Executive Summary
Background
SMEs
in Hong Kong's electrical and electronic sector are
collectively a major part of the economy ranking high in terms
of number of establishments, contribution to gross domestic
product, and size of employment. Electrical and
electronic sector SMEs however also account for substantial
environmental concerns (such as air, water and noise
pollution, energy consumption, waste generation and chemical
waste) and face increasing supply chain pressures for improved
environmental management.
This
Review Report has been compiled through internet research,
literature reviews and consultations with stakeholder
organizations to identify:
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The number and composition
by industry type of SMEs in the electrical and
electronic sector with operations in Hong Kong and
Shenzhen (broken down to three-digit Hong Kong Standard
Industrial Classification, HSIC, codes);
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The Major Industry Groups (MIGs)
appropriate for the basis of Practical Examples
illustrating the step-by-step process of EMS development
for an SME;
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Current trends in supply
chain pressure for environmental management and EMS,
focusing on the requirements of large multinational
client corporations in the electrical and electronic
sector; |
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The latest and upcoming
international requirements to be imposed on the sector,
focusing on developments in Europe, Japan and the United
States of America; and |
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Professional and academic
institutions in Hong Kong and the Pearl River Delta (PRD)
region that can provide tailored support to local
electrical and electronic sector SMEs. |
Findings are summarised as follows.
The Size and Composition of
the Electrical and Electronic Sector
According to the figures (January 2004) from
the Census and Statistics Department (C&SD) and Hong Kong
Electrical Industry Association (HKEIA) the total number of
establishments of SMEs in the electrical and electronic sector
with operations in Hong Kong and Shenzhen was 2,772 and 2,942
respectively. As shown below the majority (66%) of
establishments in Hong Kong were associated with just one MIG
(Machinery, Equipment, Apparatus, Parts & Components,
n.e.c., MIG 386-387), whilst SMEs located in Shenzhen were
more evenly distributed.
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MIGs Appropriate for use as
Practical Examples of ISO14001 Implementation
The major industry groups chosen to
provide the basis for the Practical Examples included in the
support package, reflecting "real-life" activities and
processes undertaken by real SMEs in the electrical and
electronic sector, have been selected by consideration of:
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The number of electrical
and electronic sector SMEs in each MIG with operations
in Hong Kong and Shenzhen;
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The significance of the
environmental impacts arising from the manufacturing
activities of SMEs in the different MIGs; and
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The degree of supply chain
pressures (for example, local or international
legislation, client requirements, etc) experienced by
SMEs in the different MIGs.
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As shown below, the top three MIGs were
the same for SMEs with operations both in Hong Kong and
Shenzhen: Electronic Parts and Components (MIG 384); Office,
Accounting & Computing Machinery (MIG 382); and
Electroplating (I/D 381802). Practical Examples have
been provided as part of the support programme based on these
three groups.
Activity (I/D and MIG code)
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Hong
Kong Ranking
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Shenzhen
Ranking
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Electronic Components MIG 384
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1
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1
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OAC Machinery MIG 382
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2
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3
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Electroplating I/D 381802
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3
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2
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Machinery & Parts MIG 386 - 387
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4
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5
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Radio/Communication MIG 383
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5
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4
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PSMC & PO Goods MIG 389
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6
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7
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Electrical Appliances MIG 385
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7
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6
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Current
Trends in Supply Chain Pressure for Environmental Protection
Multinational
corporations reviewed during the research have included Sony
Corporation, Matsushita Electric Group (Panasonic), Toshiba
Corporation, LG Electronics, Samsung Electronics, General
Motors, HP (Hewlett Packard), Intel Corporation, Whirlpool,
Electrolux Group, Nokia and others. Requirements
stipulated by these leading clients have been varied and
far-reaching, but can be categorized into six key areas:
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Compliance with local and
international legislation (with compliance with
legislation in advance of its promulgation in some
areas)
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EMS and ISO 14001
certification (preference often given to ISO certified
suppliers, certification mandated in some cases and even
extending to second tier suppliers)
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Eco-Design or "Design for
Environment" to reduce the impacts of a product
throughout its whole life cycle
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Cleaner Production to
minimise the impacts of the product during its
production
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Other client-specific
requirements (e.g. environmental audit, questionnaires,
education program and benchmarking exercises)
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Wider-reaching requirements
(going beyond the environment, e.g. labour, safety and
health, sustainability compliance, workers rights, etc)
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Those corporations reviewed are considered
to be at the forefront of such initiatives, further
reinforcing the need for Hong Kong SMEs to be prepared for
future requirements for improved environmental performance.
Latest and Upcoming
International Requirements
The
review of latest and upcoming international requirements to be
imposed on the electrical and electronic sector focused on
developments in Europe, Japan and the United States of
America. In each case the key environmental legislation
and labeling schemes have been highlighted. Of
particular concern are two recent European Union (EU)
Directives on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (ROHS)
and Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE).
Both have been introduced to restrict the types of hazardous
substances in electrical and electronic equipment and require
manufacturers to be responsible for the collection, recovery
and recycling of used products, respectively.
The
ROHS will ban the sale in the EU of certain categories of
electrical and electronic equipment containing or manufactured
using six banned substances (lead, cadmium, mercury,
hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyls and
polybrominated diphenyl ethers) from the 1st July 2006.
The ban on lead in solders will have the greatest impact on
electrical equipment manufacturers in terms of the work and
investment in new equipment.
The
WEEE is designed to tackle the fast increasing waste stream of
electrical and electronic equipment and complements EU
measures on landfill and incineration of waste.
Producers will be responsible for taking back and recycling
electrical and electronic equipment, with consumers able to
return their equipment free of charge. This will provide
incentives to design electrical and electronic equipment in an
environmentally more efficient way, which takes waste
management aspects fully into account.
Sources of
Environmental Support
The
study identified more than twenty support centres in Hong Kong
and the Pearl River Delta for the electrical and electronic
sector. The services and supports offered by these
organizations are diverse and include the provision of general
information, ISO 14001 mentorship, Eco-design, "Design for
Environment" to environmental technologies support and
others. Given the trends of supply chain environmental
pressures and requirements affecting local electrical and
electronic manufacturers being driven by overseas national
environmental legislations, directives and initiatives,
contact details of some overseas sector-specific environmental
information centres have also been provided. In
addition, over 80 local consultancies provide construction
related services in areas including environmental auditing,
pollution control, impact assessments, analytical and
laboratory services, training and strategy, and ISO14001 EMS
development.
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