10 CULTURAL
HERITAGE
10.1.1 This Section presents the Cultural Heritage
Impact Assessment (CHIA) associated with the construction and operation of the
Project in accordance with Clause 3.4.11.2 and Appendix I of the EIA Study
Brief No. ESB-339/2021.
10.2
Purpose,
Objective and Benefits of the Project
10.2.1 The relevant legislation and associated guidance notes related to
cultural heritage impact assessment are identified, including but not limited
to the following:
(a) Environmental
Impact Assessment Ordinance (EIAO) (Cap. 499), Technical Memorandum on Environmental
Impact Assessment Process (EIAO-TM), Annexes 10, 18 and 19;
(b) Antiquities and
Monuments Ordinance (Cap.53);
(c) Hong Kong Planning
Standards and Guidelines (HKPSG);
(d) Requirements for
Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment (CHIA) from Appendix I of the EIA Study
Brief No. ESB-339/2021; and
(e) Guidelines for
Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment.
10.2.2 Environmental Impact Assessment Ordinance (Cap. 499)
· Annex 10 of the EIAO-TM outlines the criteria for assessment of impact
on sites of cultural heritage. The general presumption is in favour of
the protection and conservation of all sites of cultural heritage. In
addition, adverse impacts on sites of cultural heritage shall be kept to the
absolute minimum.
· Annex 18 of the EIAO-TM outlines the general approach and methodology
for assessment of landscape and visual impacts which are applicable to visual
impacts on built heritage.
· Annex 19 of the EIAO-TM outlines the approaches required in
investigating and assessing the impacts on sites of cultural heritage.
There is no quantitative standard in deciding the relative importance of these
sites, but in general, sites of unique archaeological, historical or
architectural value will be considered as highly significant.
Preservation in totality is preferred. If, due to site constraints and
other factors, only preservation in part is possible, this must be fully
justified with alternative proposals or layout designs, which confirm the
impracticability of total preservation.
10.2.3 Antiquities
and Monuments Ordinance (Cap. 53)
·
The Antiquities and Monuments
Ordinance (Cap. 53) (A&M Ordinance) provides statutory protection against the
threat of development on Declared Monuments, historical buildings and sites of
archaeological interest to enable their preservation for posterity. The
A&M Ordinance also establishes the statutory procedures to be followed in
making such a declaration.
·
Any person who discovers an
antiquity, or supposed antiquity, is required to report the discovery to the
Antiquities Authority.
10.2.4 Hong Kong Planning Standards and Guidelines (HKPSG)
· The Chapter 10, Conservation, of the HKPSG provides general guidelines
and measures for the conservation of historical buildings, sites of
archaeological interest and other antiquities.
10.2.5 Requirements for Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment
· Appendix I of the EIA Study Brief No. ESB-339/2021 provides requirements
on conducting cultural heritage impact assessment.
10.2.6 Guidelines for Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment
·
The Guidelines for Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment
provide guidelines to assist the understanding of requirements in assessing
impact(s) on Site of Cultural Heritage.
10.3
Assessment
Methodology
10.3.1 According to Clause 3.4.11.2 of the EIA Study Brief No. ESB-339/2021,
the CHIA shall include a Built Heritage Impact Assessment (BHIA) and an
Archaeological Impact Assessment (AIA) for the construction and operation of
the Project.
10.3.2 The proposed works of the Project include construction of elevated
carriageway and at-grade slip road, widening of existing roads and associated
civil engineering works. Considering the nature of the construction works
of the Project which primarily involve superstructure works with only minor and
limited excavation works, the Cultural Heritage Assessment Area (CHAA) is
proposed to be defined by a distance of 150 metres from the works boundary of
the Project (see Figure 10.1 for the cultural heritage assessment area (CHAA)). The CHIA
comprises the following tasks:
a) Desktop Review
10.3.3 A desktop review was conducted based on best available information, such
as review of Heritage Impact Assessment (HIA) under previous studies by WSD,
relevant studies held by Government departments, public libraries and the Hong
Kong Heritage Discovery Centre Reference Library to identify the heritage sites
including declared monuments, proposed monuments, sites and buildings graded by
the Antiquities and Advisory Board, sites of archaeological interest or
Government historic sites identified by AMO within the CHAA. Please refer to Section
10.10 for Bibliography.
b) Built Heritage Field Survey
10.3.4 A built heritage field survey was conducted to identify known and
unknown built heritage items in the CHAA that may be affected by the Project
and its associated works. The findings are summarized in Section 10.5
and detailed in Appendices 10.1 and 10.2.
10.3.5
The coding method for the recording of built heritage
resources used is as follows:
·
Graded Historic Building by the Antiquities Advisory
Board and new item for grading assessment (GB); and
·
Additional surveyed Built Heritage Items including
buildings, structures, features and sites. (HB).
10.3.6 Based on the findings from the Scope of CHIA Working Paper,
archaeological survey is not required. Details are discussed in Section
10.4.12 to 10.4.14.
d) Impact Assessment
10.3.7 Based on the findings and analysis from (a), (b) and (c), a CHIA
including Archaeological Impact Assessment (AIA) and Build Heritage Impact
Assessment (BHIA) for the construction and operation of the Project was
conducted to assess the direct and indirect impacts on the identified cultural
heritage resources including buildings / structures both at grade level and
underground which were built on or before 1969 with cultural heritage
significance. Cultural heritage impacts were identified, appropriate
practicable mitigation measures and monitoring to avoid or keep the adverse
impact to the minimum have been recommended. A checklist including all
the affected archaeological resources, sites of cultural heritage, impacts
identified, recommended measures as well as the implementation agent and period
are included in the implementation schedule of the EM&A. The CHIA was
conducted according to Annexes 10, 18 and 19 of the TM and the Requirements for
CHIA in Appendix I of the EIA Study Brief No. ESB-339/2021. As no
archaeological survey is required, AIA was conducted based on desktop review,
and its result was presented as part of the EIA report for the Project.
Topographical
Background
10.4.1 The CHAA is situated in urban area in Tuen
Mun, in the north-western part of New Territories and Hong Kong. It is
situated in the south of Tuen Mun Valley near the
mouth of Tuen Mun River and Castle Peak Bay, with
Castle Peak from the west and Kau Keng Shan from the east. The flat valley
condition continues northward to Lam Tei and then
turns northeast and enters into the alluvial plain of Yuen Long.
10.4.2 The Project comprises different parts on the two sides of the Tuen Mun River. Firstly, on the west side of Tuen Mun River, the junctions between Tsing Wun Road, Lung Fu Road and Wong Chu Road are surrounded by
land with industrial use such as Nan Fung Industrial City in the northeast,
land with residential use such as Lung Yat Estate and
Lung Mun Oasis in the southeast, and Tsing Shan Village in the west.
Secondly, on the east side of Tuen Mun River,
the proposed road scheme linking Tuen Mun Road and
Hoi Wing Road is surrounded by land with residential use such as Siu Lun Court in the northwest, Hong King Garden/ Rainbow
Garden in the northeast, and Hanford Garden/ Sam Shing Estate in the southwest.
In the south, there is a hill, namely Ki Lun
Kong (40m) and the Shing Miu.
Historical
Background
10.4.3 Tuen Mun is located in the north-western
part of Hong Kong. Archaeological findings revealed that human activities
were present in Tuen Mun from at least the Late
Neolithic period. Prehistoric sites such as Yung Long, Lung Kwu
Tan, Lung Kwu Sheung Tan, Lung Kwu
Chau are mainly located along the coast of Tuen Mun
(AMO, 2007).
10.4.4 The first historical mention of Tuen Mun dates
to 732CE in Tang dynasty, in Tang Hui Yao (唐會要), it described the setting up of a military base in Tuen
Mun with the station of 2000 soldiers to safeguard the entrance of the estuary.
Again, in another historical document XinTang Shu (新唐書), it describes how Tuen Mun held a strategic
location in the maritime trade route between Guangzhou and South
East Asia or as far as the Persian Gulf (Black & Veatch,
2020). Tuen Mun maintained such a
prominent position in the maritime trade until Song and Ming dynasties (AMO,
2007).
10.4.5 Archaeological evidence indicates that Tuen
Mun was widely settled in Song. According to clan genealogical records,
however, it was not until Ming dynasty that villages were formally established
in Tuen Mun. To clan was the first recorded
clan to settle in Tuen Mun. They established Tuen Mun Tsuen during Ming dynasty (AMO, 2007).
10.4.6 Tuen Mun remained an important naval
base during the Ming dynasty. It was associated with the Portuguese
occupation at Tuen Mun Bay and the subsequent battle
with the Portuguese (Black & Veatch, 2020).
Built Heritage
10.4.7 Desktop review supplemented by built heritage field survey conducted in
May 2022, from which no declared or proposed monuments, sites, buildings /
structures in the new list of proposed grading items; and Government historic
sites identified by the Antiquities and Monuments Office was found in the CHAA.
10.4.8 One Grade 2 (Shing Miu) and one Grade 3 (No. 3 San Shek Wan North Road)
historic buildings are identified. They are listed in Table 10.1
and their locations are shown in Figure 10.1.
Table 10.1
Identified Graded Historic Buildings
within the CHAA
|
Site Code
|
Name
|
Approximate Closest Distance to Works Area (m)
|
|
Grade
2 Historic Building
|
|
GB-01
|
Shing Miu
|
43
|
|
Grade
3 Historic Building
|
|
GB-02
|
No. 3 San Shek Wan North Road
|
144
|
10.4.9 In addition to the graded historic buildings, six built heritage items
are identified in the CHAA. They are listed in Table 10.2. Their
detail descriptions, locations and photographic records are provided in Appendix 10.2.
Table 10.2
Identified Built Heritage Items
|
Site Code
|
Name
|
Approximate Closest
Distance to Works Area (m)
|
Figure Reference in Appendix 10.1
|
|
HB-01
|
St. Simon’s Primary School
|
51
|
Figure 10.1
|
|
HB-02
|
Sheng Kung Hui St. Peter’s
Church, Castle Peak
|
54
|
Figure 10.1
|
|
HB-03
|
Village House No. 97, Tsing Shan Tsuen
|
73
|
Figure 10.1
|
|
HB-04
|
Village House No. 98A, Tsing Shan Tsuen
|
50
|
Figure 10.1
|
|
HB-05
|
Village House No. 102, Tsing Shan Tsuen
|
67
|
Figure 10.1
|
|
HB-06
|
Castle Peak Buddhist
School
|
144
|
Figure 10.1
|
Geological Background
10.4.10 The solid geology of the CHAA consists of Lantau Granite and Tuen Mun Formation with Equigranular
coarse-grained granite and weathered andesites. The superficial deposit
includes quaternary alluvium (clay, silt and sand), debris flow deposit (dune
sand), marine sand and man-made deposits like fill and rubble. Details
are shown in Figure 10.2 (CEDD, 2020).
Archaeological Background
10.4.11 No archaeological investigations were conducted within the CHAA in the
past decades. No Site of Archaeological Interest (SAI) is found in the
CHAA. Castle Peak Pottery Kiln SAI and Shek Kok
Tsui SAI are located around 530m northeast and 560m south of the works boundary
outside the CHAA respectively (locations refer to Figure 10.1).
Archaeological Potential Evaluation
10.4.12 The key elements of the proposed works
that may involve ground excavation work for the Project include the following:
· Construction of an elevated
carriageway, with pre-stressed concrete construction with piled foundation, of
approximately 600 meters in length connecting Lung Fu Road to Tsing Wun Road northbound (LFRSR NB) involving piling works and
substructure works and superstructure works;
· Construction of an elevated carriageway,
with pre-stressed concrete construction with piled foundation, of approximately
800 meters in length connecting Tsing Wun Road to
Lung Fu Road southbound (LFRSR SB) involving piling works and substructure works;
· Construction of an approximately 550
meters long depressed at-grade slip road to link Tuen
Mun Road northbound and Hoi Wing Road westbound (TMR/HWR) involving
modifications works to existing man-made slopes, piling works and substructure
works; and
· Associated civil engineering works,
slope and geotechnical works, public lighting and traffic facilities, drainage
and water works, environmental mitigation measures and
landscaping works.
10.4.13 Based on the baseline review result and the key elements that may involve ground
excavation work for the Project, Table 10.3 evaluated the archaeological
potential of each of the key elements.
Table 10.3
Archaeological Potential Evaluation of Key
Elements of the Project
|
Existing
Condition and Geology (see Figure 10.2)
|
Archaeological
Potential Evaluation
|
|
Proposed Lung Fu Road/ Tsing Wun Road
elevated slip roads (Northbound and Southbound)
|
|
·
Along or by existing Road
·
Geology Condition: JTU, Qd,
Qa and ms
|
The proposed work is mainly located along or by existing roads,
including Lung Fu Road and Tsing Wun Road.
These areas underwent construction work with high level of ground
disturbance, including ground improvement works and construction of
artificial slope. Therefore, there is no archaeological potential in
this proposed work area and archaeological survey is not recommended.
|
|
Proposed Tuen Mun Road/ Hoi Wing Road slip
road
|
|
·
Along or by existing Road
·
Geology Condition: QHH, ap and ms
|
The proposed work is mainly located along or by existing roads,
including Tuen Mun Road and Hoi Wing Road.
These are existing roads that contain no archaeological potential and their geology condition are not favourable
to archaeological sediment accumulation. Therefore, no archaeological
survey is recommended.
|
|
Notes:
(a) Qa
– Alluvium; Qd –
Debris flow deposits; ap – Lantau Granite; QHH – Man Made
Deposits; JTU – Tuen Mun Formation; ms – Marine sand
|
10.4.14 As presented in Table 10.3, the
proposed Lung Fu Road/ Tsing Wun Road elevated slip
roads (Northbound and Southbound), and proposed Tuen
Mun Road/ Hoi Wing Road slip road are located in area with no archaeological
potential, no archaeological survey is required.
10.5 Cultural
Heritage Impact Assessment
Archaeological Impact Assessment
Construction Phase
10.5.1 No SAI is found in the CHAA. Castle Peak Pottery Kiln SAI and Shek
Kok Tsui SAI are located around 530m northeast and
560m south of the works boundary outside the CHAA respectively. No impact is
anticipated.
10.5.2 As evaluated in Section 10.4.12 to 10.4.14 above, the
proposed works areas are of no archaeological potential and no archaeological
survey is required. Therefore, potential impact on archaeological resources
is not anticipated.
10.5.3 However, in case of change of the Works Area of the Project, the project
proponent should inform the AMO and evaluate the archaeological potential of
additional area that was not covered in this assessment and recommend the need
for further archaeological action.
Operation Phase
10.5.4 No excavation works of the Project will be involved in operation phase, no adverse archaeological impact is anticipated.
Built Heritage Impact Assessment
Construction Phase
10.5.5 Two Graded historic buildings, Shing Miu (GB-01) and No. 3 San Shek Wan North Road
(GB-02) listed in Table 10.1 are located over 40m from the Works Area of
the Project. However, potential adverse physical impact, vibration
impact, settlement and tilting of Shing Miu (GB-01) may be a concern as it is
located close to (within 50m) the Works Area. The Shing Miu Compound
(details refer to Appendix 10.1) includes Shing Miu (GB-01) and seven other associated building
structures including the Castle Peak Sam Shing Hui Village
Office, Hau Shi
Tong (孝思堂), Tai Sui Din (太歲殿), Office of Shing Miu, Fook Tak Tsz (福德祠), an Earth God Shrine and an Arch. According to the proposed
Excavation and Lateral Support (ELS) works near to the Shing Miu Compound, the
works would directly affect the Earth God Shrine and the nearby staircase as
they fall within the tentative 3m zone for retaining wall
system. Although the arch falls within the works area,
no works is proposed at the area near the arch, direct impact is not
anticipated.
10.5.6 For GB-02, direct impact arising from the construction work of the
Project is not anticipated due to the large separation distance (over 140m) of
the buildings from the Works Area.
10.5.7 Potential direct impact to all of the built heritage items identified
and listed in Table 10.2 is not anticipated due to the far separation
distance (over 50m) of them away from the Works Area.
Operation Phase
10.5.8 No direct or indirect built heritage impacts are anticipated during
operation phase.
Archaeological
Mitigation Measures
Construction Phase
10.6.1 Castle Peak Pottery Kiln SAI and Shek Kok Tsui
SAI are located around 530m northeast and 560m south of the works boundary
outside the CHAA respectively. No excavation works of the project will
exist in or adjacent to the two SAIs mentioned above, therefore no adverse
archaeological impact due to the proposed development is anticipated.
10.6.2 No archaeological potential area has been identified in the proposed
work areas of the Project, no archaeological impact arising from the proposed
work is anticipated. Therefore, no mitigation measure is required.
10.6.3 As a precautionary measure, the project proponent and his/her contractor
are required to inform AMO immediately when any antiquities or supposed
antiquities under the Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance (Cap. 53) are
discovered during the course of works.
Operation Phase
10.6.4 No excavation works of the Project will be involved in operation phase, no adverse archaeological impact is anticipated.
Thus, no mitigation measure is required.
Built Heritage Mitigation Measures
Construction Phase
10.6.5 Two Graded historic building Shing Miu (GB-01) and No. 3 San Shek Wan North Road
(GB-02) were identified in the CHAA. GB-02 will not be impacted by the Project
due to the large separation distance from the works are of the Project.
No mitigation measure is required.
10.6.6 Special attention should be paid to avoid potential adverse physical
impact arising from the proposed works to Shing Miu (GB-01) and seven other
associated building structures including the Castle
Peak Sam Shing Hui Village Office, Hau Shi Tong (孝思堂), Tai Sui Din (太歲殿), Office of Shing Miu, Fook Tak Tsz (福德祠), an Earth God Shrine and an Arch.
Design proposal, method of works and choice of machinery should be
targeted to minimize potential vibration impact to Shing Miu (GB-01) and the
associated building structures. As a precautionary measure, it is
recommended that during pre-construction phase of the Project and implemented
by the works contractor, a baseline condition survey and baseline vibration
impact assessment be conducted for Shing Miu and the associated building
structures by a qualified building surveyor or qualified structural engineer to
evaluate on the necessary construction monitoring and structural strengthening
measures for AMO's consideration.
10.6.7 With regard to potential impacts to the Earth God Shrine, the Arch
within the Shing Miu compound and the associated access staircase, as shown in
the photos in Appendix 10.1, the earth god shrine appears to be abandoned and a simple structure.
The temple owner/manager shall be consulted to agree on appropriate
mitigation measure to be adopted. This may include relocate the Shrine to
another location in the compound permanently or temporarily. If temporary
blockage or diversion of the access path from the Arch to Shing Miu is
required, the temple owner/manager shall be consulted to agree on appropriate access
to Shing Miu during construction phase. For the Arch, although direct
impact is not anticipated, it is recommended that the works area near the Arch
be refined to exclude the Arch from the works area so that potential impact is
avoided. In view of its proximity, it is also recommended that the
Arch is physically fenced off from the works area during construction phase to
minimise potential physical disturbance of construction works towards the Arch.
10.6.8 If there are any buildings / structures both at grade level and
underground which were built in or before 1969, the project proponent is
required to alert AMO in an early stage or once identified.
Operation Phase
10.6.9 No direct and indirect impacts are anticipated from the proposed new
roads in the operation phase. No mitigation measure is required.
10.7
Residual
and Cumulative Impacts
10.7.1 With the implementation of the recommended mitigation measures, no
adverse residual cultural heritage impact is anticipated.
10.7.2 No cumulative cultural heritage impact is anticipated.
10.8 Environmental Monitoring & Audit
Archaeology
Construction Phase
10.8.1 As a precautionary measure, the project proponent and his/her contractor
are required to inform AMO immediately when any antiquities or supposed
antiquities under the Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance (Cap. 53) are
discovered during the course of works.
Operation Phase
10.8.2 No excavation works of the Project will be involved in operation phase, no adverse archaeological impact is anticipated.
Thus, no EM&A is required.
Built Heritage
Construction Phase
10.8.3 Design proposal, method of works and choice of machinery should be
targeted to minimize potential vibration impact to Shing Miu (GB-01) and seven
other associated building structures including the Castle
Peak Sam Shing Hui Village Office, Hau Shi Tong (孝思堂), Tai Sui Din (太歲殿), Office of Shing Miu, Fook Tak Tsz (福德祠), an Earth God Shrine and an Arch.
During pre-construction phase of the Project and implemented by the works
contractor, a baseline condition survey and baseline vibration impact
assessment be conducted for Shing Miu (GB-01) and the associated building
structures by a qualified building surveyor or qualified structural engineer to
define the vibration limit and to evaluate on the necessary construction
monitoring and structural strengthening measures for AMO's consideration.
10.8.4 Temple owner/manager of the Shing Miu compound shall be consulted to
agree on appropriate mitigation measure to be adopted to the abandoned Earth
God Shrine and access to the Shing Miu during construction phase of the
Project. This may include relocation of the Shrine to another location in
the compound permanently or temporarily and temporary blockage or diversion of
the access staircase from the Arch to Shing Miu.
10.8.5 Works area shall be reviewed and refined to exclude the Arch of the
Shing Miu compound to avoid the potential impact. During construction
phase of the Project adjacent to the Arch, it shall be physically fenced off
from the works area to minimise potential physical disturbance of construction
works towards the Arch.
Operation Phase
10.8.6 No direct and indirect impacts are anticipated from the proposed new
roads in the operation phase. No EM&A is required.
10.9.1 Castle Peak Pottery Kiln SAI and Shek Kok Tsui
SAI are located around 530m northeast and 560m south of the works boundary
outside the CHAA respectively. No excavation works of the project will
exist in or adjacent to the two SAIs mentioned above, therefore no adverse
archaeological impact due to the proposed development is anticipated and thus,
no mitigation measure is required.
10.9.2 No archaeological potential area has been identified at the proposed
work areas of the Project. No archaeological impact is anticipated and
thus no mitigation measures is required. However, in case of change of
the work areas of the Project, the project proponent should inform the AMO,
evaluate the archaeological potential of additional area that was not covered
in this assessment and recommend the need for further archaeological action.
10.9.3 As a precautionary measure, the project proponent and his/her contractor
are required to inform AMO immediately when any antiquities or supposed
antiquities under the Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance (Cap. 53) are discovered
during the course of works.
10.9.4 Desktop review supplemented by built heritage field survey identified no
declared or proposed monuments and government historic sites identified by AMO
in the CHAA. No impact to these items is anticipated and thus no
mitigation measures is required.
10.9.5 Two Graded historic building Shing Miu (GB-01) and No. 3 San Shek Wan North Road
(GB-02) were identified in the CHAA. GB-02 will not be impacted by the Project
due to the large separation distance from the works are of the Project.
No mitigation measure is required.
10.9.6 Potential construction vibration impact to Shing Miu (GB-01) and seven
other associated building structures including the Castle
Peak Sam Shing Hui Village Office, Hau Shi Tong (孝思堂), Tai Sui Din (太歲殿), Office of Shing Miu, Fook Tak Tsz (福德祠), an Earth God Shrine and an Arch
would be a concern. It is recommended that during pre-construction phase
of the Project and implemented by the works contractor, a baseline condition
survey and baseline vibration impact assessment be conducted for Shing Miu
(GB-01) and the associated building structures by a qualified building surveyor
or qualified structural engineer to evaluate on the necessary construction
monitoring and structural strengthening measures for AMO's consideration.
10.9.7 Direct impact to an abandoned Earth God Shrine in Shing Miu is
anticipated. Temple owner/manager of the Shing Miu compound shall be
consulted to agree on appropriate mitigation measure to be adopted to the
abandoned Earth God Shrine and the access staircase from the Arch to Shing Miu.
This may include relocation of the Shrine to another location in the
compound permanently or temporarily.
10.9.8 Works area near Shing Miu shall be reviewed and refined to exclude the
Arch of the Shing Miu compound to avoid the potential impact. During
construction phase of the Project adjacent to the Arch, it shall be physically
fenced off from the works area to minimise potential physical disturbance of
construction works towards the Arch.
10.9.9 All of the built heritage items identified in the CHAA will not be
impacted by the construction work of the Project as they are far away from the
Works Area of the Project (over 50m). Therefore, no mitigation measure is
required.
10.9.10 As the operation of the Project involves no excavation works, no cultural
heritage impact from the Project is anticipated during operation phase.
Thus, no mitigation measure is required during operation phase.
10.9.11 With the implementation of the mitigation measures recommended, no adverse
residual impacts and cumulative impacts are anticipated.
10.10.1 English
B.A.V. Peacock 1985. Report of the
Hong Kong Archaeological Survey. (Unpublished)
10.10.2 Internet
Antiquities and Monuments Office.
Declared Monuments in Hong Kong (as at 20 May 2022)
[available from: https://www.amo.gov.hk/filemanager/amo/common/form/DM_Mon_List_e.pdf; accessed on 13 October 2022]
Antiquities and Monuments Office. List of
Sites of Archaeological Interest in Hong Kong (as at Nov 2012) [available from:
https://www.amo.gov.hk/filemanager/amo/common/form/list_archaeolog_sites.pdf; accessed on 13 October 2022]
Antiquities and Monuments Office. List of
the 1,444 Historic Buildings with Assessment Results (as at
8 September 2022). [available from: https://www.aab.gov.hk/filemanager/aab/en/content_29/AAB-SM-chi.pdf
; accessed on 13 October 2022]
Antiquities and Monuments Office. List of
new items for grading assessment with assessment results (as at
8 Sept 2022). [available from: https://www.aab.gov.hk/filemanager/aab/en/content_29/list_new_items_assessed.pdf; accessed on 13 October 2022]
Antiquities and Monuments Office.
Government Historic Sites Identified by AMO (as at May
2022. [available from: https://www.amo.gov.hk/filemanager/amo/common/form/build_hia_government_historic_sites.pdf; accessed on 13 October 2022]
ERM. 1999. Planning and Development Study of
Potential Housing Sites in Area 54, Tuen Mun, for
Territory Development Department. [available from: https://www.epd.gov.hk/eia/register/report/eiareport/eia_01599/index.htm; accessed on 13 October 2022)
Maunsell Consultants Asia Ltd, Traffic
Improvement to Tuen Mun Road Town Centre Section:
Environmental Impact Assessment Report, for Highways Department. [available
from: https://www.epd.gov.hk/eia/register/report/eiareport/eia_1582008/EIA/html/EIA%20-Table%20of%20Content.htm; accessed on 13 October 2022)
AECOM. 2009. Tuen Mun
– Chek Lap Kok Link –
Investigation: Environmental Impact Assessment Report, for Highways Department. . [available from: https://www.epd.gov.hk/eia/register/report/eiareport/eia_1742009/html/EIA%20Table%20of%20Contents.htm; accessed on 13 October 2022)
AMO, 2007. Recent Archaeological Discoveries in
Tuen Mun. [available from:
https://www.amo.gov.hk/filemanager/amo/common/download-area/pamphlet/pamphlet8_2007_11.pdf;
accessed on 13 October 2022)
Black & Veatch, 2020. Development at San
Hing Road and Hong Po Road, Tuen Mun. [available
from: https://www.epd.gov.hk/eia/register/report/eiareport/eia_2632020/EIA/01%20HTML/Chp13-CHIA_0.htm,
Accessed on 13 October 2022)
CEDD, 2020. Tuen Mun
Formation. . [available from:
https://www.cedd.gov.hk/eng/about-us/organisation/geo/pub_info/memoirs/geology/vol/ju/index.html, Accessed on 13 October 2022)
Hong Kong Buddhist Association, 2018. Monthly Period
of Hong Kong Buddhist Association Volumn 200: October
2018. [available from:
https://www.hkbuddhist.org/bulletin/hkba200.pdf,
Accessed on 13 October 2022)