP catchwater are of moderate ecological value.

Natural Watercourse

8.6.1.12 Natural watercourses within the assessment area were mainly located on the uplands, originating from TLCP and “CA”, including a natural section of Yeung Ka Tsuen EIS. These natural watercourses had natural bed substrates but the water flow observed during the wet season was low, even after periods of rainfall. In the dry season, water was observed to be reduced to smaller pools in these watercourses. Due to the dry condition generally experienced in the area and the seasonal nature of the natural watercourses, they supported a low diversity and abundance of floral and faunal communities. Overall, the ecological value of natural watercourses is considered to be moderate.

Table 8.20 Ecological Evaluation of Modified Watercourse and Natural Watercourse within the Assessment Area

Criteria	Modified Watercourse		Natural Watercourse
Criteria	W1, W2, W3 and other modified lowland drainage channels	W4 and upland catchwater channel at TLCP
Naturalness	Very low, poor water quality	Low, good water quality	Moderate to high, some lowland sections have received some alteration/diversions for agricultural practises
Size	Small (~ 0.99 ha, ~1.6 km)	Very Small (~ 0.14 ha, ~0.8 km)	Small (~ 3.34 ha, ~2.0 km)
Diversity	Low floral diversity Low to moderate faunal diversity, but mostly in W4 and catchwater channel at TLCP		Low floral diversity Low faunal diversity
Rarity	Nullah, catchwater and drainage channels are very common and widespread habitat Previous Studies Five avifauna and one freshwater crab species of conservation importance recorded from previous studies Present Survey Three avifauna, one butterfly, one dragonfly, one herpetofauna and two mammal species of conservation importance recorded from previous studies		Common habitat in Hong Kong Previous Studies Three avifauna, one butterfly, two dragonfly, one herpetofauna and two freshwater fauna species of conservation importance recorded from previous studies Present Survey One flora species of conservation importance recorded in the present survey
Re-creatability	High		Low
Fragmentation	Low		Low
Ecological linkage	Section of W1 falls within “CA”	Fall within Yeung Ka Tsuen EIS and TLCP, and adheres “CA”	W4 is Yeung Ka Tsuen EIS. Others linked with TLCP, “CA” and Yeung Ka Tsuen EIS
Potential value	Low		Moderate, though dependent on rainfall
Nursery ground	No records of nursey or breeding ground		No records of nursey or breeding ground
Age	Around 20 years, but may be older		Longer than 50 years
Abundance/ Richness of Wildlife	Low abundance	Low abundance	Low abundance
Ecological Value	Very low	Moderate	Moderate

8.7 Identification of Potential Impacts and Evaluation

8.7.1.1 As mentioned in Sections 2.4.1 and 2.8.3, the site formation works for YLSEPP do not fall under the scope of the current Project, but rather under the site formation works for YLS DA, the ecological implications for which had already been evaluated and assessed with corresponding mitigation measures recommended in the approved EIA study for Housing Sites in Yuen Long South (AEIAR-215/2017) under Agreement No. CE 32/2012 (CE). The commencement of construction works for the YLSEPP would following the site formation works and site handover from YLS DA, as such the baseline conditions of which the current assessment are evaluating and assessing against will be developed land formed under YLS DA.

8.7.2 Construction Phase

8.7.2.1 As discussed in Section 2.4.1, the proposed works mainly include the construction of a sewage treatment plant, sludge treatment facilities, facilities for food waste/sewage sludge co-digestion, effluent discharge pipe, as well as other associated ancillary works within the proposed boundaries of YLSEPP.

8.7.2.2 No direct impacts to natural habitats or sites of ecological importance are anticipated as the construction works would be confined to the proposed site boundaries of YLSEPP, the habitats within which would be entirely covered by developed area/ wasteland type at the time of the commencement of construction works for YLSEPP. Indirect impacts from construction disturbance on sites and species of conservation importance as well as natural habitats and wildlife are the key potential ecological impacts arising during construction phase as detailed in the below sections.

Direct Impact

No Direct Impact on Sites of Conservation Importance, Natural Habitats and Wildlife

8.7.2.3 The Project site is located within an extensive area of existing development. Moreover, at the time of the construction for YLSEPP, the entire Project site would have been converted into developed area/wasteland type habitat following site formation works for YLS DA. The Project site also does not encroach into any recognised sites of conservation importance, thus, no direct impact on sites of conservation importance and natural habitats would be expected within the Project site. The Project would only result in the loss of approximately 4.64 ha of developed area/wasteland habitat during construction phase. No direct loss of natural habitats would be anticipated.

8.7.2.4 As mentioned in Section 8.6.1.2, developed area/wasteland in the Project site, and in the greater assessment area, is of low ecological value, and supported very limited flora and fauna, due to the extent of surrounding development and the disturbance that the Project site is exposed to. No species of conservation importance was recorded within the Project site in either previous studies, as well as in the ecological survey for the present study. Therefore, the ecological impact on developed area/wasteland and associated flora and fauna within the Project site is expected to be minor. No ecological mitigation measures would be required.

8.7.2.5 Temporary construction structures such as building facades or structures with materials that are excessive transparent or reflective (i.e. glass, windows) or otherwise difficult to see (e.g. cables, wires) may result in bird collision (including ardeids). The Project site and the habitats the vicinity supported very limited fauna due to the extent of surrounding development and the disturbance from human activities. No prominent flight paths of avifauna were recorded during the literature review and current surveys at Project site and in the vicinity of habitats. Thus, the impact of bird collision is considered as minor.

Indirect Impacts

Disturbance from Construction Activities

8.7.2.6 The construction activities of the Project involve mainly foundation works, superstructure works and E&M equipment installation for the YLSEPP. While the works area would be restricted within the developed area, temporary increase in disturbances, including noise emission, dust emission, glare and other human activities, resulted from the construction activities at the Project sites could pose indirect impacts on nearby sites of conservation importance, natural habitats, as well as associated species of conservation importance and other flora and fauna.

Disturbance Impacts on Sites of Conservation Importance and Other Ecologically Sensitive Areas

8.7.2.7 The Project site is located adjacent to the “Conservation Area” (“CA”), with its southern bounds abutting the boundary of the “CA”. The construction activities for YLSEPP could result in deterioration of habitat quality and subsequent decrease in wildlife density within the “CA”. This “CA” was also found to be supporting large mature clusters of Luofushan Joint-fir, which is considered a species of conservation importance, those located near the Project site boundary could potentially be impacted by dust or human disturbance generated from the works, as well as the general reduction in habitat quality around them. However, this “CA”, although large in size, is quite barren and is largely dominated by some very common fire-prone herbs, ferns and plantation shrub species. In particular, areas along and adjacent existing development margins are especially susceptible to human disturbance, including littering and illegal dumping from nearby industrial operations, land-clearing associated with development expansion, as well as human-induced burning caused by grave visitors. Areas of “CA” further uphill away from development are unlikely to be adversely impacted by construction disturbances generated from the YLSEPP given the extent and scale of the Project. The ecological impact of disturbance on “CA” around existing development is anticipated to be low.

8.7.2.8 TLCP and Yeung Ka Tsuen EIS are respectively located in the southern end and south-eastern end of the assessment area, given the distance between these two sites of conservation importance and the Project site, as well as the scale and the extent of the Project, the ecological impact of disturbance on the two sites is anticipated to be minor.

8.7.2.9 As stipulated in Section 2(v), Appendix G of the Study Brief (ESB-313/2019), natural and man-made wetland habitats, if any, identified within the assessment area are considered habitats with conservation interests. No natural wetland habitats are identified within the Project site. Man-made wetland habitats in vicinity of the Project site (i.e. modified watercourses, drainage channels), including W1 and W3, which would be refrained from development under the RODP for YLS DA, are largely modified and of poor water quality due to their close proximity to existing industrial and residential development, and supported limited flora and fauna communities. Wildlife usage observed in these man-made wetland habitats within the assessment area was also very low. In general, these habitats are low in ecological value, and based on their current conditions, they are unlikely to serve as important foraging habitats for ardeids and other wetland-associated faunal species. Besides the above-mentioned modified watercourses, the marshes and ponds near Wong Nai Tun Tsuen and Yeung Ka Tsuen are also considered man-made wetland habitats, these marshes and ponds are considered to be of low ecological value (Section 8.6.1.9 and 8.6.1.10 refers), and are located some distance away from the Project site. As such, the ecological impact of construction disturbances on these man-made wetland habitats is anticipated to be minor.

8.7.2.10 Under YLS DA’s RODP, a reedbed habitat would be formed in the area to the west and north of the Project site and would be linked with the proposed hillside river corridor, green belt and the existing W3, which together could potentially provide a more suitable and high quality foraging habitat mosaic for ardeids and other wetland-associated fauna. But it is uncertain at this stage whether the reedbed would be constructed simultaneously with or after the YLSEPP. Furthermore, details on the construction, layout and species composition of the reedbed are also unavailable given that the design and construction for the reedbed would be studied under a separate agreement, therefore it is implausible to evaluate value of this reedbed and premature to assess the disturbance impact of the construction works on the future reedbed.

Disturbance Impacts on Species of Conservation Importance

8.7.2.11 A number of species of conservation importance were recorded in habitats near the Project site and within the assessment area, including two flora species of conservation importance, which are located in mixed woodland and shrubland nearby, as well as 11 avifauna, one butterfly, two odonate, one amphibian and seven mammal species of conservation importance. A majority of these species were recorded and/or detected in areas away from the Project site, where the habitats are of higher quality and less disturbed by anthropogenic disturbance, such as the shrubland within TLCP and agricultural land – marsh – pond matrix near Yeung Ka Tsuen EIS. Those that were recorded in close proximity of the Project site, such as Luofushan Joint-fir, Japanese Pipistrelle and Greater Coucal, are species that are more tolerant of human disturbance and are well-adapted and commonly found in or close to urban settings, as evidenced by the fact that most of the recorded species of conservation importance in close vicinity of the Project were indeed recorded in habitats that have been altered/modified to some extent and/or are exposed to some degree of disturbance.

8.7.2.12 It is noticed that the assessment area supported a number of bats, all of which are considered to be of conservation importance. Noise and human activities arising from the construction - bats avoiding using the habitats near the Project site. However, given the nocturnal nature of the bats and that construction works are often restricted to daytime, it is expected that construction activities would not pose a significant ecological impact on the bats. Roosting and resting habitats were not identified during the course of the survey, and given the extensiveness of existing development, it is unlikely that their potential key roosting and resting habitats are present in the vicinity of the Project site but rather in the uplands within or near TLCP and the “CA”. Overall, the ecological impact of disturbance on species of conservation importance is anticipated to be low.

Disturbance Impacts on Waterbirds, Wetland-Dependant and Reedbed-Associated Birds, Breeding and Foraging Ardeids and Their Flight Lines

8.7.2.13 The Project site and its immediate vicinity lacked wetland habitats of decent quality and ecological value, as such only limited waterbirds, wetland-dependent birds and/or reedbed-associated birds were recorded. Similarly, due to the lack of breeding and foraging sites present within the assessment area and the abandonment of the Tai Tong Egretry and Tai Tong (Pak Sha Tsuen) Egretry, flights of ardeids recorded during the survey was very limited, with most flights and foraging activities restricted to the Yeung Ka Tsuen area beyond the assessment area. As such, while construction activities may indirectly affect these particular groups of birds through increased noise, glare and dust emission, given the distance between the Project site and areas of higher bird activities, the ecological impact of disturbance on waterbirds, wetland-dependent birds, reedbed-associated birds, breeding and foraging ardeids and their flight lines, is anticipated to be low.

Disturbance Impacts on Terrestrial Habitats, Vegetation and Other Fauna

8.7.2.14 Habitats located in the vicinity of the Project site would predominantly be developed area/ wasteland type habitats due to the site formation works for YLS DA, with the exception of the existing modified watercourses W1 and W3, mixed woodland to the west and shrubland to the south, and potentially the planned reedbed, greenbelt and hillside river corridor. As mentioned in Section 8.7.2.10, the layout and composition of the reedbed is subject to further study and its construction schedule is uncertain, hence it is not plausible to evaluate the value of the habitat and the impact that may be imposed on it by the construction works for YLSEPP. The ecological impact of construction disturbance on the man-made habitats of low ecological value (e.g. developed area/wasteland, village/orchard, modified watercourses) is anticipated to be minor, while that on the future reedbed, greenbelt and hillside river corridor cannot be evaluated at this stage.

8.7.2.15 As for other more natural habitats, such as shrubland and mixed woodland, near the Project site, disturbances arising from the construction of YLSEPP, including noise, dust, glare and increased human presence etc., may potentially reduce the overall quality of these habitats, and subsequently causing a displacement of wildlife that utilise the habitats. More specifically, increased dust emission generated from the works could cover the leaves of plants in adjacent habitats, hence affecting photosynthesis, respiration and transpiration of the plant, and at the same time allowing the penetration of phytotoxic gaseous pollutants. Increased noise, glare and ground-borne vibrations emitted from construction works could present as a movement barrier for fauna travelling into or through these habitats and deter fauna from utilising these habitats. As described in previous sections, the shrubland adjacent the Project site is of low ecological value and supports limited floral and faunal diversity and abundance. Similarly, the mixed woodland located to the west of the Project site is considered to be of low to moderate value, however due to existing disturbance and continuous encroachment and expansion from nearby development, it supports a relatively low diversity and abundance of wildlife. As consequence, the ecological impact of construction disturbance on existing shrubland and mixed woodland is anticipated to be low.

Deterioration of Water Quality of Watercourses, Drainage Channels and Future Reedbed

Land-based Construction and Construction Surface Run-off

8.7.2.16 Wastewater generated from general land-based construction works (e.g. general cleaning and polishing, wheel washing, dust suppression, utility installation, etc.) and construction surface runoff (e.g. runoff and erosion of exposed bare soil and earth, earth working area and stockpiles, etc.) could potentially pose indirect impacts on the water quality of the adjoining modified watercourses, i.e. Yuen Long Nullah (W1), and potentially the adjacent future reedbed habitat.

8.7.2.17 The wastewater and construction surface run-off are generally characterized by high concentrations of suspended solid (SS) and elevated pH. Release of uncontrolled site run-off would increase the SS levels and turbidity in the nearby aquatic environment. The suspended particles could potentially injure the aquatic organisms and clog their respiratory and feeding systems, while the increased turbidity could reduce photosynthetic rate of aquatic plants, and affect feeding and other activities of fauna by hindering their vision. Uncontrolled wastewater discharge and construction surface run-off may also contain a certain amount of grease and oil as well as bentonite slurries, concrete washings and other grouting materials, which are strongly alkaline. Accidental spills of oils and other chemicals from construction site could affect aquatic communities, resulting in lethal/sublethal impacts (e.g. direct mortality, reproductive retardation) on aquatic organisms.

8.7.2.18 No aquatic species of conservation importance, which are highly susceptible to water quality impacts, were recorded from modified watercourses within the assessment area. The freshwater fauna assemblages recorded from nearby modified watercourses were simple and low in diversity and abundance. As described in Section 8.5.1.5, the ecological value of these modified watercourses is quite low due to their high exposure to existing disturbances and pollution. Similarly, wildlife usage in these modified watercourses was also observed to be low. With the implementation of mitigation measures and good site practices as detailed in Section 5 to minimise the potential impacts on water quality from land-based construction and construction run-off to the nearby modified watercourses, and potentially the future reedbed, no adverse water quality impact due to the construction of YLSEPP is anticipated. The ecological impacts arising from water quality deterioration due to land-based construction works are therefore expected to be minor.

Sewage Effluent and Temporary Sewage Overflow from Construction Workforce

8.7.2.19 As described in Section 5.6, construction workforce on site will generate sewage effluent and temporary sewage overflow may cause potential water quality impacts on the local drainage and aquatic system, if uncontrolled. Temporary sewage generation can be adequately treated by interim sewage treatment facilities, such as portable chemical toilets. The number of the chemical toilets required for the construction sites should be subject to later detailed design, the capacity of the chemical toilets, and contractor's site practices. A licensed contractor should be employed to provide appropriate and adequate portable toilets and be responsible for appropriate disposal and maintenance. Provided that sewage is not discharged directly into storm drains or inland watercourses adjacent to the construction site, temporary sanitary facilities are used and properly maintained, and mitigation measures as recommended in Section 5.7 are adopted as far as practicable, it is unlikely that sewage effluent from the site would have a significant water quality impact.

8.7.3 Operational Phase

8.7.3.1 No direct ecological impacts would be expected during operational phase of the Project. The height of the tallest building in the proposed YLSEPP would be restricted within +40 mPD, which is much shorter in comparison to those planned for the residential buildings in adjacent areas in the north within YLS DA (between +70 mPD and +140 mPD), as well as the existing Kung Um Shan in the west and south. As stated in Section 8.7.2.5, the Project site and the habitats the vicinity supported very limited fauna due to the extent of surrounding development and the disturbance from human activities. No prominent flight paths of avifauna were recorded during the literature review and current surveys at Project site and in the vicinity of habitats. Hence, it is expected that the proposed YLSEPP would not cause significant impact on bird collision (including ardeids).

8.7.3.2 Whereas potential indirect impacts on the surrounding/off-site habitats and associated fauna would likely be resulted, as presented in the following sections.

Indirect Impacts

Disturbance from Operation of YLSEPP

Disturbance to Site of Conservation Importance, Species of Conservation Importance, Nearby Habitats and Other Associated Flora and Fauna

8.7.3.3 The level of human activities involved during the operational phase of the YLSEPP is expected to be less than that of existing brownfield operations and development. All treatment plants and associated facilities and pipework would be encased within the superstructures for YLSEPP or located underground, with corresponding odour and noise reducing equipment installed (e.g. deodorisation units and silencers). As detailed in earlier sections, the habitats in the vicinity of the Project site are of low ecological value and support limited wildlife, and are already exposed to high levels of disturbance. Therefore, it is anticipated that disturbances from the operation of YLSEPP would pose minor ecological impact on nearby sites of conservation importance, species of conservation importance, habitats and other associated flora and fauna.

8.7.3.4 As for the planned reedbed, while it is currently uncertain how and when it would be completed, the reedbed would presumably provide potential suitable habitat for some common wildlife, as well as some waterbirds or wetland/reedbed-associated species. Therefore, disturbances generated during the operational phase, such as increased human presence, noise, odour emission etc. would undoubtedly affect the reedbed and its associated wildlife to some degree. However, this impact cannot be accurately quantified at this stage. Under the current proposed design and layout (e.g. treatment units and facilities being covered and encased within the YLSEPP superstructure, noise and odour reducing equipment), the ecological impact from disturbance on the planned reedbed is likely going to be minor. Moreover, previous study (CEDD, 2017) also indicated only limited number of ardeids flew southward from the abandoned Tai Tong (Pak Sha Tsuen) Egretry. As such, it is unlikely that significant flight path of birds would be found at the Project Site in the future. It is expected that the proposed YLSEPP would not have any adverse impacts on the flight paths of birds in the area, including breeding and foraging ardeids.

Deterioration of Water Quality of Watercourses, Drainage Channels and Future Reedbed

Discharge of Treated Effluent and Associated Disinfection Activities

8.7.3.5 As mentioned in Section 5.6, the proposed YLSEPP will be designed to tertiary level treatment standard to enable further treated as reclaimed water in the Reclaimed Water Facility for further production of reclaimed water for non-potable uses within HSK/HT NDA, YLS DA and the surrounding areas. The surplus tertiary effluent will be discharged to the nearby Yuen Long Nullah. According to the approved EIA Study for Housing Sites in Yuen Long South (CEDD, 2017), the pollution credit would be gained from removal of the existing pollution loads from livestock farms and unsewered population. According to Section 5.6, there would be an increase in BOD, TIN, TN and SS levels in Deep Bay due to the effluent discharge from the proposed YLSEPP under the worst-case scenario. The high levels of these parameters were mainly contributed from other background pollution sources which non-compliance for BOD, TIN and UIA were predicted even under the "without Project" scenario. However, it should be noted that the Water Reclamation Facility is a planned and committed project that will receive all YLSEPP effluent in the future. Once the WRF is implemented, the treated effluent from YLSEPP will be further polished into reclaimed water which will cut down the freshwater demand in the region, save the precious freshwater resources in the region and reduce the pollution loading discharge to the Deep Bay waters. The water quality impact will be alleviated once the WRF is implemented. Therefore, no significant unacceptable water quality deterioration is anticipated.

Surface Runoff

8.7.3.6 As described in Section 5.6, potential water quality impact may also arise from surface runoff discharge of YLSEPP during operational phase. The surface runoff may contain small amount of suspended solids which may enter the nearby watercourses. However, impacts upon water quality would be minimal provided that a proper drainage system would be provided to receive surface runoff to the drainage system at the planning and design stages of YLSEPP. All the treatment units in YLSEPP will be covered or enclosed to minimize the inflow of surface run-off from entering the treatment processes. It is anticipated that with proper implementation of best management practices as recommended in Section 5.7, no adverse water quality impact from surface run-off is expected.

Accidental Chemical Spillage

8.7.3.7 As described in Section 5.6, a number of chemicals, including ferric chloride and polymers, would be stored onsite and be used for wastewater treatment process such as sludge conditioning / dewatering at YLSEPP. Adverse water quality impacts can be minimised by appropriate storage management and drainage system design as recommended in Section 5.7, thus no unacceptable water quality impact is expected.

Accidental Discharge of Untreated Sewage

8.7.3.8 Emergency/accidental discharge of untreated sewage due to emergency situations (e.g. power outage/equipment failure) may occur at the proposed YLSEPP. Where an event of emergency discharge was to occur, it is anticipated that the emergency overflow would be relieved into the adjacent Yuen Long Nullah (W1), consequently lowering the water quality of the nullah through an acute spike of released contaminants and organic matters. Since Yuen Long Nullah is highly modified and exposed to high levels of disturbance, it is of low ecological value and supports a low diversity and abundance of flora and fauna. Moreover, its potential to become a higher quality habitat is also limited given the amount and extent of planned future development and associated construction works around it. Therefore, emergency discharge is unlikely to result in long-term or unacceptable water quality impact on the nullah. No unacceptable ecological impacts are anticipated due to the changes in water quality in the event of emergency discharge from YLSEPP.

Potential Disruption of Flight Lines of Foraging and Breeding Ardeids

8.7.3.9 The superstructures within the proposed YLSEPP may potentially disrupt and/or obstruct the flight lines of foraging and breeding ardeids. During the survey, no breeding and roosting sites, potential breeding and roosting sites of ardeids, and suitable foraging habitats were identified in the vicinity of the Project. Moreover, limited number of ardeids and flight lines were observed near the Project site. Previous study (CEDD, 2017) also indicated only limited number of ardeids flew southward from the abandoned Tai Tong (Pak Sha Tsuen) egretry. Therefore, it is unlikely that the YLSEPP would present as a significant obstruction to foraging and/or breeding ardeids. As for the planned reedbed, while it is currently uncertain how and when it would be completed, the reedbed would presumably provide potential suitable habitat for some common wildlife, as well as some waterbirds or wetland/reedbed-associated species. Considered the height of the tallest building in the proposed YLSEPP would be restricted within +40 mPD, which is much shorter in comparison to those planned for the residential buildings in adjacent areas in the north within YLS DA (between +70 mPD and +140 mPD), as well as the existing Kung Um Shan in the west and south. As such, it is expected that the proposed YLSEPP would not have any adverse impacts on the flight paths of birds in the area, including any potential breeding and foraging ardeids, waterbirds or wetland/reedbed-associated species.

8.8 Prediction and Evaluation of Environmental Impacts

8.8.1.1 Potential ecological impacts on the identified habitats within the Assessment area associated with the construction and operation of the Project have been evaluated in accordance with the Annex 8 of the EIAO-TM, as presented in Table 8.21 to Table 8.26.

Table 8.21 Evaluation of Unmitigated Ecological Impacts to Developed Area/Wasteland within the Assessment Area

Criteria \ Habitats	Developed Area/ Wasteland
Habitat quality	Comprises brownfield operations and residential areas etc, and of low ecological value
Species	Low floral diversity and very low faunal diversity recorded within the Project site No species of conservation recorded in present survey and previous studies within the Project site Moderate to high floral diversity, comprising mostly exotic and/or planted species, and low-moderate faunal diversity recorded within the assessment area outside the Project site Species of conservation importance Three avifauna, one butterfly and six mammal species of conservation importance recorded in the present survey and two avifauna, one butterfly and one mammal species of conservation importance recorded in previous studies
Size/Abundance	Direct loss of 4.64 ha of developed area/wasteland formed under the YLS DA will be lost
Duration	Direct impact Permanent habitat loss of developed area/wasteland habitat Indirect impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be temporary Operational phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be permanent
Reversibility	Direct impact Permanent habitat loss of developed area/wasteland habitat would be irreversible Indirect impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be reversible Operational phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be irreversible
Magnitude	Low
Overall Impact Evaluation	Minor

Table 8.22 Evaluation of Unmitigated Ecological Impacts to Plantation and Grassland within the Assessment Area

Criteria \ Habitats	Plantation	Grassland
Habitat quality	Semi-natural habitat dominated by exotic plantation species Connectiveness with nearby sites of conservation importance (e.g. TLCP and “CA”) and natural habitats Of low ecological value	Semi-natural habitat dominated by weedy grass species Of low ecological value
Species	Low to moderate floral diversity and low faunal diversity Species of conservation importance No species of conservation importance recorded in the present survey and in previous studies	Low to moderate floral diversity and low faunal diversity Species of conservation importance One avifauna and one butterfly species of conservation importance recorded in the present survey and three avifauna species of conservation importance recorded in previous studies
Size/Abundance	Habitat would not be directly affected	Habitat would not be directly affected
Duration	Direct impact No direct impact to plantation is anticipated Indirect impact -Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be temporary Operational phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be permanent	Direct impact No direct impact to grassland is anticipated Indirect impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be temporary Operational phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be permanent
Reversibility	Direct impact No direct impact to plantation is anticipated Indirect impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be reversible Operational phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be irreversible	Direct impact No direct impact to grassland is anticipated Indirect impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be reversible Operational phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be irreversible
Magnitude	Very low given the distance	Very low given the distance
Overall Impact Evaluation	Minor	Minor

Table 8.23 Evaluation of Unmitigated Ecological Impacts to Shrubland and Mixed Woodland within the Assessment Area

Criteria \ Habitats	Shrubland	Mixed Woodland
Habitat quality	Along existing development Highly disturbed habitat with low ecological value Shrubland within and near TLCP Shrubland habitats that are distant from existing development and buffered by “CA” and are of moderate to high ecological value	Regenerated after previous land clearing and possesses a relatively more establish floristic structure and composition On-going land clearing and disturbance along the edges of the mixed woodland was observed Of low to moderate ecological value
Species	Along existing development Low floral and faunal diversity in shrubland outside Project site but adjacent existing development Shrubland within and near TLCP Moderate to high floral diversity and moderate faunal diversity Species of conservation importance One flora, six avifauna, one butterfly, one dragonfly and five mammal species of conservation importance recorded in the present survey, most of which recorded in areas away from existing development. One flora, two avifauna and one mammal species of conservation importance recorded in previous studies No species of conservation importance located within the Project site	Moderate to high floral diversity and moderate faunal diversity Species of conservation importance Two flora, two avifauna and one mammal species of conservation importance recorded in the present survey and two avifauna, one butterfly and one mammal species of conservation importance recorded in previous studies
Size/Abundance	No direct loss would be anticipated since the site formation works at the Project site would be carried out under a separate agreement, as detailed in Section 8.7.1.1	Habitat would not be directly affected
Duration	Direct impact No direct impact to shrubland is anticipated Indirect impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be temporary Operational phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be permanent	Direct impact No direct impact to mixed woodland is anticipated Indirect impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be temporary Operational phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be permanent
Reversibility	Direct impact No direct impact to shrubland is anticipated Indirect impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be reversible Operational phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be irreversible	Direct impact No direct impact to mixed woodland is anticipated Indirect impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be reversible Operational phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be irreversible
Magnitude	Low	Low
Overall Impact Evaluation	Low	Low

Table 8.24 Evaluation of Unmitigated Ecological Impacts to Agricultural Land and Village/Orchard within the Assessment Area

Criteria \ Habitats	Agricultural Land	Village/Orchard
Habitat quality	Artificial habitat that is subject to active management, though its utilised by some ardeids and raptors Of low ecological value	Artificial habitat that is actively managed and exposed to disturbance Of low ecological value
Species	Low to moderate floral and faunal diversity Species of conservation importance Four avifauna, one butterfly and three mammal species of conservation importance recorded in the present survey and four avifauna and five mammal species of conservation importance recorded in previous studies	Low to moderate floral diversity and low faunal diversity Species of conservation importance One avifauna and one mammal species of conservation importance recorded in the present survey and one avifauna species of conservation importance recorded in previous studies
Size/Abundance	Habitat would not be directly affected	Habitat would not be directly affected
Duration	Direct impact No direct impact to agricultural land is anticipated Indirect impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be temporary Operational phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be permanent	Direct impact No direct impact to village/orchard is anticipated Indirect impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be temporary Operational phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be permanent
Reversibility	Direct impact No direct impact to agricultural land is anticipated Indirect impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be reversible Operational phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be irreversible	Direct impact No direct impact to village/orchard is anticipated Indirect impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be reversible Operational phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be irreversible
Magnitude	Very low given the distance	Low
Overall Impact Evaluation	Low	Minor

Table 8.25 Evaluation of Unmitigated Ecological Impacts to Marsh and Pond within the Assessment Area

Criteria \ Habitats	Marsh	Pond
Habitat quality	Established following abandonment of agricultural land and pond Isolated and scattered, with low ecological value	Man-made habitat for ornamental and/or amenity use Isolated and scattered, and receives active management Of low ecological value
Species	Low floral and faunal diversity Species of conservation importance One avifauna, one butterfly and one dragonfly species of conservation importance recorded in the present survey and one herpetofauna species of conservation importance recorded in previous studies	Very low floral and faunal diversity Species of conservation importance Three avifauna species of conservation importance recorded in the present survey and three avifauna and one mammal species of conservation importance recorded in previous studies
Size/Abundance	Habitat would not be directly affected	Habitat would not be directly affected
Duration	Direct impact No direct impact to marsh is anticipated Indirect impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be temporary Operational phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be permanent	Direct impact No direct impact to pond is anticipated Indirect impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be temporary Operational phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be permanent
Reversibility	Direct impact No direct impact to marsh is anticipated Indirect impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be reversible Operational phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be irreversible	Direct impact No direct impact to pond is anticipated Indirect impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be reversible Operational phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be irreversible
Magnitude	Low	Low
Overall Impact Evaluation	Minor	Minor

Table 8.26 Evaluation of Unmitigated Ecological Impacts to Modified Watercourse and Natural Watercourse within the Assessment Area

Criteria \ Habitats	Modified Watercourse	Natural Watercourse
Habitat quality	Largely modified and exposed to existing disturbances from nearby brownfield operations and development Modified watercourses within and adjacent the Project site are of very low ecological value Modified watercourses located near TLCP and connected to Yeung Ka Tsuen EIS are less disturbed, and have high connectivity with habitats of higher quality and are of moderate ecological value	Largely natural watercourses Sections identified uphill are predominantly seasonal, while those in the lowland receive some degree of alteration (e.g. for agricultural practises) Most are functionally linked with sites of conservation importance (i.e. TLCP, “CA” and Yeung Ka Tsuen EIS) Of moderate ecological value
Species	Low floral diversity and low to moderate faunal diversity, but most identified in modified watercourses near TLCP and connected to Yeung Ka Tsuen EIS Species of conservation importance Two avifauna, one butterfly, one dragonfly, one herpetofauna and two mammal species of conservation importance recorded in the present survey and five avifauna and one freshwater crab species of conservation importance recorded in previous studies No species of conservation importance located within the Project site	Low floral and faunal diversity Species of conservation importance One flora species of conservation importance recorded in the present survey and three avifauna, one butterfly, two dragonfly, one herpetofauna and two freshwater fish species of conservation importance recorded in previous studies
Size/Abundance	No direct loss would be anticipated since the site formation works at the Project site would be carried out under a separate agreement, as detailed in Section 8.7.1.1	Habitat would not be directly affected
Duration	Direct impact No direct impact to modified watercourses is anticipated Indirect impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be temporary Operational phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be permanent	Direct impact No direct impact to natural watercourse is anticipated Indirect impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be temporary Operational phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be permanent
Reversibility	Direct impact No direct impact to modified watercourses is anticipated Indirect impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be reversible Operational phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be irreversible	Direct impact No direct impact to natural watercourse is anticipated Indirect impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be reversible Operational phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be irreversible
Magnitude	Low	Very low given the distance
Overall Impact Evaluation	Minor	Minor

8.8.2 Cumulative Impacts

8.8.2.1 According to the tentative construction programme of the Project (Appendix 2.1 refers), Phase A and Phase B of the construction would be undertaken between January 2028 and August 2031 and Phase C and Phase D of the construction would be from May/June 2028 to February 2032. The remaining phases of the Project’s construction works would be undertaken between May 2030 and April 2032. Eight potential concurrent projects are identified within the assessment area as discussed in Section 2, four of which are located in the vicinity of the Project site and are anticipated to contribute to cumulative ecological impacts. These projects include Stages 1 to 4 for the “Yuen Long South (YLS) Development”.

8.8.2.2 Stage 1 and Stage 2 of the works for YLS Development would involve improvement works at Yuen Long Nullah, roadworks, sewage and rising main works along Yuen Long Nullah, as well as residential development near Muk Kiu Tau Tsuen. Given the localised extent and small scale of these works, as well as the extent of development in these areas, cumulative ecological impacts during both construction and operational phases are expected to be insignificant.

8.8.2.3 Stage 3 and Stage 4 of YLS Development would involve construction of the reedbed as well as residential development along Kung Um Road to the north of the Project site. Depending on the completion schedule of construction works for these projects, the construction for YLSEPP may occur concurrently with these projects. Disturbance impacts arising from these projects may potentially be magnified. However, since these concurrent projects would be restricted within areas of development, and that appropriate mitigation measures had been recommended to address disturbance impacts for the respective works. Cumulative ecological indirect impacts during construction and operational phases of these projects are expected to be low if recommended mitigation measures are properly implemented.

8.9 Mitigation of Adverse Environmental Impacts

8.9.1 General

8.9.1.1 According to the EIAO-TM Annex 16 and EIAO Guidance Note. 3/2010, ecological impacts on important habitats and the associated wildlife caused by the proposed Project should be mitigated, in order of priority, avoidance, minimisation, and compensation approaches to the maximum practical extent.

8.9.1.2 The potential impacts arising from the construction and operation of the Project and the mitigation measures requirements are summarised in Table 8.27 and Table 8.28. Considering that the unmitigated level of impacts are considered as low or minor, some precautionary measures, standard good site practices and/or enhancement measures are recommended to further minimise the ecological impacts.

Table 8.27 Summary of Potential Impacts and Mitigation Measure Requirements of the Construction of the Project

Impact	Unmitigated Level of Impacts	Mitigation Measures Required (ü/û)
Direct Impact
Direct ecological impact of loss of developed area/wasteland habitat and associated impacts to vegetation	Minor	û
Indirect Impacts
Construction Disturbance Impacts on Sites of Conservation Importance and Other Ecologically Sensitive Areas
“Conservation Area”	Low	û
Tai Lam Country Park	Minor	û
Yeung Ka Tsuen Ecologically Important Stream	Minor	û
Man-made habitats (Modified watercourse W1 & W3)	Minor	û
Man-made habitats (Marshes and ponds near Yeung Ka Tsuen and Wong Nai Tun Tsuen)	Minor	û
Future reedbed	NA	NA
Potential Construction Impact on Bird due to Collision to Buildings	Minor	û
Construction Disturbance Impacts on Species of Conservation Importance	Low	û
Construction Disturbance Impacts on Waterbirds, Wetland-Dependent and Reedbed-Associated Birds, Breeding and Foraging Ardeids and Their Flight Lines	Low	û
Construction Disturbance Impacts on Terrestrial Habitats, Vegetation and Other Fauna
On nearby man-made habitats (e.g. developed area/wasteland, village/orchard, modified watercourse) and associated vegetation and fauna	Minor	û
On nearby natural habitats (e.g. shrubland, mixed woodland) and associated vegetation and fauna	Low	û
On future reedbed and associated vegetation and fauna	NA	NA
Deterioration of Water Quality of Watercourses, Drainage Channels and Future Reedbed
Land-based construction and construction surface run-off	Minor⁽¹⁾	û
Sewage effluent and temporary sewage overflow from construction workforce	Minor⁽¹⁾	û

Note:

(1) Evaluation of impacts has taken into consideration implementation of mitigation measures and good site practices as detailed in Section 5.

Table 8.28 Summary of Potential Impacts and Mitigation Measures Requirements of the Operation of the Project

Impact	Unmitigated Level of Impacts	Mitigation Measures Required (ü/û)
Direct Impact
Potential Impacts on Birds due to Collision to Buildings	Minor	û
Indirect Impacts
Disturbance to Site of Conservation Importance and Species of Conservation Importance, Nearby Habitats and Other Associated Flora and Fauna
On sites of conservation importance and species of conservation importance, nearby habitats and other associated flora and fauna	Minor	û
On future reedbed	NA	NA
On avifauna flightpaths	Minor	û
Deterioration of Water Quality of Watercourses, Drainage Channels and Future Reedbed due to Surface Run-off, Discharge of Treated Effluent and Any Associated Disinfection Activities, Temporary Sewage Overflow, and Accidental Discharge of Untreated Sewage
Discharge of treated effluent and associated disinfection activities	No unacceptable ecological impacts	û
Surface run-off	No unacceptable ecological impacts	û
Accidental chemical spillage	No unacceptable ecological impacts	û
Accidental discharge of untreated sewage	No unacceptable ecological impacts	û
Potential Disruption of Flight Lines of Foraging and Breeding Ardeids	No adverse impact	û

8.9.2 Avoidance

Avoidance of Recognised Site of Conservation Importance and Other Ecologically Sensitive Areas

8.9.2.1 While a number of sites of conservation importance are located within the assessment area for the Project and that the Project site is located adjacent to “CA”, “GB” and planned reedbed. The Project site and construction works for the Project are designed to be confined within areas of existing development and/or within the boundary for planned development under the approved YLS DA, such that no sites of conservation importance and other ecologically sensitive areas would be directly affected.

8.9.3 Precautionary Measures and Enhancement Opportunities

8.9.3.1 Precautionary measures and enhancement opportunities to further minimise any potential environmental impacts and to promote the ecological value of the Project are discussed in the following paragraphs.

Minimising Construction Disturbances

8.9.3.2 Construction disturbances on nearby sites of conservation importance, species of conservation importance, terrestrial habitats and associated flora and fauna, as well as potential breeding and foraging avifauna, can be effectively alleviated and minimised through the implementation of the precautionary measures and good site practices listed below, along with the implementation of construction phasing as detailed in Section 2.

· Noise generated from the construction works – Erection of noise reducing barriers and/or tarpaulins, use of Quality Powered Mechanical Equipment (QPME), avoidance of prolonged period and minimisation on the use of heavy machinery operations, as well as appropriate scheduling of works to minimise noise emission during season or time of high ardeid activities.

· Glare generated from the construction works – Erection of non-transparent hoarding around the Project site, restriction of construction work hours, night-time lighting control and avoidance of any directional lights to the adjoining habitats.

· Dust emitted from the construction works – Erection of dust reducing barriers and/or tarpaulins, suppression via regular spraying of haul roads, proper storage and covering of construction materials, and strict adherence to relevant control measures as stipulated in the Air Pollution Ordinance (Construction Dust) Regulation.

· Increased human presence and activities due to construction works – Erection of hoarding to avoid trespassing into nearby habitats and sites of conservation importance, as well as strict adherence of good construction site practices including regular monitoring and audit and staff training on site cleanliness, waste management and handling etc.

Use of Avifauna-Friendly Materials

8.9.3.3 While indirect impacts on avifauna, ardeids, wetland and reedbed associated birds are predicted to be low given that the Project site and its vicinity generally support very limited avifauna. The future reedbed may potentially attract higher avifauna activity in the area. As such, as precautionary measures, the materials used for the superstructures and barriers of the YLSEPP shall opt for non-reflective and non-transparent materials to avoid potential injury from collision.

Greening Opportunities

8.9.3.4 Greening opportunities to integrate the YLSEPP with surrounding environment as well as the future reedbed could be explored to further promote the ecological value of the Project. Apart from the implementation of a green roof atop the superstructure of the YLSEPP, ecological planting within and along the periphery of the YLSEPP could act as a buffer and/or potentially benefit future wildlife use in the reedbed and surrounding habitats, such as provision of trees for perching and sheltering birds.

8.10 Evaluation of Residual Ecological Impacts

8.10.1.1 With the implementation of the aforementioned precautionary measures, standard good site practices and/or enhancement measures, no unacceptable residual ecological impact is anticipated from the Project.

8.11 Environmental Monitoring and Audit

8.11.1.1 Environmental monitoring and audit are not required as no unacceptable residual impacts during the construction and operational phase of the Project are anticipated.

8.12 Conclusion

8.12.1.1 A literature review and ecological field surveys have been conducted. A total of eleven habitat types, including developed area/wasteland, plantation, grassland, shrubland, mixed woodland, village/orchard, agricultural land, marsh, pond, modified watercourse and natural watercourse were recorded within the 500 m assessment area from recent surveys, with developed area/wasteland, and small areas of shrubland and modified watercourse recorded within the Project site. The ecological values of habitats within the Project site are low, as they are highly modified and disturbed habitats which support limited flora and fauna. Similarly, due to the extent of existing development in the area, most of the other habitats recorded within the assessment area are of low or very low ecological value, with the exception of the mixed woodland (low to moderate), modified watercourses in Yeung Ka Tsuen EIS and at TLCP (moderate), the natural watercourse (moderate), as well as the shrubland within and near TLCP (moderate to high). In general, the assessment area supported limited wildlife, most wildlife were observed near TLCP and around the Yeung Ka Tsuen area, both locations are located some distance away from the Project site.

8.12.1.2 Due to findings from previous studies, certain groups of fauna, species of conservation importance and their associated habitats were of particular concern, including the historical Tai Tong (Pak Sha Tsuen) and any potential breeding and roosting ardeid sites, potential foraging habitat for ardeids and other waterbirds, as well as two freshwater crab species of conservation importance. However, in the present survey, the Tai Tong (Pak Sha Tsuen) egretry is indeed no longer active, and that no other breeding and roosting ardeid sites was identified within the assessment area. Moreover, habitats in the vicinity of the Project site were found to be of low quality and unlikely to serve as suitable foraging habitats for ardeids and other waterbirds. Similarly, the condition of the modified watercourse W3, where two species of freshwater crabs of conservation importance were recorded in previous studies, was found to be of very poor, and is unlikely to be suitable for these freshwater crabs. No sighting of the two freshwater crab species were made in the present survey.

8.12.1.3 No potential direct impact on sites of conservation importance and natural habitats is expected to arise from the Project as all site formation works would be completed under a separate agreement for YLS DA, prior to the commencement of construction works for this Project. Though indirect impacts, in the form of construction disturbance and water quality reduction, are anticipated, the ecological impact from these indirect impacts is expected to be minor and low, and no mitigation measures are required. Precautionary measures and enhancement opportunities to further minimise any potential environmental impacts and promote the ecological value of the Project are recommended.

8.12.1.4 Ecological monitoring and auditing is not required as no significant construction and operational phase ecological impacts are anticipated.

8.13 Reference

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List of Figures
Figure 8.1	Ecological Assessment Area, Walk Transect and Sampling Locations for Ecological Surveys (Yuen Long South Effluent Polishing Plant)
Figure 8.2	Assessment Areas of Previous Environmental Impact Assessment Studies
Figure 8.3	Habitat Map and Indicative Location of Species of Conservation Importance Recorded in the Ecological Survey

List of Appendices
Appendix 8.1	Representative Photographs of Habitats and Species of Conservation Importance Recorded within the Assessment Area
Appendix 8.2	Flora Species Recorded within the Assessment Area
Appendix 8.3a	Avifauna Species Recorded within the Assessment Area
Appendix 8.3b	Butterfly Species Recorded within the Assessment Area
Appendix 8.3c	Odonate Species Recorded within the Assessment Area
Appendix 8.3d	Herpetofauna Species Recorded within the Assessment Area
Appendix 8.3e	Mammal Species Recorded within the Assessment Area
Appendix 8.3f	Freshwater Fauna Species Recorded within the Assessment Area