Rivers monitored

Under ‘Eastern New Territories’ are included ten rivers across three different Water Control Zones. They all flow into embayments in Hong Kong’s eastern marine waters. Six of them flow into Tolo Harbour: these are the Shing Mun River in Sha Tin, the Lam Tsuen and Tai Po Rivers in Tai Po town centre, and Tai Po Kau Stream, Shan Liu Stream and Tung Tze Stream in the Tai Po rural area. Another three flow into Port Shelter in Sai Kung: the Ho Chung River, Sha Kok Mei Stream and Tai Chung Hau Stream. The final one, Tseng Lan Shue Stream, flows into Junk Bay near Tseung Kwan O.

	Map of rivers monitored in the Eastern New Territories, showing their Water Quality Index gradings in 2005

The situation in 1986

The Water Control Zones for rivers in the Eastern New Territories were some of the earliest appointed, set up back in the late 1980s. Part of the reason for this was that, while these WCZs were overall not the most seriously polluted in Hong Kong, some embayments within the WCZs (in particular Tolo Harbour) were highly sensitive to nutrient enrichment and algal bloom. Tolo Harbour is largely landlocked, with a narrow channel to the open sea, making it difficult for pollutants entering the harbour to be flushed out by tidal action. In the 1980s, the harbour was suffering severely from red tides, so the early establishment of the WCZs aimed to help improve harbour water quality as well.

Pollution in the 1980s was largely the result of untreated effluent from livestock farms and unsewered villages, made worse as the New Towns developed by increasing numbers of industrial and commercial premises and especially those using expedient connections (i.e. where untreated effluent is channelled into the stormwater drain system instead of into sewers) to dispose of waste. In 1986, 24% of monitoring stations in the area recorded ‘Bad’ or ‘Very Bad’ WQI gradings. Overall WQO compliance for the area in 1986 stood at 57%. In response to this, the Government initiated a number of improvement measures.

	Compliance with the Water Quality Objectives in the rivers of the Eastern New Territories in the 1980s and in 2005
	* first monitored in 1986 ** first monitored in 1989

Perhaps the biggest initial impact on the pollution problem came with the implementation, under the Waste Disposal Ordinance, of the Livestock Waste Control Scheme in June 1988, which banned livestock farming in the new towns and urban areas and began controlling livestock farming in other areas.  As a result of this scheme, by the mid 1990s no livestock farms remained in the catchment areas of any of the ten rivers in the Eastern New Territories.

The EPD also began to enforce the Water Pollution Control Ordinance as the various Water Control Zones were declared.  It began enforcement activities for the Tolo Harbour and Channel WCZs (covering Sha Tin and Tai Po) from 1 April 1987, for the Port Shelter WCZ (covering Sai Kung) from 1 August 1989, and for the Junk Bay WCZ (covering Tseung Kwan O) also from 1 August 1989.

These enforcement activities typically involved the EPD issuing discharge licences and checking effluent quality against the limits specified by the licences. Factories, for example, were required to apply for discharge licences from the EPD, comply with all the terms and conditions for discharge, and divert their effluent to sewers after appropriate treatment. The EPD also searched for expedient connections and, on finding them, tracked down those responsible and required them to put things right.

Overflow from poorly maintained septic tanks and dirty water from kitchens and bathrooms in unsewered villages were also causing considerable pollution problems in some rivers, especially following heavy rain. The EPD conducted regular inspections, and provided householders with advice on maintaining their septic tanks.

The Ho Chung River is one where water quality has benefited from dry weather flow interceptors

One way to help minimise pollution even before all expedient connections have been eliminated and a comprehensive sewerage system put in place is to build dry weather flow interceptors below pollution sources. As their name implies, dry weather flow interceptors function to intercept polluted effluent flow and divert it to sewers and thence to treatment plants. Since 1992, such interceptors have been installed in Sha Tin, Tai Po and Sai Kung to reduce the effects of pollution.

However, dry weather flow interceptors are only interim measures. As is always the case, it is improved sewerage that makes the biggest difference to river water quality. A number of recommendations made in the Tolo Harbour and Port Shelter Sewage Master Plans began to be carried out in 1993. As a result, more than 70 unsewered villages and other areas in the Eastern New Territories were provided with public sewers in 2005, with more than 4,000 village houses being connected.

	Water Quality Index gradings for rivers in the Eastern New Territories, 1986 and 2005

All these initiatives had a significant effect on river water quality in the area. As the accompanying chart shows, not a single monitoring station in 2005 had water graded as ‘Bad’ or ‘Very Bad’, and nearly three quarters of all monitoring stations recorded ‘Excellent’ grades. Overall WQO compliance for the year 2005 had risen to 93%, from the 57% of two decades earlier.

WQO compliance has not yet reached 100%, largely because of the number of unsewered villages that still remain scattered across the area. Village sewage has also resulted in fairly high E. coli levels at some of the monitoring stations (>10,000 cfu/100 mL). Under the various Sewerage Master Plans, the Government will further extend the public sewer network to unsewered areas over the next decade. The tables below give further details of the schedules for implementing sewerage projects in the area.

	Schedule for implementing village sewerage projects under the Tolo Harbour Sewerage Master Plan and its Review
	Sewerage Projects Status (Schedule) Capacity (in terms of population) Coverage Stage I Phase I Completed (1993 - 2004) 34,000 43 unsewered villages /areas in Sha Tin and Tai Po Stage I Phase II In progress (1998 - 2011) 47,000 47 unsewered villages /areas in Sha Tin and Tai Po Stage II Planned for completion by 2014 19,000 41 unsewered villages /areas in Sha Tin and Tai Po Lam Tsuen Valley Sewerage Planned for completion by 2013 20,000 Unsewered villages in Lam Tsen Valley

	Schedule for implementing village sewerage projects under the Port Shelter Sewerage Master Plan and its Review
	Sewerage Projects Status (Schedule) Capacity (in terms of population) Coverage Stage I Completed (1993 - 2001) 9,800 4 unsewered villages /areas in Sai Kung Stage II In progress (1995 - 2013) 37,200 27 unsewered villages /areas in Sai Kung Stage III Planned for completion by 2013 21,300 5 unsewered villages /areas in Sai Kung

Case study: the Shing Mun River

The Shing Mun River is the largest river in the Eastern New Territories

To get a detailed look at the problems facing the Eastern New Territories area and the kind of improvements that have been achieved over the past twenty years, the case of the Shing Mun River is well worth closer study. Flowing through the heart of Sha Tin and out into Tolo Harbour through the Shing Mun Channel, the river has a catchment area of 37 square kilometres, the largest in the Eastern New Territories. Its major tributaries include the Kwun Yam Shan Stream, Tin Sum Nullah, Fo Tan Nullah, Tai Wai Nullah and Siu Lek Yuen Nullah. The lower reach of the Shing Mun Main Channel was originally a part of Tolo Harbour, but reclamation transformed it into a river channel. Improved water quality in recent years has made the Main Channel popular for rowing and other kinds of boating events, such as dragon boat races.

Back in the 1980s, however, the Shing Mun River was not for the fainthearted. It was severely polluted from industrial and commercial effluent, discharge from livestock farms, runoff from unsewered villages, and effluent entering through expedient connections in the new towns. Its most polluted branches were the Tai Wai, Fo Tan and Siu Lek Yuen Nullahs, all of whose water quality was consistently graded ‘Bad’, with black water and foul-smelling sediment. The first two of these nullahs were primarily polluted through expedient connections from commercial, industrial and domestic premises, while the third took the brunt of livestock farms in its vicinity. The Main Channel of Shing Mun River was slightly better, graded ‘Fair’, but it suffered from the pollution load coming from its tributaries, and its self-cleansing capabilities were limited due to its very weak flow in the intertidal area. Little or no aquatic life could be found in the Shing Mun River at this period.

	Copper concentration (Cu) in the Fo Tan Nullah (TR17)

With the establishment of the Tolo Harbour and Channel Water Control Zone on 1 April 1987, the EPD was empowered to control water pollution in the zone. Anyone discharging effluent was required to first give it proper treatment. The EPD also began surveys of expedient connections in Sha Tin and the surrounding area. As a result of these surveys and the EPD’s follow-up actions, many of the expedient connections were removed, especially those flowing into the Tai Wai and Fo Tan Nullahs. The improvement in water quality was dramatic. In particular, since Fo Tan is an industrial area, industrial pollutants such as heavy metals were significantly reduced. The accompanying graph, for example, shows the huge decrease in the concentration of copper in the Fo Tan Nullah between 1989 and 1990, and the low level that has been maintained ever since.

	Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen concentration (TKN) in the Siu Lek Yuen Nullah (TR23L)

As mentioned earlier, when the Livestock Waste Control Scheme began on 24 June 1988 many farmers in urban areas were required to close down their farms. The Shing Mun River received livestock effluent primarily through the Siu Lek Yuen Nullah, and the new legislation led to immediate improvements in water quality that were noted in 1989. These improvements continued over the next six years until, by 1996, all livestock operations in the area had ceased. The graph shows the marked reduction of total Kjeldahl nitrogen (i.e. ammonia and organic nitrogen arising primarily from livestock waste) in the Siu Lek Yuen Nullah from 1989.

The third key polluting element affecting the Shing Mun River was waste water discharged from dozens of unsewered villages in the river’s catchment area. Most of these village houses treated their effluent using primitive septic tanks that tended to leak or overflow after heavy rain.

	E. coli levels in Shing Mun Main Channel (TR19I)

The ultimate solution to the village pollution problem is the provision of public sewerage and the commitment of village house owners to properly connect their houses to the sewer network once it becomes available. Since 1992, dry weather flow interceptors have been constructed as an interim measure downstream of some key villages, to intercept polluted flows and direct them into sewers. Around 30 villages in the Shing Mun catchment area had the public sewer extended to them under Stage I of the Tolo Harbour Sewerage Master Plan. More than 1,500 village houses (housing a population of around 11,000) were connected to public sewers between 1996 and 2005, and the collected sewage piped to the Sha Tin Sewage Treatment Works for treatment. As for villages still not served by the public sewer network, the dry weather flow interceptors are continuing to serve their purpose, and the EPD has been active in offering villagers advice on how to properly maintain their septic tanks so as to minimise pollution risks. The result of all these initiatives has been an improvement of water quality and a steady decline in E. coli levels in the Shing Mun River, as the graph shows.

Because the intertidal Main Channel of the Shing Mun River suffers from a very weak flow, pollutants have tended to build up in the sediment, leading to low levels of dissolved oxygen. This in turn created an odour problem, the distinctive ‘bad smell’ of unhealthy water. To help overcome this problem, the Shing Mun River Improvement Works were carried out between 2001 and 2005. The project improved the quality of the sediment in Shing Mun River, both by dredging out contaminated sediment and by applying a bioremediation method. Today, the river is far less demanding on the nose! Fish and other water life can be found all along the river. Apart from boating, many residents now take pleasure in strolling, cycling and fishing along the banks of the Shing Mun River.

The effectiveness of all these measures is shown by some simple statistics. The overall WQO compliance of the Shing Mun River improved from 42% in 1987 to around 87% in 2005, in which year each of the ten monitoring stations for the river also achieved WQI grades of either ‘Good’ or ‘Excellent’.

Plans have been made to extend the public sewer network to a further ten or more villages in the Shing Mun catchment area, and some of this work is now in progress. The river water quality should further improve once more village houses are connected to the public sewer.

Survey of Tai Po rivers

The Lam Tsuen River’s upstream reaches are used as water gathering grounds

The EPD monitors five rivers in or around Tai Po. Two of them are major rivers: the Lam Tsuen River, which flows down the Lam Tsuen Valley into Tai Po Town Centre, and the Tai Po River which flows northward from Ta Tit Yan. The two rivers join in the town centre before flowing into the western part of Tolo Harbour. The other three watercourses are minor streams in the rural outskirts of Tai Po: Tai Po Kau Stream in Tai Po Kau, and the Shan Liu and Tung Tze Streams in Shuen Wan.

These rivers all suffered similar problems to the Shing Mun River in the 1980s, though to a lesser extent. Improvements arose from the same initiatives discussed above. In the 1980s, five of the 13 monitoring stations were graded between ‘Very Bad’ and ‘Fair’, but by 2005 they had all attained either ‘Excellent’ or ‘Good’ WQI grades. All rivers monitored in Tai Po achieved WQO compliance of over 90%. As with the Shing Mun River, river water quality will further improve as more village houses are connected to the public sewer once it is extended.

Survey of Sai Kung rivers

The Tai Chung Hau Stream flows into Port Shelter

The three rivers monitored in Sai Kung are the Ho Chung River, Sha Kok Mei Stream and Tai Chung Hau Stream, situated in the catchments of the same names. Sai Kung is a largely rural district, and most villages in the hinterland are unsewered. As a result, pollution affecting these rivers in the 1980s mainly came from unsewered villages and livestock farms, along with a few factories. In the late 1980s, four of the six monitoring stations had WQI grades of between ‘Fair’ and ‘Very Bad’. The initiatives described earlier saw improvements to the extent that by 2005 all monitoring stations were graded ‘Excellent’, and all three rivers had achieved WQO compliance of between 98% and 100%. Sewerage projects under the Port Shelter Sewerage Master Plan are being implemented in phases, and as these are completed there should be further gradual improvements in water quality.

Survey of a Tseung Kwan O watercourse

The lower reaches of the Tseng Lan Shue Stream

There is only one watercourse in Tseung Kwan O monitored by the EPD, the Tseng Lan Shue Stream. Most of its catchment is unsewered, and in the late 1980s its three monitoring stations recorded WQI grades of between ‘Fair’ and ‘Very Bad’. By 2005, following the various initiatives described above, the gradings of the stations ranged between ‘Fair’ and ‘Excellent’. The upstream monitoring station (JR3), located near the village of Tseng Lan Shue, was graded ‘Fair’ in 2005. Interestingly, this stream gets better as it goes down. The watercourse falls steeply in mid-stream, creating strong aeration which aids the river’s self-cleansing abilities. Downstream, monitoring stations for the stream grade it as ‘Excellent’. To improve water quality in the stream’s upper reaches, there are plans to extend the public sewer network to the villages in Tseng Lan Shue by 2013 under the Port Shelter Sewerage Master Plan.