10 ECOLOGY (TERRESTRIAL AND AQUATIC)

10.1 Introduction

10.1.1 This section presents the baseline ecological profile within the Assessment Area, and the assessment results of the potential ecological impacts resulting from the construction and operation of the Project.

10.1.2 According to the EIAO-TM, the baseline conditions for the ecological components of the terrestrial and aquatic environment were evaluated based on the available information from relevant literature and field surveys conducted for the purposes of this EIA. Measures required to mitigate any identified adverse impacts are recommended, where appropriate, and residual impacts are assessed.

10.2 Environmental Legislation, Standards and Guidelines

10.2.1 This assessment made reference to the following Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) Government ordinances, regulations, standards, guidelines, and documents when identifying ecological importance of habitats and species, evaluating and assessing potential impacts of the Project on the ecological resources:

· Environmental Impact Assessment Ordinance (EIAO) (Cap. 499)

· Technical Memorandum on Environmental Impact Assessment Process (EIAO-TM) Annexes 8 and 16

· EIAO Guidance Note No. 3/2010, 6/2010, 7/2010, and 10/2010

· Forests and Countryside Ordinance (Cap. 96)

· Wild Animals Protection Ordinance (Cap. 170)

· Country Parks Ordinance (Cap. 208)

· Protection of Endangered Species of Animals and Plants Ordinance (Cap. 586)

· Town Planning Ordinance (Cap. 131)

· Water Pollution Control Ordinance (Cap. 358)

· Chapter 10 of the Hong Kong Planning Standard and Guidelines (HKPSG)

10.2.2 This assessment also made reference to the following international conventions and national legislation:

· The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species;

· The List of Wild Plants and Wild Animals Under Special State Protection under the Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Protection of Wildlife; and

· The Convention on Biological Diversity (the CBD), and an associated city-level Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (BSAP) developed by the Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department (AFCD) under the CBD.

10.3 Assessment Methodology

Assessment Area of NOL Alignment

10.3.1 In accordance with the EIA Study Brief No. ESB-346/2021, the Assessment Area for the purpose of terrestrial and aquatic ecological impact assessment includes areas within 500 m from the boundary of the Project and associated works as well as any other areas likely to be impacted by the Project. The Assessment Area is presented in Figure No. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/301.

Literature Review

10.3.2 The ecological characteristics of the Assessment Area were identified through a comprehensive review of the available relevant literature, as shown in Table 10.1 below.

Table 10.1 Baseline Information of Ecological Resources within the Assessment Area

Relevant Literature	Habitat and Vegetation	Avifauna	Terrestrial Mammal	Butterfly and Odonate	Herpetofauna	Aquatic Community
EIA Report for Yuen Long Barrage Scheme (AEIAR-228/2021) (DSD, 2021)	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
EIA Report for Upgrading of Remaining Sections of Kam Tin Road and Lam Kam Road (AEIAR-222/2020) (HyD, 2020)	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
EIA Report for Proposed Low-rise and Low-density Residential Development at Various Lots and their Adjoining Government Land in D.D. 104, East of Kam Pok Road, Mai Po, Yuen Long. New Territories (AEIAR-205/2017) (Glory Queen Limited, 2016)	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
EIA Report for Site Formation and Associated Infrastructural Works for Development of Columbarium, Crematorium and Related Facilities at Sandy Ridge Cemetery (AEIAR-198/2016) (CEDD, 2016)	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
EIA Report for Operation of the Existing Tai Lam Explosives Magazine at Tai Shu Ha, Yuen Long for Liantang / Heung Yuen Wai Boundary Control Point Project (AEIAR-193/2015) (Dragages Hong Kong Ltd., 2015)	✓⁽¹⁾
EIA Report for Comprehensive Development and Wetland Protection near Yau Mei San Tsuen (AEIAR-189/2015) (Asia King Development Limited, 2015)	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
EIA Report for Proposed Residential Cum Passive Recreation Development within "Recreation" Zone and "Residential (Group C)" Zone at Various Lots in DD 104, Yuen Long, N.T. (AEIAR-182/2014) (Capital Chance Ltd, 2013)	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
EIA Report for North East New Territories New Development Areas (AEIAR-175/2013) (CEDD, 2013a)	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
EIA Report for Development of Lok Ma Chau Loop (AEIAR-176/2013) (CEDD, 2013b)	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
EIA report for Sheung Shui to Lok Ma Chau Spur Line (AEIAR-052/2002) (KCRC, 2002)	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Environmental Review Report for Variation of Environmental Permit (VEP) of Sheung Shui to Lok Ma Chau Spur Line (VEP-461/2014) (MTRCL, 2021a)	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
TPB Paper No. 9590 Land Use Review of Kam Tin South and Pat Heung (TPB, 2014)	✓⁽¹⁾
Habitat Creation and Management Plan (Volume A and B) for West Rail, Phase 1 (MTRCL, 2018)	✓	✓		✓⁽²⁾	✓
Egretry Habitat Creation and Management Plan for Development of Kwu Tung North and Fanling North New Development Areas, Phase 1 – Design and Construction (CEDD, 2020)		✓		✓⁽²⁾
Ecological Monitoring Information at MTR - West Rail Wetland 2016-2021 (MTRCL, 2021b)		✓		✓	✓
AFCD Newsletter: Hong Kong Biodiversity Issue No. 26 (AFCD, 2020)		✓
Mai Po Inner Deep Bay Ramsar Site Waterbird Monitoring Programme, Egretry Counts in Hong Kong, Summer Report 2014-2021 (Anon, 2014; 2015; 2016; 2017; 2018; 2020; 2021a; 2021b; 2022)		✓
Bird Survey of Selected Farmlands in the Proposed Northern Metropolis, Hong Kong SAR: Interim Report (KFBG, 2022)		✓
The Hidden Oases of Hong Kong: High Ecological Value Farmlands in the Proposed Northern Metropolis (Zheng et al., 2023)		✓		✓⁽²⁾

Notes:

(1) Habitats only.

(2) Odonate only.

10.3.3 The study area of the Land Use Review for Kam Tin South and Pat Heung covered most of the southern portion of the current Assessment Area around KSR(NOL) Station down to Pat Heung Depot (PHD) (Figure No. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/300 refers), which consisted of mosaic of habitats including abandoned and active agriculture, drainage channel and stream/abandoned meander, mitigation wetland, pond and woodland (TPB, 2014).

10.3.4 The assessment area of the EIA study for Upgrading of Remaining Sections of Kam Tin Road and Lam Kam Road slightly overlapped with a small portion of the current Assessment Area in the east of KSR(NOL) Station (Figure No. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/300 refers), where only developed area and watercourse habitats were identified (HyD, 2020) and were of low and low-moderate ecological value respectively with no species of conservation importance recorded (ibid.).

10.3.5 The assessment area of the EIA study for Yuen Long Barrage Scheme (DSD, 2021) covered the middle part of the current Assessment Area south of AUT Station (Figure No. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/300 refers), which identified habitats including agricultural land, channelized watercourse, developed area, abandoned wet agricultural land/freshwater marsh, mangrove, mitigation wetland, plantation, pond, semi-natural watercourse, tidal marsh and waste ground. Channelized watercourse in KTMDC, semi-natural watercourse, tidal marsh, mangrove and mitigation wetland were considered to be of moderate ecological values while the ecological values of the remaining habitats were rated as very low to low-moderate. One floral species of conservation importance, i.e. Phymatodes longissimi, three butterfly species of conservation importance, i.e. Common Awl (Hasora badra), Metallic Cerulean (Jamides alecto alocina) and Swallowtail (Papilio xuthus xuthus), three herpetofaunal species of conservation importance i.e. Common Rat Snake (Ptyas mucosus), Common Wolf Snake (Lycodon capucinus) and Spotted Narrow-mouthed Frog (Kalophrynus interlineatus), and one mammalian species of conservation importance i.e. Japanese Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus abramus) were recorded within the current Assessment Area. While the study did not indicate the exact locations of the avifaunal species of conservation importance recorded, the distribution of the avifauna in different habitats of different areas was provided. 24 avifaunal species of conservation importance were likely recorded within or in close proximity to the current Assessment Area e.g. Northern Shoveler (Spatula clypeata), Chinese Pond Heron (Ardeola bacchus), Collared Crow (Corvus torquatus), most of which were wetland-dependent birds and recorded in West Rail (WR) Compensatory Wetland (DSD, 2021a).

10.3.6 The middle part of the Assessment Area located west to NTM Station was covered by three EIA Studies (Asia King Development Limited, 2015; Capital Chance Ltd, 2013; Glory Queen Limited, 2016) (Figure No. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/300 refers). Habitats such as developed area, agricultural land, plantation, abandoned fishpond, pond, village area, seasonally wet grassland, grassland/shrubland, woodland and a variety of watercourse habitat (namely drainage channel, nullah, stream and watercourse) were previously recorded in the studies, most of which were of very low to low-moderate ecological values, while Ngau Tam Mei Drainage Channel (NTMDC) had moderate ecological value (ibid.). Asia King Development Limited (2015) rated pond habitat to be of moderate-high ecological value. Asia King Development Limited (2015) and Capital Chance Ltd (2013) did not provide the exact locations of the species of conservation importance recorded. Nonetheless, 14 avifauna and one reptile species of conservation importance e.g. Black-faced Spoonbill (Platalea minor), Purple Heron (Ardea purpurea) and King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) were recorded within the current Assessment Area in agricultural land, NTMDC, grassland/shrubland and abandoned fishpond by Glory Queen Limited (2016), over half of which concentrated in the fishponds north of Pok Wai.

10.3.7 The assessment areas of the EIA studies for North East New Territories New Development Areas (NENT NDA) and Development of Lok Ma Chau Loop (LMCL) partially coincided with the northern part of the current Assessment Area, covering KTU(NOL) Station and the alignment halfway towards SAT Station (Figure No. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/300 refers). According to CEDD (2013a; 2013b), the overlapped area largely comprised developed area, village area, plantation, grassland, fung shui wood, woodland and modified watercourse habitats, with smaller fragmented habitats (e.g. wet and dry agricultural land, seasonally wet grassland, pond, orchard, waste ground and natural watercourse). The findings of both studies are largely consistent with each other. Overall, the ecological values of the previously mentioned habitats ranged between very low and low-moderate, except the fung shui wood at Ho Sheung Heung, woodland behind Chau Tau and the San Tin Eastern Main Drainage Channel (STEMDC) which had moderate ecological values (CEDD, 2013a; 2013b). Pond habitat was considered of high ecological value in the LMCL study but low in NENT NDA study (ibid.). One floral species of conservation importance i.e. Aquilaria sinensis and three faunal species of conservation importance, including Chinese Bullfrog (Hoplobatrachus rugulosus), Indo-Chinese Rat Snake (Ptyas korros) and Somanniathelphusa zanklon, were previously recorded in this overlapped area (CEDD, 2013a; 2013b). Neither studies indicated the specific locations of the avifaunal species of conservation importance recorded. Nevertheless, most of the regularly occurring avifaunal species of conservation importance in the Kwu Tung North New Development Area (NDA) were wetland-dependent birds and were typically recorded in wetland habitats e.g. pond and wet agricultural land (CEDD, 2013a). The assessment area for the VEP of Sheung Shui to Lok Ma Chau Spur Line is within that of NENT NDA, which covers 100 m from the project site of KTU(EAL) Station (Figure No. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/300 refers). Four habitats namely plantation, developed area, village/orchard and modified watercourse were identified in that area, largely consistent with the finding of NENT NDA EIA. One avifauna, one amphibian and one bat species of conservation importance i.e. Greater Coucal (Centropus sinensis), Spotted Narrow-mouthed Frog and Japanese Pipistrelle were recorded, in which the latter two were within KTU(EAL) Station (MTRCL, 2021).

10.3.8 The temporary explosive magazine site at Tai Shu Ha (Yuen Long) had been formerly operated for the tunnel construction works by MTRCL’s the High Speed Rail (Hong Kong Section) (HSR) (formerly named as “the Hong Kong Section of Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Express Rail Link (XRL)” and for CEDD’s Liantang/Heung Yuen Wai Boundary Control Point project, and then it had been decommissioned and reinstated according to the Approved Tree Planting and Landscape Plan for XRL - TLP-10 : Works in Yuen Long District (Tai Shu Ha) (Revision 1) in Annex 3B of the EIA Report (Register No.: AEIAR-193/2015) (Condition 2.5 of Environmental Permit No. EP-502/2015/A refers). The Assessment Area was predominated by plantation, followed by secondary woodland and grassland. Other habitats included shrubland, active fishpond, inactive fishpond/pond, watercourse and developed area/wasteland (Dragages Hong Kong Ltd, 2015).

Identification of Information Gap

10.3.9 Only certain parts of the Assessment Area were previously covered by other studies. Due to the high level of anthropogenic disturbance and substantial development in the area, the habitat conditions within the Assessment Area have likely changed. Therefore, site-specific ecological field surveys were considered necessary to verify and update the conditions of habitats present within the Assessment Area.

10.3.10 The terrestrial and aquatic ecological surveys included habitat mapping and vegetation survey, avifauna survey, butterfly and odonate survey, herpetofauna survey, terrestrial mammal survey and aquatic community survey. The methodology for the aforementioned ecological surveys is discussed in the sections below.

Ecological Survey Methodology

10.3.11 According to Appendix H of EIA Study Brief (No. ESB-346/2021), ecological field surveys covering the Assessment Area were conducted for a twelve-month survey period, covering both wet and dry season to fill any information gaps identified. The field surveys covered flora, fauna and any other habitats/species of conservation importance. All field surveys were carried out in such ways that did not cause any unnecessary stress or damage to the existing habitats and wildlife. The walk transects for ecological surveys and aquatic communities sampling points are shown in Figure Nos. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/303 to 315.

Habitat Mapping and Vegetation Survey

10.3.12 Habitats within the Assessment Area were identified, sized and mapped. Ecological characteristics of each habitat type, including size, vegetation type, species present, dominant species found, species diversity and abundance, community structure, ecological value and inter-dependence of the habitats and species, and presence of any features of ecological importance were defined and characterized. Representative photographs of the habitat types and/or any important ecological features identified were taken. A habitat map of suitable scale (1:1000 to 1:5000) showing types and locations of terrestrial and aquatic habitats within the Assessment Area were prepared from digital aerial photographs. The habitat maps were then checked during ground truthing. Photographs and videos captured using aerial drones were used to observe the ecological features and verify habitats of inaccessible areas.

10.3.13 Vegetation surveys were conducted by direct observation to record diversity and dominance of plant species present in different habitat types once in wet season and once in dry season. The location of any plant species of conservation importance was recorded. Identification of flora species and status in Hong Kong were made with reference to Xing et al. (2000), Hu et al. (2003), Lai et al. (2008), Hong Kong Herbarium (2012), and Hong Kong Herbarium and South China Botanical Gardens (2007; 2008; 2009; 2011).

Avifauna Survey

10.3.14 The presence and abundance of avifauna species at various habitats were recorded visually and aurally. Avifauna within the Assessment Area were surveyed quantitatively using transect count method along the proposed walk transect and point count method (PC1 to PC2) at the inaccessible part of Sha Po Marsh. The location of any avifauna species of conservation importance encountered was recorded, along with notable behaviour (e.g. breeding behaviour such as nesting and presence of recently fledged juveniles, roosting, and feeding activities). Ornithological nomenclature follows Carey et al. (2001), Viney et al. (2005) and the most recently updated list from the Hong Kong Bird Watching Society.

10.3.15 The Mai Po Village Egretry, Mai Po Lung Village Egretry, Tung Shing Lane Egretry and Kam Po Road Egretry were visited during the breeding season to verify the presence, status, size of the egretries and species composition. The extents of the egretries were mapped and the physical environment was described including identification of trees that are supporting nests, their sizes and crown spread. The distribution and abundance of nests from all ardeid species were identified as close to the egretries as possible from ground level using binoculars. The nest status (vacant or occupied), notable breeding behaviours (e.g. brooding, feeding of chicks), and presence of adult/juveniles were recorded.

10.3.16 As species composition and winter roost size of ardeid night roost (ANR) fluctuate considerably between years, the location and status of Sha Po ANR were confirmed during ecological surveys. Night roost and pre-roost survey were conducted at Sha Po ANR. The recently identified Ko Po Road and Kam Po Road ANRs were also surveyed. Surveys began about one hour before sunset according to the Hong Kong Observatory until it was too dark to observe any ardeids leaving or entering the roost, which is the peak period of ardeid activities at night roost and pre-roost site. The location and extent of the roost and/or pre-roost, including the tree species used were identified and recorded. The returning time, abundance and species composition of ardeids were recorded.

Bird Flight Path Survey

10.3.17 The flight path surveys for ardeids at the vantage points (VP1 to VP12) for Mai Po Village Egretry, Mai Po Lung Village Egretry, Tung Shing Lane Egretry, Kam Po Road Egretry as well as Kam Po Road ANR, Sha Po ANR and Ko Po Road ANR (refer to Figure Nos. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/304, 305, 316 and 317 refer) were undertaken during the period of peak activity of ardeids in egretries and night roosts respectively. The vantage points are indicative in nature and are subject to change due to site condition and accessibility upon the exercise of professional judgement during the course of survey. The flight paths of ardeid individuals were followed by means of high-power binoculars to identify their landing locations, wherever possible. If the ardeids flew out of sight prior to landing, the location at which they were lost from sight were recorded. Flight path survey for egretry started around half an hour before sunrise and lasted for about two hours after sunrise. Flight path survey for ANR began around one hour before sunset and lasted until nightfall. Observation of the flight paths and returning time of the pre-roosting and night roosting ardeids were undertaken at the vantage points for roosting ardeids. The exact time of sunrise and sunset on the date of survey referred to the Hong Kong Observatory. Detailed methodology for bird flight path survey is provided in the separate Methodology Statement on Bird Flight Path Surveys submitted under the requirement stipulated in Section 2(v)(c) in Appendix H of ESB-346/2021, which was agreed by AFCD in January 2022.

Terrestrial Mammal Survey

10.3.18 Surveys were conducted in areas which might potentially be utilised by terrestrial mammals. The surveys focused on potential areas which might be utilized by terrestrial mammals and search for field signs such as droppings, footprints, diggings or burrows left by larger mammals. Mammal identification was made as accurate as possible from the field signs encountered. In addition, any mammal directly observed was identified. Special attention was given to mammals which are elusive or rare (e.g. Eurasian Otter (Lutra lutra), Small Asian Mongoose (Herpestes javanicus) and East Asian Porcupine (Hystrix brachyura)) and would potentially occur within the Assessment Area, and thus camera traps were deployed at the selected locations (CT1 to CT12) (refer to Figure Nos. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/303 to 315).

10.3.19 Bat surveys were undertaken by surveyor(s) equipped with ultrasonic bat detector at potential roosting, commuting, foraging and drinking sites. The bat species were located upon the detection location of echolocation calls and from direct observation. The acoustic information were recorded for later analysis, supplemented with other direct observation for species identification. Nomenclature of mammal follows Shek (2006).

Butterfly and Odonate Survey

10.3.20 Butterflies and odonates (dragonflies and damselflies) within the Assessment Area were surveyed along survey transects. Attention was given to their potential habitats. Relative abundance of butterfly, dragonfly and damselfly were recorded, while larvae and pupae encountered were also recorded. Nomenclature of butterfly follows Lo & Hui (2010) and odonate on Tam et al. (2011) and Reels (2019).

Herpetofauna (Amphibian and Reptile) Survey

10.3.21 Herpetofauna within the Assessment Area were surveyed along survey transects qualitatively. Potential microhabitats (e.g. leaf litter, underneath of rotten logs) were searched. All reptiles and amphibians sighted were recorded.

10.3.22 Amphibian surveys were conducted whenever possible on evenings following or during periods of rainfall, focusing on areas suitable for amphibians (e.g. forests, shrublands, grasslands, streams, catchwaters, fishponds and marshes, if any). Records of calling amphibians formed the bulk of the data collected, but these were also supplemented when possible by visual observation of eggs, tadpoles and frogs and toads.

10.3.23 During reptile surveys, careful searches of appropriate microhabitats and refugia (e.g. stones, pond bunds, crevices, leaf litter/debris, rotten log) were undertaken. All reptiles observed were identified. In addition to active searching, observation of exposed, basking or foraging reptiles were also recorded.

10.3.24 Nomenclature of amphibian and reptile follows Chan et al. (2005) and Chan et al. (2006), respectively.

Aquatic Community Survey

10.3.25 Aquatic communities were surveyed through active searching and/or direct observation at representative aquatic sampling locations (FS1 to FS24) within the Assessment Area. To avoid driving organisms (e.g. fish and shrimps) away, and avoid disturbing the bottom substrate, direct observation from a suitable distance was conducted before active searching and kick sampling. Boulders within the watercourse were turned over to locate any aquatic animals beneath. Hand net was used to collect organisms along the watercourse. Organisms encountered were recorded and identified to the lowest possible taxon level. Nomenclature of fish and invertebrate communities follows Lee et al. (2004) and Dudgeon (2003), respectively. Representative sampling locations were chosen to cover watercourses that will likely be directly and indirectly impacted by the NOL alignment (see Figure Nos. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/303 to 315).

10.3.26 The ecological surveys commenced in February 2021 with the schedule presented in Table 10.2. Apart from the survey schedule in Table 10.2, in view of the expansion of Assessment Area, additional walk transects and aquatic communities sampling points were added to ecological survey covering wet and dry seasons until November 2022 in order to collect representative baseline data of the updated Assessment Area. Site checks were conducted in April, June to August 2023 to update major habitat changes, if any.

Table 10.2 Schedule of Ecological Surveys

Proposed Survey	Dry Season		Wet Season							Dry Season
	2021											2022
	Feb	Mar	Apr*	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct*	Nov	Dec	Jan
Habitat survey	✓						✓
Vegetation survey	✓						✓
Avifauna survey (D&N)	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Flight Path Survey for Egretry		✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Flight Path Survey for Night Roost	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Terrestrial mammal survey (D&N)	✓		✓		✓		✓		✓		✓
Odonate survey			✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Butterfly survey		✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Amphibian survey (D&N)		✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Reptile survey (D&N)			✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Aquatic communities survey		✓					✓	✓		✓

Notes:

* Transitional month

D&N – Daytime and night-time survey

Assessment Approach

10.3.27 The criteria and guidelines as stated in Annexes 8 and 16 of the EIAO-TM were followed for evaluating and assessing ecological impact arising from the construction and operation of the Project. Potential direct/indirect, on-site/off-site, primary, secondary, cumulative and residual ecological impacts arising from the construction and operation of the Project were identified and evaluated where possible. Mitigation measures and monitoring and audit programme were recommended, where necessary.

10.4 Description of the Environment

Recognized Sites of Conservation Importance

Tai Lam Country Park

10.4.1 Tai Lam Country Park (TLCP) is located approximately 250 m to the southwest of enabling works for potential southern extension to the south of KSR(NOL) Station, near the southwestern tip of the Assessment Area, and also approximately 210 m east of the temporary explosive magazine site at Tai Shu Ha (Yuen Long) (Figure Nos. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/303 and 315 refer). The TLCP, designated in 1979, occupies a vast area of 5,412 ha extending from Tsuen Wan to Tuen Mun and encompasses Tai Lam Chung Reservoir. Being largely granite makes the park prone to erosion and bears clear signs of degradation (AFCD, 2021a).

10.4.2 Afforestation began in 1952 to protect the catchwaters of Tai Lam Chung Reservoir from erosion and soil loss. Species like Acacia confusa, Lophostemon confertus, Pinus massoniana, Pinus elliottii and Eucalyptus robusta have colonized most parts of the TLCP, while native trees, such as Machilus spp. and Castanopsis fissa have gradually established themselves in the TLCP as well. Faunal species of conservation importance including Chinese Pangolin (Manis pentadactyla), Hong Kong Cascade Frog (Amolops hongkongensis), Chinese Cobra (Naja atra) and Rice Fish (Oryzias curvinotus) could be found within the TLCP (ibid.).

Lam Tsuen Country Park

10.4.3 Lam Tsuen Country Park (LTCP) would be slightly traversed by the middle section of the NOL tunnel alignment to enable the construction of underground tunnels for scissor crossover and intersection between mainline and adits from LHA in competent rock mass. With the tunnel alignment spanning the hillside area between NTM and AUT Stations (Figure Nos. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/306 and 307 refer), the Ngau Tam Mei Depot (NTD), the tunnelling works were unavoidable to be carried out underground within LTCP while the aboveground construction of NTD at about 165m to the north of LTCP boundary. Designated in 1979, the LTCP commands a total area of 1,520 ha that spans over Tai Po, Fanling and Yuen Long (AFCD, 2021b).

Conservation Area

10.4.4 A number of “Conservation Areas” (“CAs”) are identified within the Assessment Area under five approved Outline Zoning Plans (OZPs), i.e. S/YL-NTM/12 - Ngau Tam Mei, S/YL-KTN/10 - Kam Tin North (KTN), S/YL-KTS/15 - Kam Tin South (KTS), S/YL-NSW/8 - Nam Sang Wai (NSW) and S/YL-TT/19 - Tai Tong, where three types of “CA” are designated with different planning intentions.

10.4.5 The “CA” gazetted in Ngau Tam Mei, KTN, KTS and Tai Tong OZPs intends to protect and retain the existing natural landscape, ecological or topographical features of the area for conservation, educational and research purposes and to separate sensitive natural environment such as country park from the adverse effects of development. The second type of “CA” zoning was gazetted in NSW OZP and also KTN OZP, with planning intention to conserve the ecological value of wetland. There is a general presumption against development in this zone. The primary intention is to discourage development unless it is required to support the conservation of the wetland or the development is an essential infrastructure project with overriding public interest. The type of “CA” under Mai Po OZP is to conserve the ecological value of wetland and fishponds which form an integral part of the wetland ecosystem in the Deep Bay Area. The “no-net-loss in wetland” principle is adopted for any change in use within this zone. The primary intention is to discourage new development unless it is required to support the conservation of the ecological integrity of the wetland ecosystem or the development is an essential infrastructure project with overriding public interest.

10.4.6 The NOL alignment passes along or through patches of “CA” under the approved KTN OZP, between NTM and KSR(NOL) Stations (Figure Nos. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/304 to 308 refer), then traverses the “CA” gazetted under the approved Ngau Tam Mei OZP towards KTU in Hadden Hill (Figure Nos. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/312 and 313 refer). The “CA” gazetted under KTS OZP is located south and west to KSR and PHD (Figure Nos. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/303 to 304 refer) while that under NSW OZP is in Pok Wai, west to the alignment between NTM and AUT (Figure Nos. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/306 to 307 refers). The temporary explosive magazine site at Tai Shu Ha (Yuen Long) falls entirely within “CA” (Figure No. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/315 refers).

Wetland Conservation Area

10.4.7 Small areas of Wetland Conservation Area (WCA) situate west to the middle section of the NOL alignment (between AUT and NTM stations) near Pok Wai and also west to Kam Tin Main Drainage Channel (KTMDC) (southwest to AUT station), which is the main channelized section of Kam Tin River (Figure Nos. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/306 to 307 refer). WCA comprises the existing and contiguous, active or abandoned fishponds in the Deep Bay Area, which should all be conserved. The planning intention is to conserve the ecological value of the fishponds which form an integral part of the wetland ecosystem in the Deep Bay Area. Any development within should be supported by an ecological impact assessment to demonstrate that the development would not result in a net loss in wetland function and negative disturbance impact.

Wetland Buffer Area

10.4.8 The Wetland Buffer Area (WBA) is located along the landward periphery of the WCA and could be found in parts of the Assessment Area west to San Tin Highway from Sha Po northward to Chau Tau (Figure Nos. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/306 to 308, 311 to 313 refer). It is a designated buffer area of about 500 m along the landward boundary of the WCA, which is intended to protect the ecological integrity of the fishponds and wetland within the WCA and prevent development that would have a negative offsite disturbance impact on the ecological value of fishponds.

Long Valley and Ho Sheung Heung Priority Sites for Enhanced Conservation

10.4.9 Long Valley and Ho Sheung Heung Priority Site for Enhanced Conservation (LVHSH Priority Site) is located approximately 40 m to the east of KTU(NOL) Station, near the eastern tip of the Assessment Area (Figure No. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/314 refers). It was one of the 12 Priority Sites with ecological importance for enhanced conservation identified by the Government under the New Nature Conservation Policy in 2004, which was introduced to regulate, protect and manage natural resources for the conservation of the biodiversity of Hong Kong in a sustainable manner (AFCD, 2021c). The LVHSH Priority Site comprises three major habitat types i.e. fish pond, wet agricultural land (including marsh as abandoned wet agricultural land) and Fung Shui wood. It supported moderate faunal diversity and also species of conservation importance of three taxa groups including avifauna e.g. Asian Dowitcher (Limnodromus semipalmatus), Greater Spotted Eagle (Clanga clanga), Japanese Yellow Bunting (Emberiza sulphurate), butterfly e.g. Colon Swift (Caltoris bromus bromus), Brown Onyx (Horaga albimacula triumphalis), Vagrant (Vagrans egista brixia) and mammal e.g. Lesser Bamboo Bat (Tylonycteris pachypus) (AFCD, 2021d).

Other Ecologically Sensitive Areas

West Rail Compensatory Wetland

10.4.10 Approximately 11.27 ha of West Rail Compensatory Wetlands (WRCW) (in 11 land parcels) were created near KSR(TML) Station since 2002 to mitigate for the loss of wetlands in the Kam Tin Valley due to the construction of West Rail in accordance with Environmental Permit No. FEP-24/004/1998/J. Nine out of 11 land parcels are located within the Assessment Area (Figure Nos. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/304 and 305 refer). Any changes to these mitigation areas may require a Variation to the Environmental Permit. The wetland design focused on key impacted species, identified during the West Rail EIA Study (Register No. EIA-149/1998), i.e. Greater Painted-snipe (Rostratula benghalensis), uncommon herpetofauna species and dragonflies (MTRCL, 2018).

10.4.11 WRCW are currently maintained and managed by MTR Corporation. They are found to be supporting a variety of fauna spanning across different faunal groups, some of which are of conservation importance or are wetland-dependent species, including Chinese Pond Heron, Spotted Narrow-mouthed Frog, Chinese Cobra, Scarlet Basker (Urothemis signata signata) and Peacock Royal (Tajuria cippus) (MTRCL, 2021).

Sha Po Marsh

10.4.12 Sha Po Marsh is within a private property development site at Sha Po near the AUT location (Figure No. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/306 refers). It is a restored brackish marsh, where 180 species were recorded (SHKPL, 2017). It also serves as an important habitat for a native species of damselfly Four-spot Midget (Mortonagrion hirosei), which is of global conservation concern and is classed as Near Threatened on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List (AFCD, 2022).

Yuen Long Bypass Flooadway Engineered Wetland

10.4.13 Yuen Long Bypass Flooadway Engineered Wetland is a 7 ha engineered wetland constructed for the project of Yuen Long Bypass Floodway near the downstream (Figure No. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/306 refers). It mainly consists of three main water ponds, a seasonal shallow pond and a permanent shallow pond. Crushed brick and oyster shell ponds, reed beds and a deep water pond were also created within the wetland. The dry weather flow of the Bypass Floodway, after purified by passing through the oyster shells, crushed bricks and reed bed, flows into the engineered wetland to establish an ecologically enriched habitat for the wild birds, amphibians and dragonflies. The wetland is currently under the management of Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department. Over 130 plant species and various species of birds, frogs, insects and bats are found in the continuous monitoring (DSD, 2023).

Shek Wu Wai Agricultural Land

10.4.14 The agricultural land at Shek Wu Wai, northeast to the SAT, comprises a large area of active farmlands, connected with some high value abandoned farmlands, active and inactive fishponds (KFBG, 2022, pers. comm.). A number of common wetland dependent birds (such as kingfishers, small ardeids, and common shorebirds) and potentially of more concerned waterbird species like the Greater Painted-snipe are supported by the mosaic of habitats (MTRCL, 2016). Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden (KFBG) conducted bird surveys in Shek Wu Wai, as one of the nine selected farmlands in the proposed Northern Metropolis from 2021 to 2022. A total of 67 species were recorded, 19 of which is of conservation concern including Besra (Accipiter virgatus) and Siberian Rubythroat (Calliope calliope) (KFBG, 2022;2023). The Shek Wu Wai agricultural land scored 4.875 in the conservation value, ranking in five among the nine selected farmlands. It is also the top three species-rich survey sites in terms of dragonflies (KFBG, 2023).

Kam Tin Main Drainage Channel

10.4.15 Kam Tin Main Drainage Channel (KTMDC) is a main channelized section of Kam Tin River. It is tidal and utilized by a number of wetland associated bird species including egrets, Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea), sandpipers, kingfishers, plovers and Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo). Winter visitor and migrant, the Grey-headed Lapwing (Vanellus cinereus), was often found utilising the KTMDC after the loss of the Buffalo Fields in the Kam Tin plain in about 2008 (MTRCL, 2016). It was a locally common winter visitor and migrant to grassy or wetland areas, particularly at Kam Tin (Allcock et al., 2017).

Inner Deep Bay and Shenzhen River Catchment Important Bird Area

10.4.16 Inner Deep Bay and Shenzhen River Catchment Important Bird Area (IBA) is situated approximately 1 km north from the SAT Station and 575 m southeast from the KTU(NOL) Station (Figure Nos. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/330, 331 and 333 refer) and southeast from the KTU(NOL) Station (Figure No. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/333 refers). It is an IBA identified by BirdLife International as a globally important wetland site that supports very large numbers of passage and wintering waterbirds including some threatened species e.g. Dalmatian Pelican (Pelecanus crispus), Black-faced Spoonbill and Oriental Stork (Ciconia boyciana) (HKBWS, 2004). It covers an estuarine area comprising a variety of habitats, including freshwater wetland, marine-coastal (intertidal mudflats and mangroves) and man-made (aquaculture fish ponds, tidal shrimp ponds (gei wai) and oyster farms) habitats (BirdLife International, 2022).

Egretries

10.4.17 A new egretry was found at Kam Po Road in 2021 (Figure No. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/304 refers) and utilized by Chinese Pond Heron and Little Egret (Egretta garzetta) (Anon, 2021b). A known egretry, Mai Po Lung Village Egretry, is located at the northwest of SAT and three known egretries namely Mai Po Village Egretry, Tung Shing Lane Egretry and Ho Sheung Heung Egretry are identified outside the Assessment Area. The former three egretries (Figure Nos. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/316 and 317 refer) belong to the colonies in the Deep Bay area and composed of the same species (i.e. Chinese Pond Heron and Little Egret) as in 2022 (Anon, 2022). Ho Sheung Heung Egretry is located outside the Deep Bay area to the west of Ng Tung River and composed of nests of Chinese Pond Heron only in 2022 (ibid.).

10.4.18 Mai Po Lung Village Egretry, the third largest colony in Hong Kong in 2022, is located at approximately 0.8 km northwest to SAT within the Assessment Area. Mai Po Village Egretry, with most nests built on Celtis sinensis and Ficus microcarpa, is located at approximately 1.2 km northwest to SAT. Tree species e.g. Ficus microcarpa and Litchi chinensis were utilized as nesting substrates. It is suspected that breeding birds might have moved in-between these two colonies given their close proximity. The flight paths in Mai Po Village Egretry were all pointing between north and southwest direction (Asia King Development Limited, 2015). Tung Shing Lane Egretry is located at approximately 1.1 km southwest to AUT, and tree species e.g. Celtis sinensis, Dimocarpus longan and bamboo were utilized as nesting substrates in this Egretry (Anon, 2021a). Previous flight path surveys showed that most egrets in Tung Shing Lane Egretry flew to the north to forage (AEC, 2012, as cited in MTRCL, 2016). The DSD study (2021a) did not conduct flight path survey specifically for Tung Shing Lane Egretry but indicated that some of the flight paths of waterbirds passed through the KTMDC to further east and west. However, the Tung Shing Lane Egretry was abandoned in 2021 and the population was suspected to have relocated to Kam Po Road given the relatively short distance in between and similar composition of population (Anon, 2021b). The Kam Po Road Egretry is within the WRCW and approximately 250 m northwest of KSR, comprising Ilex rotunda, Leucaena leucocephala and Macaranga tanarius var. tomentosa as nesting substrates (ibid.)

10.4.19 Ho Sheung Heung Egretry is located approximately 1.8 km northeast of KTU, with Cleistocalyx nervosum, Dimocarpus longan and Sterculia nobilis being utilised as nesting trees (Anon, 2021b). A flight path study conducted at the egretry in the past shows that most egrets either flew north towards the Deep Bay or directly south towards Long Valley (CEDD, 2016).

10.4.20 A considerable decline in the number of nests was observed in Mai Po Village Egretry and Ho Sheung Heung, which might be related to disturbance e.g. small construction works and tree maintenance works due to declining tree health for public safety (Anon, 2021b) at the former and the changes in nearby land-use, in particular in grassland and farmland at the latter (Anon, 2014).

Table 10.3 Number of Nests Recorded at Mai Po Village Egretry, Mai Po Lung Village Egretry, Kam Po Road Egretry and Ho Sheung Heung Egretry in 2022 ⁽¹⁾

Species	Mai Po Village Egretry	Mai Po Lung Village Egretry	Kam Po Road Egretry	Ho Sheung Heung Egretry
Chinese Pond Heron (Ardeola bacchus)	8	65	20	4
Little Egret (Egretta garzetta)	73	45	24	0
Total No. of Nests	81	110	44	4

Note:

(1) Anon, 2022.

Ardeid Night Roosts

10.4.21 Sha Po ANR is one of the ardeid roosting sites in Deep Bay and among the roosts utilized by the lowest number of ardeids (six Great Egrets (Ardea alba) and six Grey Herons) in winter 2019/20 (Figure No. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/315 refers). This ANR was also active in previous studies according to AFCD’s unpublished data. The roosting substrate consisted of solely Leucaena leucocephala (AFCD, 2020).

10.4.22 The DSD study (2021a) found that the Sha Po ANR was regularly utilised by Little Egrets and Great Egrets. Maximum numbers of the two species recorded during the 12-month survey period in 2019/20 were 22 and 42 respectively, while Chinese Pond Heron and Grey Heron were only recorded once in the study period. The study did not conduct flight path survey specifically for the Sha Po ANR but the flight paths recorded near the ANR were mostly along Kam Tin Main Drainage Channel (KTMDC).

10.4.23 Two new ANRs were found in Kam Po Road and Ko Po Road in 2021 under the current study (Figure Nos. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/304 and 305 refer). Chinese Pond Heron, Great Egret and Little Egret were observed in the former while Chinese Pond Heron, Eastern Cattle Egret and Little Egret were in the latter. The Kam Po Road ANR was recorded at the same location as the Kam Po Road Egretry.

Fishpond

10.4.24 The pond in Chau Tau was observed to be wet but abandoned and completely overgrown (CEDD, 2013a; 2013b). According to desktop research on the latest digital aerial photographs, fish ponds were also found in Shek Wu Wai, Ngau Tam Mei, Pok Wai, Au Tau and Cheung Chun San Tsuen.

10.5 Survey Findings

10.5.1 Overall Assessment Area

Overview

10.5.1.1 A total of 14 habitats were identified within the 500 m Assessment Area, covering approximately 1,659.32 ha. As summarized in Table 10.4, developed area/wasteland habitat comprised over half of the Assessment Area, followed by grassland (approximately 11%), plantation (approximately 9%) and mixed woodland (approximately 5%).

10.5.1.2 In general, the environmental characteristics and habitat distribution of the northern half of the Assessment Area i.e. from Kwu Tung down to Ngau Tam Mei and Kai Kung Leng were similar: Developed area/wasteland habitat was dominant while natural vegetated habitats (e.g. grassland, shrubland, mixed woodland and woodland) covered a vast area on the knolls and hillsides (e.g. Hadden Hill, Tam Mei Hill and Kai Kung Leng). On the lowland, mosaic of dry agricultural land, marsh/reed, pond and watercourse habitats and patches of village/orchard habitat occurred in great areal extent.

10.5.1.3 On the other hand, the southern half of the Assessment Area between Pok Wai and Pat Heung sits within the catchment of Kam Tin River, which drains from Kai Kung Leng, Tai To Yan and the western side of Tai Mo Shan. Watercourses, largely modified, running through these areas were hydrologically connected and discharged into the downstream channelized main section of Kam Tin River. While developed area/wasteland habitat was dominant, wetland habitats e.g. marsh/reed, WRCW, pond, and watercourse were prominent in Sha Po and Au Tau, which lied in the lower section of the catchment. Contiguous blocks of active and inactive fishponds were identified near Pok Wai and Au Tau.

10.5.1.4 In KSR and Pat Heung, mosaic of dry agricultural land, grassland, shrubland and village/orchard habitats were found in the low-lying area while extensive patches of grassland, shrubland, plantation and mixed woodland occurred on the hillside.

Table 10.4 Habitats Identified within the Assessment Area

Habitat Type	Approximate Size (ha)	Percentage of Area
Marsh/Reed	20.25	1.22%
WRCW	10.83	0.65%
Pond	39.88	2.40%
Watercourse	49.42 (approx. 35.9 km)	2.98%
Seasonally Wet Grassland	1.73	0.10%
Wet Agricultural Land	0.71	0.04%
Dry Agricultural Land	20.14	1.21%
Woodland	45.66	2.75%
Mixed Woodland	87.38	5.27%
Plantation	153.64	9.26%
Shrubland	68.21	4.11%
Grassland	176.07	10.61%
Village/Orchard	64.64	3.90%
Developed Area/Wasteland	920.78	55.49%
Total	1659.32	100.00%

Remark: The size and percentage included in this table is subject to rounding adjustments. Any discrepancies between total and sums of individual numbers listed therein are due to rounding.

10.5.1.5 A total of 682 floral species were recorded in the Assessment Area, 11 of which were conservation importance. A comprehensive list of flora recorded within the overall Assessment Area is presented in Appendix 10.2a. Seven floral species of conservation importance (e.g. Aquilaria sinensis, Gnetum luofuense and Thysanotus chinensis) were found in terrestrial natural habitats, in particular wooded habitats e.g. woodland, mixed woodland and shrubland, and also man-made habitats e.g. developed area/wasteland and village/orchard. Four floral species of conservation importance (i.e. Ceratopteris thalictroides, Persicaria orientalis, Saururus chinensis and Schoenoplectus subulatus) are wetland plants and were restricted to wetland habitats only, including marsh/reed and West Rail Compensatory Wetland. Similar to the habitat distribution, the former were found across the Assessment Area but concentrated on hillside e.g. Kai Kung Leng and Tam Mei Hill while the latter limited to the middle part of the Assessment Area e.g. Sha Po, Au Tau and Ngau Tam Mei.

10.5.1.6 A total of 135 avifauna species were recorded in the Assessment Area, 48 of which were species of conservation importance (Appendix 10.3a refers). Majority of the birds recorded were locally abundant or common residents. A significant portion of the recorded bird species were wetland-dependent birds e.g. ardeids, herons, waders and ducks etc. Some of which were residents in Hong Kong e.g. White-breasted Waterhen (Amaurornis phoenicurus), Little Egret, Little Grebe (Tachybaptus ruficollis), while some were passage migrants or winter visitors e.g. Black-crowned Night Heron (Nycticorax nycticorax), Common Sandpiper (Actitis hypoleucos), Common Snipe (Gallinago gallinago). These species largely concentrated in the wetland habitats in Sha Po and Au Tau, in particular the KTMDC. A number of these wetland-dependent birds were species of conservation importance e.g. Little Egret, Black-winged Stilt (Himantopus himantopus) and Grey Heron.

10.5.1.7 Kam Po Road Egretry, which is located within the WRCW Parcel J and the immediate west of the TML viaduct, was also utilized by Chinese Pond Heron and Little Egret. 70% of the breeding ardeids there were recorded heading towards northwest direction (flight paths 1-3) along the KTMDC and the TML viaduct (Figure No. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/335 and Appendix 10.5a refer). Mai Po Village and Mai Po Lung Village Egretries, situated northwest outside the Assessment Area, were both utilized by Chinese Pond Heron and Little Egret. The flight path surveys indicated that around 96% of ardeids (flight path 1 to 4) from Mai Po Village Egretry and around 86% of ardeids (flight paths 1-4) from Mai Po Lung Village Egretry flew towards the direction of Deep Bay Area (Figure No. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/339, Appendix 10.5e and 10.5f refer).

10.5.1.8 Little Egrets, Great Egrets, Grey Herons and Chinese Pond Herons were observed roosting in the Sha Po ANR, which was about 320 m west of the NOL Alignment. Around 66% of the roosting ardeids commuted from the north and south (flight paths 1 and 3) along KTMDC (Figure No. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/338 and Appendix 10.5d refer). Individuals of Eastern Cattle Egret, Chinese Pond Heron and Little Egret were recorded in Ko Po Road ANR, about 230 m from the NOL Alignment near AUT Station. Most of the ardeids (about 61%) flew from the northeast or east direction from ponds and WRCW east to the KTMDC (flight paths 2 to 4), while the other ardeids returned to the ANR from both upstream and downstream of KTMDC (flight paths 1, 5, 6 and 7) (Figure No. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/337 and Appendix 10.5c refer). Kam Po Road ANR was recorded at a similar location as the Kam Po Road Egretry. Individuals of Chinese Pond Heron, Little Egret and Great Egret were observed roosting in there. The ardeids returned from different directions quite evenly: around 36% from the downstream of KTMDC and along TML viaduct (flight paths 1-3), around 36% from northeast and the upstream of KTMDC (flight paths 4-8) and around 28% from southeast and southwest (flight paths 9 and 10) (Figure No. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/336 and Appendix 10.5a refer).

10.5.1.9 A total of 108 butterfly species were recorded in the Assessment Area, ten of which were species of conservation importance (Appendix 10.3a refers). Majority of the recorded butterfly species were either very common or common in Hong Kong. Developed area/wasteland habitat recorded the highest diversity and abundance of butterflies, followed by grassland.

10.5.1.10 A total of 46 odonate species were recorded in the Assessment Area, eight of which were species of conservation importance (Appendix 10.3a refers). Generalist species, which are common or abundant and widespread in Hong Kong (e.g. Wandering Glider (Pantala flavescens), Variegated Flutterer (Rhyothemis variegata arria) and Green Skimmer (Orthetrum sabina sabina)) were spotted in almost all of the habitats in relatively high abundance. Some other odonate species which are locally sparse and scattered in Hong Kong (e.g. Coastal Glider (Macrodiplax cora), Four-spot Midget and Mangrove Skimmer (Orthetrum poecilops poecilops)) were only found in wetland habitats (e.g. marsh/reed, WRCW, pond and watercourse, which also supported relatively higher diversity and abundance of odonate species within the Assessment Area.

10.5.1.11 A total of 13 amphibian species and 14 reptile species were recorded in the Assessment Area, among which four amphibian and three reptile species were of conservation importance (Appendix 10.3a refers). Majority of the herpetofauna species recorded are widely distributed in Hong Kong. The developed area/wasteland habitat recorded the highest diversity and abundance of herpetofauna species, followed by watercourse habitat.

10.5.1.12 A total of 20 mammal species were found in the Assessment Area, 18 of which were species of conservation importance, including 11 bat species and seven terrestrial mammals (Appendix 10.3a refers). Bats occurred predominately in developed area/wasteland habitat in the Assessment Area. A significant number and species of bat were recorded along the interface between terrestrial and wetland habitats, in particular in the watercourse habitat in KTMDC and its tributaries near KSR and Pat Heung. A day-roost of Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros armiger) was identified in a deserted school within the Assessment Area. Terrestrial mammals, such as Small Indian Civet (Viverricula indica) and Red Muntjac (Muntiacus muntjac) were found in wooded habitats, while Leopard Cat (Prionailurus bengalensis), Small Asian Mongoose and Pallas's Squirrel were spotted in both wooded and wetland habitats.

10.5.1.13 A total of 38 aquatic faunal species were recorded in the Assessment Area (including eight fish species and 30 macroinvertebrate species), two of the crab species were of conservation importance (Appendix 10.3h refers). Since most of the watercourses within the Assessment Area were modified and channelized with concrete lining and signs of pollution were observed, the diversity and abundance of aquatic communities were generally limited. The aquatic fauna species recorded are either common or very common in Hong Kong.

10.5.1.14 Based on the geographical arrangement, the Assessment Area was divided into six major areas and their ecological baseline information would be described individually in Sections 10.5.2 to 10.5.7:

· Kam Sheung Road/Pat Heung (KSRPH) area (Section 10.5.2; Figure Nos. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/320 to 321 refer);

· Sha Po/Au Tau (SPAUT) area (Section 10.5.3; Figure Nos. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/321 to 325 refer);

· Ngau Tam Mei/Pok Wai (NTMPW) area (Section 10.5.4; Figure Nos. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/323 to 328 refer);

· San Tin/Shek Wu Wai (SATSWW) area (Section 10.5.5; Figure Nos. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/326 to 332 refer);

· Kwu Tung/Chau Tau (KTUCT) area (Section 10.5.6; Figure Nos. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/331 to 333 refer); and

· Tai Shu Ha area (Section 10.5.7; Figure No. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/334 refers).

10.5.2 Kam Sheung Road/Pat Heung Area

Overview

10.5.2.1 The KSRPH area (Figure Nos. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/320 to 321 refer) comprises the 500 m Assessment Area from the KSR(NOL) Station, KSR(NOL) overrun tunnel and enabling works to the south of KSR Station for potential southern extension.

10.5.2.2 The tributaries of KTMDC stretched from south to north across the KSRPH area, bounding the PHD and dividing the area into two halves. The eastern half was generally flat lowland, mostly comprising of developed area/wasteland habitat with mosaic of village/orchard, dry agricultural land, shrubland and grassland habitats. The western half was relatively hilly, and the area of developed area/wasteland habitat is smaller while grassland, shrubland, plantation and village/orchard habitats covered more area.

10.5.2.3 Overall, moderate floral (368 species) and moderate faunal (61 avifauna species; 62 butterfly species; 22 odonate species; seven amphibian species; eight reptile species; eight mammal species; 11 aquatic communities fauna species recorded in the aquatic sampling points) diversity was recorded in the KSRPH area.

Recognized Sites of Conservation Importance

10.5.2.4 Two recognized sites of conservation importance i.e. TLCP and a “CA” gazetted under OZP S/YL-KTS/15 - Kam Tin South were present within the KSRPH area. Both TLCP and “CA” were situated outside the 500 m area of KSR(NOL) Station. TLCP and “CA” were approximately 250 m and 25 m southwest and south of the enabling works of KSR(TML) Station for potential southern extension respectively.

Other Ecologically Sensitive Resources

10.5.2.5 Four ecologically sensitive resources i.e. WRCW, KTMDC, egretry and ANR identified within the KSRPH area fell within the 500 m area of KSR(NOL) Station. The NOL Alignment northwest of KSR(NOL) Station would traverse the WRCW and the tributary of KTMDC. The Kam Po Road Egretry and ANR was approximately 45 m west of the NOL Alignment, right next to the existing WR viaduct.

Habitat and Vegetation

10.5.2.6 A total of ten habitats were recorded within the KSRPH area. Representative photographs are provided in Appendix 10.1a, and comprehensive list of flora recorded is presented in Appendix 10.2b.

Table 10.5 Habitats Identified within the Kam Sheung Road/Pat Heung Area

Habitat Type	Approximate Size (ha)	Percentage of Area
WRCW	3.55	1.6%
Pond	0.07	<0.1%
Watercourse	5.73 (approx. 3.6 km)	2.6%
Dry Agricultural Land	3.40	1.5%
Mixed Woodland	3.56	1.6%
Plantation	14.48	6.6%
Shrubland	7.64	3.5%
Grassland	29.76	13.5%
Village/Orchard	11.36	5.2%
Developed Area/Wasteland	140.78	63.9%
Total	220.33	100.0%

Remark: The size and percentage included in this table is subject to rounding adjustments. Any discrepancies between total and sums of individual numbers listed therein are due to rounding.

Developed Area/Wasteland

10.5.2.7 Developed area/wasteland made up over half of the KSRPH area. The KSR(NOL) Station and its overrun tunnels fell within this habitat. It is man-made habitat and subject to constant human disturbance. It mainly comprised residential areas, infrastructure, landscaped areas, container yards, vehicle repair yards, workshops, open field and wastelands etc. Self-sown ruderal herbs e.g. Amaranthus viridis, Bidens alba, Solanum americanum and pioneer fast-growing trees and shrubs e.g. Bridelia tomentosa, Ficus hispida and Phyllanthus reticulatus were commonly recorded. Ornamental plants e.g. Allamanda cathartica, Delonix regia and Ixora coccinea were also planted. Two mature individuals of Ailanthus fordii, a floral species of conservation importance, was spotted on the roadside northwest of KSR(NOL) Station.

Watercourse

10.5.2.8 S-KP-1 is one of the upstream tributaries of KTMDC and the upstream section of S-SA-9 (Figure No. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/321 refers). It is a channelized drainage channel, connecting Ho Pui Channel and Upper Ho Pui Channel and running across the KSRPH area from south to north, feeding the KTMDC. Due to the inflatable dam downstream (Figure No. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/322 refers), S-KP-1 is not subject to tidal influence.

10.5.2.9 The watercourses ranged between 4 m to 28 m wide. Most sections were trapezoidal with grasscrete lining. Water flow was restricted to the dry weather flow channel in dry season, which was around 1 m wide. While it was under regular maintenance and vegetation clearance, the dry embankments and base slab were occasionally overgrown with ruderal herbs and shrubs e.g. Leucaena leucocephala, Mikania micrantha and Pueraria lobata var. thomsonii. Several tributaries were observed between villages, agricultural lands and plantations next to Tsing Long Highway and Kam Ho Road, which were all modified. The upper section of S-KP-1 is located above the NOL Alignment northwest of KSR(NOL) Station. Both the upper sections of S-KP-1 and Ho Pui Channel would be encroached by works sites.

Village/Orchard

10.5.2.10 Village/orchard habitat refers to areas with low-rise village houses interspersed with patches of fruit tree cultivation. The proposed works site that required to support the cut-and-cover tunnelling works would encroach this habitat near Pat Heung. It mainly scattered in various sizes in the west of Tsing Long Highway and east of Kam Po Road. While fruit trees e.g. Carica papaya, Mangifera indica and Psidium guajava, and ornamental plants e.g. Dracaena marginata, Dypsis lutescens were cultivated, self-sown ruderal herbs e.g. Coccinia grandis, Lygodium japonicum and fast-growing shrubs and trees e.g. Flueggea virosa, Microcos nervosa were also recorded in this habitat.

Plantation

10.5.2.11 Plantation habitat was mostly identified as roadside plantation on engineered slope along Tsing Long Highway and Kam Ho Road, some of which was within “CA. In general, this habitat was dominated by exotic trees e.g. Eucalyptus spp., Acacia spp., Melaleuca cajuputi cumingiana, forming a sparse canopy of about 7 m to 8 m tall. The understory was sparse with limited diversity of fast-growing native small trees and shrubs e.g. Ficus hispida, Microcos nervosa and Psychotria asiatica, and exotic species e.g. Ipomoea cairica, Lantana camara and Wedelia trilobata.

Shrubland

10.5.2.12 Majority of shrubland were found on the lower slopes of hillside abutting the developed area and adjoining the upper grassland habitat within the “CA” and TLCP next to Tsing Long Highway, while some patches were recorded on lowland near Pat Heung. Among the latter, some may be associated with the adjacent village/orchard and dry agricultural land habitats and likely succeeded from abandoned agricultural lands while some may be succeeded from abandoned fields. All these shrublands had simple structure and low to moderate floral diversity. The hillside shrubland generally comprised tall shrubs e.g. Ilex pubescens, Ficus hirta, Microcos nervosa and small and young trees e.g. Aporosa dioica and Litsea glutinosa. The lowland shrubland recorded fast-growing species e.g. Macaranga tanarius var. tomentosa, Bauhinia spp. and exotic weed particularly Leucaena leucocephala.

Grassland

10.5.2.13 Grassland habitat within the KSRPH area includes hillside and low-lying grasslands. Hillside grasslands mostly distributed on the hill slopes and upland areas e.g. those on both sides of Tsing Long Highway within TLCP and “CA”. Low-lying grasslands were recorded on the eastern side of Kam Po Road in Pat Heung.

10.5.2.14 Hillside grasslands in the KSRPH area serve as burial grounds thus are susceptible to periodic hill fires, which arrest ecological succession. As a result, the floral composition of these grasslands was composed of pioneer light-demanding herbs and shrubs e.g. Dicranopteris pedata, Neyraudia reynaudiana and Baeckea frutescens with sporadic small trees e.g. Melia azedarach, Litsea glutinosa and Trema tomentosa.

10.5.2.15 Low-lying grasslands largely succeeded from fallow fields and dried up ponds and were scattered across the KSRPH area. They were commonly vegetated with ruderal grasses and herbs e.g. Miscanthus floridulus, Panicum maximum, Alocasia macrorrhizos and Cuscuta campestris.

West Rail Compensatory Wetland

10.5.2.16 WRCW is a constructed and managed wetland habitat, which comprises a diversity of wetland habitats including seasonal marshes, permanent marshes, permanent ponds with some terrestrial habitats. WRCW Land Parcels C, I and J are located at the northeast of KSR(NOL) Station.

10.5.2.17 Land Parcel J was located along the NOL Alignment for approximately 440 m. Permanent marshes and terrestrial habitats were created within Parcel J, which recorded herbs e.g. Grangea maderaspatana, Persicaria spp. and Fimbristylis spp. and planted shrubs and trees along the boundary e.g. Callistemon viminalis, Chukrasia tabularis, Gardenia jasminoides var. fortuniana, Ilex rotunda var. microcarpa and Rhaphiolepis indica for screening purpose. The mature tree stands, mainly Ilex rotunda var. microcarpa and Macaranga tanarius var. tomentosa along the western edge of Parcel J, between the existing WRL viaduct and Kam Po Road, were utilized as both egretry and ANR. Land Parcel C, to the northeast of Land Parcel J, was also located along the NOL Alignment by approximately 20 m and consisted of terrestrial habitats and permanent ponds. The floral composition comprised wetland vegetation within or around the waterbodies and some terrestrial vegetation along the land parcel fringes.

Pond

10.5.2.18 Only two isolated ponds were recorded within the KSRPH area, west of Tsing Long Highway. They were either fenced off or situated among villages and were seemingly under constant maintenance as they were not overgrown or colonized by vegetation and had open water. They appeared to be irrigation pond and not fishponds for aquacultural purpose.

Dry Agricultural Land

10.5.2.19 Patches of dry agricultural lands were located south and southwest of KSR(NOL) Station. This habitat consisted of a mosaic of active and inactive agricultural lands, which were observed to be dry throughout the survey period. It was under constant maintenance and human influence.

10.5.2.20 In active agricultural lands, dryland crop species including Brassica spp., Coriandrum sativum, Ocimum basilicum and Zea mays, and fruit trees e.g. Carica papaya, Musa x paradisiaca were commonly cultivated. Ruderal herbaceous vegetation e.g. Alternanthera philoxeroides, Conyza canadensis and Pouzolzia zeylanica often grew on the field bunds or ditches.

10.5.2.21 Inactive agricultural lands were often found interspersed among or in the periphery of the active dry agricultural lands. These inactive fields were either temporarily or permanently abandoned and overgrown with a thick mat of weedy species e.g. Wedelia trilobata, Ipomoea cairica, Cuscuta campestris and Ageratum conyzoides.

Mixed Woodland

10.5.2.22 Mixed woodland habitat in the KSRPH area was scattered and small in sizes. Mixed woodland habitat was characterized by the tree canopies which consisted of both exotic and native trees.

10.5.2.23 An isolated knoll of mixed woodland was identified northwest of the KSR(NOL) Station. The semi-open canopy of about 7 m to 9 m comprised mostly the exotic plantation tree Acacia confusa, with native trees e.g. Celtis sinensis, Macaranga tanarius var. tomentosa and Sterculia lanceolata in the middle layer. Native and exotic shrubs e.g. Desmos chinensis, Ligustrum sinense and Zanthoxylum nitidum were recorded in the understory.

10.5.2.24 A patch of hillside mixed woodland located partly within the “CA” also had a semi-open canopy, consisting of Acacia confusa, Dimocarpus longan and Ficus microcarpa. Sparse understory was observed.

Terrestrial Fauna

Avifauna

10.5.2.25 A total of 61 species of avifauna were recorded in the KSRPH area. Avifauna species were recorded in most of the habitats and concentrated in WRCW, watercourse, developed area/wasteland, followed by village/orchard, dry agricultural land and shrubland. Majority of the recorded species being species are common and widely distributed locally, and/or species that are highly adapted to urbanised settings. Wetland-dependent species, e.g. Chinese Pond Heron, Little Egret, Black Kite (Milvus migrans), Eastern Buzzard (Buteo japonicus), White-breasted Waterhen, Little Ringed Plover (Charadrius dubius), Common Sandpiper, White-throated Kingfisher (Halcyon smyrnensis) and Collared Crow mainly recorded in WRCW and watercourse.

10.5.2.26 Among all the recorded species, 11 of them are of conservation importance. These include Black Kite, Black-winged Stilt, Chinese Pond Heron, Collared Crow, Eastern Buzzard, Eurasian Teal (Anas crecca), Greater Coucal, Grey Heron, Little Egret, Mandarin Duck (Aix galericulata) and White-cheeked Starling (Spodiopsar cineraceus). The species of conservation importance mostly concentrated in wetland habitats i.e. WRCW, watercourse and developed area/wasteland, while a few sightings occurred in shrubland, grassland and village/orchard within the Kam Sheung Road and Pat Heung area (Figure Nos. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/320 to 321 refer).

10.5.2.27 No species of conservation importance was recorded within the KSR(NOL) Station and the works site to the south of KSR(NOL) Station. The full list of avifauna species recorded in the KSRPH area is given in Appendix 10.3b.

Kam Po Road Egretry

10.5.2.28 Chinese Pond Heron and Little Egret were observed utilizing the Kam Po Road Egretry, which is located along the western boundary of the Parcel J of the WRCW between the existing WRL viaduct and Kam Po Road. A maximum number of 50 nests was recorded at the egretry (Table 10.6 refers). The nesting and breeding activities were recorded at stands of Ilex rotunda Thunb. var. microcarpa cultivated at the WRCW. Most of the ardeid nests were recorded on trees closer to the WRCW.

Table 10.6 Number of Nests Recorded at Kam Po Road Egretry

Species	Apr 2021	May 2021	Jun 2021	Jul 2021	Aug 2021
Chinese Pond Heron	26	28	17	8	-
Little Egret	22	19	21	5	2
Unidentified nests¹	2	2	2	3	1
Total	50	49	40	16	3

Note:

(1) Unidentified nests as to which ardeid species they belonged to.

10.5.2.29 A total of nine ardeid flight paths from the Kam Po Road Egretry in Pat Heung were observed (Figure No. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/335 refers). During flight path surveys, majority of the breeding ardeids was recorded heading towards downstream section of the Kam Tin River, including about 50% of the ardeids flying northwest along the Kam Tin River (i.e. flight path 1), and about 22% flying along the WRL viaduct (i.e. flight paths 2 and 3). The remaining 28% commuted to other directions including flying towards the upstream direction of the Kam Tin River or southwest towards Cheung Ngau Shan (i.e. flight paths 4 - 9) (Figure No. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/335 and Table A1 of Appendix 10.5a refer). Overall, almost half of the ardeids (about 43%) flew at heights between 15 m to 20 m, followed by 10 m to 15 m (about 23%), 20 m to 25 m (about 16%) and 25 m to 30 m (about 12%). Only a small proportion of them flew at 5 m to 10 m (about 6%) and 30 m to 35 m (less than 1%) (Table A2 of Appendix 10.5a refers). Flight paths 3 to 7 intersected with the WRL viaduct and the ardeids either flew underneath the viaduct or passed over the viaduct then continued their flights towards the upstream direction of Kam Tin River. Some ardeids were observed flying under the WRL viaduct then stopped on trees within the WRCW.

Kam Po Road Ardeid Night Roost

10.5.2.30 Besides the Kam Po Road Egretry, a newly established ANR was also recorded at similar location (Figure No. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/336 refers). Since the extent of night roost site largely coincide with the egretry, it was only observed in the survey conducted near the end of the ardeid breeding season (i.e. August 2021) that the site in Kam Po Road not only served as a breeding site but also a night roost for ardeids. The ANR is about 40 m from the NOL Alignment. A number of Chinese Pond Heron, Little Egret and Great Egret (between 6 and 129 individuals in total) was recorded at the night roost (Table 10.7 refers). The ardeids generally returned to the ANR approximately 30 minutes before or after sunset and roosted at the canopy of a group of Ilex rotunda var. microcarpa and Macaranga tanarius var. tomentosa.

Table 10.7 Number and Species of Night Roosting Ardeid Recorded at Kam Po Road Ardeid Night Roost

Survey Month	Species Recorded				Sunset Time during Survey	Time of Return
Survey Month	Chinese Pond Heron	Little Egret	Great Egret	Total	Sunset Time during Survey	Time of Return
Aug 2021	16	109	4	129	18:42	18:02-19:07
Sep 2021	24	30	-	54	18:15	17:42-18:32
Oct 2021	17	15	-	32	17:49	17:31-18:05
Nov 2021	15	13	1	29	17:40	17:25-18:01
Dec 2021	26	13	-	39	17:44	16:55-17:51
Jan 2022	15	2	-	17	18:00	17:11-17:51
Feb 2022	4	2	-	6	18:20	17:45-18:06
Mar 2022	2	20	-	22	18:37	18:05-18:46

10.5.2.31 A total of 10 major ardeid flight paths to the ANR in Kam Po Road were observed (Figure No. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/336 refers). More than half of the ardeids flew into the ANR from the downstream of Kam Tin River, including 26% of them from northwest along the Kam Tin River (i.e. flight path 1) and 13% along the WRL viaduct (i.e. flight paths 2 and 3). About 17% and 20% of them arrived the ANR from the northeast direction (flight path 4) and from upstream Kam Tin River in east or southeast direction (flight paths 5 - 9), respectively. The remaining 24% returned to the ANR from the direction of Cheung Ngau Shan located southwest to the roost (i.e. flight path 10; Table A1 of Appendix 10.5b refer). There was a distinctive pattern of flight height between different flight paths. The returning ardeids utilizing flight paths 1 to 3 mainly flew at a high height between 20 m to 30 m. Flight height of flight path 4 was relatively lower which nearly 35% of the ardeids flew at between 20 m to 25 m and about 65% flew at height between 0 m to 20 m, while ardeids using flight paths 5 to 10 mostly flew at height below 20 m (Table A2 of Appendix 10.5b refers). For flight paths 3 to 8 which intersected with the WRL viaduct, the ardeids mainly flew over the viaduct to return to their roosts.

Butterfly

10.5.2.32 A total of 62 species of butterfly were recorded in the KSRPH area. Butterfly species were recorded in all habitats. Pieris spp. were common in the dry agricultural land and village/orchard of the KSRPH area. Most of the recorded butterfly species are very common and common in Hong Kong.

10.5.2.33 Among all the recorded species, three of them are of conservation importance. These include Small Cabbage White (Pieris rapae crucivora), Danaid Eggfly (Hypolimnas misippus) and Tiny Grass Blue (Zizula hylax). These species of conservation importance were recorded in WRCW, dry agricultural land, mixed woodland, shrubland, grassland and developed area/wasteland within the KSRPH area while Tiny Grass Blue was also recorded in the shrubland in TLCP (Figure Nos. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/320 to 321 refer). No species of conservation importance was recorded within the KSR(NOL) Station and the works site/area of enabling works. The full list of butterfly species recorded in the KSRPH area is given in Appendix 10.3b.

Odonate

10.5.2.34 A total of 22 odonate species were recorded in KSRPH area. Odonate species were recorded in WRCW, pond, watercourse, dry agricultural land, shrubland, grassland, village/orchard and developed area/wasteland. Most of the recorded odonate species are abundant or common and also widespread to very widespread in Hong Kong.

10.5.2.35 No species of conservation importance were recorded within the KSRPH area. The full list of odonate species recorded in the KSRPH area is presented in Appendix 10.3b.

Herpetofauna

10.5.2.36 A total of seven amphibian species and eight reptile species were recorded in the KSRPH area. Herpetofauna species were recorded in habitats include developed area/wasteland, watercourse, grassland, shrubland and WRCW. Most of the recorded herpetofauna species are species that are widely distributed in Hong Kong. Introduced species, i.e. Greenhouse Frog (Eleutherodactylus planirostris) and Red-eared Slider (Trachemys scripta elegans), were occasionally recorded within the WRCW. No species of conservation importance was recorded. The full list of herpetofauna species recorded in the KSRPH area is presented in Appendix 10.3b.

Mammal

10.5.2.37 A total of eight mammal species were recorded in the KSRPH area. These include Eurasian Wild Pig (Sus scrofa), Chinese Noctule (Nyctalus plancyi), Japanese Pipistrelle, Lesser Bamboo Bat, Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bat, unknown Vespertilionidae species 1, unknown Vespertilionidae species 2 and Pallas's Squirrel. Except for Eurasian Wild Pig, the other seven species recorded were of conservation importance. The species were recorded in watercourse, dry agricultural land, village/ orchard, grassland, developed area/wasteland, shrubland, plantation and WRCW within the KSRPH area (Figure Nos. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/320 to 321 refer). Except the unknown Vespertilionidae species, all of the recorded mammal species are very common and common in Hong Kong. Japanese Pipistrelle was abundant in developed area/wasteland and occasionally recorded in watercourse. The unknown Vespertilionidae species 1 was also occasional in developed area/wasteland. The full list of mammal species recorded in the KSRPH area is presented in Appendix 10.3b.

Aquatic Communities

10.5.2.38 A total of four aquatic sampling points, namely FS12, FS13, FS17 and FS19 are located within the KSRPH area. A total of 11 aquatic fauna species were recorded in these aquatic sampling points. All the recorded aquatic fauna species are common and/or very common in Hong Kong. Apple Snail (Pomacea canaliculata) was recorded in all the aquatic sampling points except FS13. This species is considered as invasive species in Hong Kong. No species of conservation importance was recorded.

10.5.2.39 FS12, FS13 and FS19 are located within modified watercourse, the aquatic communities recorded within the three sampling points were limited and predominantly consisted of gastropods (i.e. Apple Snail and Planorididae) and Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).

10.5.2.40 FS17 is located within the WRCW. A total of 11 species were recorded in the sampling point including Water Mite (Hydrachnidia sp.), Nile Tilapia, Red-faced Skimmer larvae, freshwater snail Planorbidae, Apple Snail, Blood Worm (Chironomus plumosus), non-biting midge Chironomidae, Backswimmer (Enithares sp.), Leech, Waterskater/Water strider (Metrocoris sp.) and Tadpole Snail (Haitia acuta). Despite the relatively high number of aquatic communities species recorded in the sampling point, some of the species are pollution-tolerant species, such as leech and blood worm. Dead fish were also observed in a pond near the sampling point during the survey.

10.5.2.41 The full list of aquatic communities species recorded each of the sampling points in the KSRPH area is presented in Appendix 10.3h.

10.5.3 Sha Po/Au Tau Area

Overview

10.5.3.1 The SPAUT area (Figure Nos. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/321 to 325 refer) comprises the 500 m Assessment Area of the NOL Alignment across Sha Po and Au Tau, connecting the Shui Mei Road Ancillary Building (EAP/EEP/VB) (SMA), AUT Station and Pok Wai Ancillary Building (EAP/EEP/VB) (PWA), and also the temporary CLP Substation adjoining San Tam Road.

10.5.3.2 While developed area/wasteland habitat comprised majority of this area, a significant number of modified and natural watercourses were identified, which largely ran from east to west and eventually into the KTMDC. KTMDC is the largest modified watercourse habitat as it runs across the area from south to north. While only two habitats i.e. developed area/wasteland and plantation were present west to the KTMDC, an array of habitats were identified east to the channel, some of which were hydrologically connected to the channel, i.e. marsh/reed, pond, WRCW, natural and modified watercourses. Up in the north of the SPAUT area, relatively natural habitats including woodland, mixed woodland and hillside grassland were found.

10.5.3.3 Overall, moderate floral (428 species) and moderate to high faunal (102 avifauna species; 68 butterfly species; 34 odonate species; eight amphibian species; four reptile species; 16 mammal species; 20 aquatic communities fauna species recorded in the aquatic sampling points) diversity was recorded in the SPAUT area.

Recognized Sites of Conservation Importance

10.5.3.4 Four recognized sites of conservation importance, i.e. LTCP, “CA”, WCA and WBA, were identified within the SPAUT Area. LTCP is situated in the upland area on Kai Kung Leng, with the proposed underground alignment beneath. A total of two “CA” were present in this area, i.e. the “CA” gazetted under OZP S/YL-KTN/9 – Kam Tin North traversed by the underground alignment south of SMA near WRCW Land Parcels E, D and M and also north of AUT Station along the hillside of Kai Kung Leng, and the “CA” gazetted under Nam Sang Wai OZP No. S/YL-NSW/8 at approximately 310 m west of the alignment near Pok Wai and largely coincides with the WCA. WBA was approximately 65 m west of the works site/area of AUT Station, with Tsing Long Highway in-between.

Other Ecologically Sensitive Resources

10.5.3.5 Six ecologically sensitive resources namely WRCW, Sha Po Marsh, KTMDC, YLBFEW, ANRs (the known Sha Po ANR and a newly recorded ANR next to KTMDC in Ko Po Road) and fishponds were identified within the SPAUT area and another ecologically sensitive resource, i.e. Tung Shing Lane Egretry, was in vicinity to this area (Figure No. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/316 refers). Sha Po ANR and Ko Po Road ANR were located at about 310 m northwest and 600 m south of works site/area of SMA respectively.

Habitat and Vegetation

10.5.3.6 A total of 13 habitats were identified within the SPAUT area. More than half of the area belonged to developed area/wasteland habitat (about 63%), followed by watercourse (about 9%) and grassland (about 6%). Representative photographs are provided in Appendix 10.1b, and a comprehensive list of flora recorded is presented in Appendix 10.2c.

Table 10.8 Habitats Identified within the Sha Po/Au Tau Area

Habitat Type	Approximate Size (ha)	Percentage of Area
Marsh/Reed	14.15	4.2%
WRCW	7.28	2.1%
Pond	21.32	6.3%
Watercourse	29.94 (approx. 9.7 km)	8.8%
Seasonally Wet Grassland	1.71	0.5%
Dry Agricultural Land	1.97	0.6%
Woodland	7.07	2.1%
Mixed Woodland	3.32	1.0%
Plantation	14.53	4.3%
Shrubland	0.34	0.1%
Grassland	19.36	5.7%
Village/Orchard	3.75	1.1%
Developed Area/Wasteland	213.98	63.2%
Total	338.72	100.0%

Remark: The size and percentage included in this table is subject to rounding adjustments. Any discrepancies between total and sums of individual numbers listed therein are due to rounding.

Developed Area/Wasteland

10.5.3.7 Most of the SPAUT area was occupied by developed area/wasteland habitat, which would coincide with some sections of the alignment, works site/area of SMA, and the whole of AUT station and PWA. Sha Po ANR was located in this habitat (Figure No. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/316 refers).

10.5.3.8 This habitat is man-made in nature and subject to constant human disturbance, which included urban and residential areas (e.g. Park Yoho and Riva), village areas with three-storeyed houses (e.g. Mo Fan Heung, Cheung Chun San Tsuen and Sha Po Tsuen), infrastructure, landscaped areas, open storage areas, container yards, vehicle repair yards, workshops, warehouses, abandoned lands, open field and wastelands etc. Most of the floral species recorded were exotic, which comprised roadside trees or ornamental plants e.g. Bombax ceiba, Calliandra haematocephala, Dracaena fragrans and self-sown naturalized or weedy species e.g. Leucaena leucocephala, Wedelia trilobata, Panicum maximum, Ligustrum sinense, interspersed with common native plants e.g. Ficus hispida, Neyraudia reynaudiana, Alocasia macrorrhizos. In general, this habitat was subject to constant human disturbances e.g. regular maintenance, traffic noise, glare and other human activities.

Marsh/Reed

10.5.3.9 Marsh/reed of various patch sizes were scattered in the SPAUT area. Sha Po Marsh, which is in the immediate south of AUT Station, is the largest patch identified in SPAUT area and across the Assessment Area. It is a restored brackish marsh, receiving tidal backflow from KTMDC via culverts beneath San Tam Road. The Sha Po Marsh could be divided into northern, middle and southern compartments. The northern compartment was not actively managed, and the middle and southern ones were managed by Park Yoho.

10.5.3.10 The southern compartment was more actively managed than the middle compartment, where ornamental plants e.g. Calliandra haematocephala, Caesalpinia pulcherrima and Ruellia coerulea were cultivated along footpaths. Both compartments were generally dominated by Phragmites australis, followed by Typha angustifolia, with isolated stands of mangrove plants e.g. Kandelia obovata and Acrostichum aureum growing near the inlets. Ruderal plants e.g. Leucaena leucocephala, Brachiaria mutica and Zanthoxylum nitidum were prominent around the dry edges of the marsh. In the northern compartment, brackish plants e.g. Acrostichum aureum, Cyperus malaccensis and Sonneratia caseolaris were present near the inlet and replaced by ruderal herbs e.g. Brachiaria mutica, Ipomoea cairica and Mikania micrantha further inland. A floral species of conservation importance, Schoenoplectus subulatus, was identified in the northern compartment next to the underground alignment.

10.5.3.11 While the Sha Po Marsh is a restored brackish marsh, the other marshes appeared to have derived as a result of settlement of soils in poorly drained areas along the banks of the abandoned meanders of the KTMDC and in watercourses e.g. S-SA-6 and S-SA-6a, or from abandoned ponds or farmlands. The former was brackish and under tidal action, usually dominated by native herb Cyperus malaccensis and occasionally native mangrove Acrostichum aureum and exotic mangrove Sonneratia spp. The latter were freshwater marsh overgrown with aquatic herbs e.g. Colocasia esculenta, Typha angustifolia and Cyclosorus interruptus. Ruderal herbs e.g. Bidens alba and Panicum repens often grew on the side. All these marshes were mostly small and scattered. A cluster of floral species of conservation importance Persicaria orientalis was found in one of the freshwater marshes east of AFCD Au Tau Fisheries Office.

10.5.3.12 Marsh/reed was present within the YLBFEW, west of Nam San Wai Road in WCA and “CA”. It was also identified next to YLBFEW within WCA. While the former is maintained by AFCD, both were converted from abandoned fishponds thus had similar floral composition to other freshwater marshes mentioned above.

10.5.3.13 The marsh west of Kam Tin Mung Yeung Public School was within the “CA” and mostly consisted of aquatic herbs e.g. Alocasia macrorrhizos, Colocasia esculenta, Typha angustifolia with some terrestrial plants e.g. Ficus hispida, Macaranga tanarius var. tomentosa and Wedelia trilobata on the periphery.

West Rail Compensatory Wetland

10.5.3.14 WRCW (Land Parcels A, B, B1, D, E, F and M) are located next to KTMDC, and along the WRL viaduct and the alignment between KSR(NOL) Station and AUT Station within the SPAUT area. Some of these wetland parcels (Land Parcels A, B, D and E) coincided with “CA”.

10.5.3.15 WRCW is a constructed wetland habitat, which comprises a diversity of wetland habitats including seasonal marshes, permanent marshes, permanent ponds with some terrestrial habitats. The marshes were vegetated with a moderate diversity of wetland herbaceous species e.g. Cyperus malaccensis, Cyclosorus interruptus, Persicaria lapathifolia and Ludwigia adscendens while common herbs e.g. Brachiaria mutica, Imperata cylindrica var. major and Wedelia trilobata covered the upland terrestrial areas. Shrubs e.g. Gardenia jasminoides var. fortuniana and Rhaphiolepis indica and trees e.g. Celtis sinensis, Sapium sebiferum and Chukrasia tabularis were planted sporadically across the terrestrial areas or along the edges of the wetland parcels as screening from disturbances from adjacent roads. One floral species of conservation importance namely Saururus chinensis was recorded in this habitat.

Pond

10.5.3.16 Majority of the ponds identified within SPAUT area were active and inactive fishponds. Active fishponds were managed for fish culture activities and were drained from time to time for fish harvesting, water quality control and ploughing. The bunds were subject to regular grass trimming. Inactive ponds were either not actively managed or abandoned. Their pond bunds were overgrown with similar composition of herbaceous vegetation and surrounded by mature trees.

10.5.3.17 Ponds south to Cheung Chun San Tsuen would be traversed by the alignment between KSR(NOL) Station and SMA. They formed a contiguous block of pond habitat and were among the most extensive in the whole Assessment Area. The northernmost few were partly within the “CA” and inactive, of which the pond bunds were occupied by trees e.g. Artocarpus heterophyllus, Dimocarpus longan, Leucaena leucocephala, and Melia azedarach, and ruderal herbs e.g. Bidens alba, Panicum maximum and Alocasia macrorrhizos.

10.5.3.18 The rest of them were actively operated for fish culture. Common self-sown herbaceous vegetation e.g. Panicum maximum, Bidens alba, Wedelia trilobata and Cuscuta campestris often colonized the pond bunds while a few fruit trees including Carica papaya and Musa x paradisiaca and trees such as Melia azedarach were found on the bunds.

10.5.3.19 The AFCD Au Tau Fisheries Office was located west to the SMA. Majority of the fishponds inside were active while the westernmost one was inactive. The grasses and herbs recorded on the pond bunds were similar to those mentioned previously but trimmed regularly and no trees grew on the bunds.

10.5.3.20 Inactive fishponds were identified in WCA, west of Nam San Wai Road. Active fishponds were also found west of Mo Fan Heung within WCA and “CA”. Other smaller or isolated ponds in the SPAUT area included the concrete-lined ornamental ponds west of Park Yoho, where few islands of Phragmites australis and ornamental plants were planted, and a small pond in the northern tip of Sha Po Marsh, which was likely associated with the adjacent Sha Po Sewage Pumping Station. The ponds within YLBFEW in WCA and “CA”, west of Nam San Wai Road, were part of the mitigation wetland. In general, the pond bund of these ponds was colonized by dense mats of grasses e.g. Panicum spp. and weeds e.g. Ipomoea cairica and Leucaena leucocephala.

Watercourse

10.5.3.21 KTMDC is a modified section of Kam Tin River, which spanned diagonally across the SPAUT area from southeast to northwest. The channel width of KTMDC is between about 65 m and 130 m. The watercourses around Sha Po, near Park Yoho and south of Cheung Chun San Tsuen feed into KTMDC. It is highly subject to tidal influence, in which benthic riverbed near the embankments would expose in low tide. Strips of aquatic vegetation e.g. Cyperus malaccensis and Alternanthera philoxeroides grew along the lowest part of the embankment while ruderal herbs e.g. Bothriochloa bladhii and Panicum maximum were found further up the dry section of the embankment.

10.5.3.22 All other watercourses of narrower width, smaller waterflow and various degree of modification and naturalness in the SPAUT area were tributaries of the KTMDC, to most of which connected through culverts underneath Tsing Long Highway and San Tam Road.

10.5.3.23 S-SA-10 was highly modified and had vertical concrete wall and concrete bottom deposited with sand and mud, but no vegetation was recorded. It was about 6 m to 8 m wide, and the water was about 0.2 m to 0.5 m deep and of inferior quality. It flowed from east to west, discharging into the downstream of NTMDC beyond the Assessment Area, eventually joining the KTMDC.

10.5.3.24 S-SA-1 and S-SA-6 were abandoned meanders of KTMDC, which were in the northwest of Sha Po Marsh within WBA and south of AFCD Au Tau Fisheries Office respectively, ranging between 25 m and 55 m wide. As they were connected to the KTMDC via underground culverts, they were still under tidal influence and brackish aquatic plants e.g. Cyperus malaccensis, Phragmites australis and Sonneratia caseolaris were recorded. Both abandoned meanders received water from smaller modified tributaries.

10.5.3.25 S-SA-2 and S-SA-3, within the Sha Po Marsh, were relatively natural where the bottom consisted of sand and mud and bankside vegetation e.g. Alternanthera philoxeroides, Brachiaria mutica and Ipomoea cairica were present. S-SA-2 received discharge from an underground culvert underneath Sha Po Sewage Pumping Station. Water in the upper section of S-SA-2 was relatively stagnant and of inferior quality. The lower section of S-SA-2 was subject to tidal influence through the inlet, with muddy substratum and some brackish herbs e.g. Cyperus malaccensis, which were quickly replaced and overgrown by ruderal herbs e.g. Brachiaria mutica and Ipomoea cairica. S-SA-3 received discharge from its upstream watercourse S-SA-4. Both S-SA-2 and S-SA-3 were connected to KTMDC via underground culverts underneath San Tam Road and Tsing Long Highway but only the downstream sections near the outlets were subject to tidal influence.

10.5.3.26 S-SA-4 originated from the marsh, seasonally wet grassland and developed area/wasteland habitats in the east, collecting runoff from these habitats and discharging into S-SA-3. It was a small trapezoidal nullah of about 1.3 m wide going around Sha Po Tsuen, with concrete banks colonized by ruderal vegetation e.g. Lantana camara and Leucaena leucocephala. The water was stagnant and of inferior quality. Water depth was estimated to be about 0.3 m. Some sections of S-SA-S4 were overgrown with aquatic herbs e.g. Alternanthera sessilis, Brachiaria mutica and Ranunculus sceleratus.

10.5.3.27 S-SA-5 ran between developed area/wasteland habitat and was about 10 m to 18 m wide, with both concrete and gabion-lined vertical banks in different sections, where ruderal plants e.g. Neyraudia reynaudiana, Leucaena leucocephala and Wedelia trilobata were present sporadically. A naturalized floating herb, Eichhornia crassipes, colonized some sections of the watercourse, with a few patches of Cyperus malaccensis and Phragmites australis on the side. The water was slow flowing and of inferior quality.

10.5.3.28 S-SA-7 was a trapezoidal nullah between 5 m and 17 m wide. Water flow of about 0.2 m deep was restricted to the approximately 0.3 m wide dry weather flow channel in the middle. The water was slow-flowing and of inferior quality. Few stands of Sagittaria platyphylla grew in the dry weather flow channel while some ruderal herbs e.g. Cynodon dactylon, Melinis repens and Bothriochloa bladhii grew on the concrete banks. S-SA-7a, the eastern tributary of S-SA-7 southeast of Shui Tau Village, was relatively natural and likely an abandoned meander of Kam Tin River. It was about 12 m to 13 m wide and the banks had limited vegetation coverage by ruderal grasses e.g. Panicum maximum and sporadic tree stands e.g. Melia azedarach. The water was slow-flowing and around 0.5 m deep. The water quality was slightly inferior, but no source of pollution was observed.

10.5.3.29 Two main tributaries of KTMDC i.e. S-SA-8 and S-SA-9 joined at Kam Tin Low Flow Pumping Station and Inflatable Dams into the KTMDC, in which S-SA-8 would be passed through by the NOL Alignment. Due to the inflatable dam, they are not subject to tidal influence. They were both trapezoidal nullah between around 20 m to 30 m wide with grassed cellular concrete lining. While it was under regular maintenance and vegetation clearance, the dry embankments were occasionally overgrown with ruderal herbs and shrubs e.g. Leucaena leucocephala, Mikania micrantha and Pueraria lobata var. thomsonii.

10.5.3.30 Few hillside watercourses i.e. S-SA-11 and S-SA-12 are likely present on the southwestern side of Kai Kung Leng near Mo Fan Heung but they are located behind village areas and inaccessible.

Seasonally Wet Grassland

10.5.3.31 A few patches of seasonally wet grassland were identified northeast of Sha Po and west of Shui Tau Village. The former with larger area appeared to have been succeeded from poorly drained abandoned farmlands while the latter was from isolated dried out ponds and often grazed by buffalos. This habitat was wet most of the time in wet season and dry in dry season, consisting of wetland-associated plants e.g. Brachiaria mutica, Colocasia esculenta, Hedychium coronarium and Sesbania cannabina and some upland exotic ruderal herbs e.g. Mikania micrantha and Wedelia trilobata.

Dry Agricultural Land

10.5.3.32 A few small patches of dry agricultural lands were found near the eastern limit of the SPAUT area in Sha Po, Shui Tau Village and west of Mo Fan Heung. Dry crops e.g. Beta vulgaris, Brassica spp., Pisum sativum and Zea mays were cultivated in this habitat throughout the survey period. Some fruit trees e.g. Hylocereus undatus, Musa x paradisiaca, Litchi chinensis were planted in low abundance.

Woodland

10.5.3.33 The extensive woodland on the southwestern side of Kai Kung Leng adjoined the upper plantation and grassland habitats. The hillside woodland largely fell within the “CA”. It consisted of small strips of relatively mature lowland woodland which remained undisturbed from previous development and mostly relatively young hillside woodland regenerated through succession. The former consisted of native trees e.g. Celtis sinensis, Schefflera heptaphylla, with occasional exotic Melia azedarach and a few emergent exotic afforestation trees of Eucalyptus spp, forming a semi-closed canopy of about 7 m to 8 m tall. The latter had a semi-open canopy formed by younger native trees e.g. Acronychia pedunculata, Aporosa dioica and Cratoxylum cochinchinense of about 5 m to 7 m tall. Exotic afforestation tree species Pinus elliottii were scattered throughout. Common small trees and shrubs e.g. Melicope pteleifolia, Psychotria asiatica and Uvaria macrophylla formed a relatively limited understory. Graves were scattered in the lower hillside of this woodland and connected with occasional footpaths. Three floral species of conservation importance namely Aquilaria sinensis, Cibotium barometz and Gnetum luofuense were recorded in this habitat.

Mixed Woodland

10.5.3.34 Mixed woodlands scattered in small strips or areas in the SPAUT Area, one of the small areas was recorded along the southern foot of Kai Kung Leng within “CA” and LTCP, adjoining the grassland upslope and woodland. This habitat was characterized by the tree canopies which consisted of exotic trees e.g. Acacia auriculiformis, Acacia confusa, Ficus benjamina and native trees e.g. Ficus microcarpa and Celtis sinensis. The canopy was generally semi-closed and around 7 m to 11 m tall. Understory consisted of short trees e.g. Celtis sinensis, Musa x paradisiaca, exotic herbs and shrubs e.g. Asystasia micrantha, Malvaviscus penduliflorus, Parthenocissus dalzielii and native fast-growing small trees e.g. Litsea glutinosa and Macaranga tanarius var. tomentosa.

Plantation

10.5.3.35 Plantation was mainly present in strips along the roadside of Pok Wai Road, San Tam Road, Tsing Long Highway, Yuen Long Highway, Tsing Long Highway and in Riva as well as small areas on the hillside of Kai Kung Leng. These roadside plantations consisted of predominately exotic plantation trees e.g. Acacia spp., Casuarina equisetifolia and Eucalyptus spp. The understory was rather limited and made of grasses and herbs e.g. Bidens alba, Panicum maximum and Passiflora foetida, and occasionally exotic ornamental plants e.g. Callistemon viminalis and Senna siamea. The canopy of the hillside plantation was dominated by exotic plantation trees e.g. Lophostemon confertus and Eucalyptus spp. It was discontinuous and around 8 to 10 m tall. The understory was limited, consisting of mostly native pioneer small trees and shrubs e.g. Melicope pteleifolia, Psychotria asiatica and herbs e.g. Dicranopteris pedata and Blechnum orientale. Ko Po Road ANR was identified within this habitat (Figure No. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/322 refers).

Shrubland

10.5.3.36 A small patch of shrubland was identified west of Shui Tai Village. As it was fenced and located among ponds and WRCW, observation was conducted by binoculars and drone photography. It was dominated by exotic weed Leucaena leucocephala, interspersed with some native short trees e.g. Melia azedarach and Macaranga tanarius var. tomentosa.

Grassland

10.5.3.37 Grassland habitat in the SPAUT area includes hillside and low-lying grasslands. The former concentrated on the hillside of the Kai Kung Leng within the “CA” and LTCP. Hillside grasslands are susceptible to periodic hill fires, which arrest ecological succession, thus the floral composition of these grasslands was composed of pioneer light-demanding herbs and shrubs e.g. Dicranopteris pedata, Baeckea frutescens and Rhodomyrtus tomentosa with sporadic small trees e.g. Rhus succedanea, Litsea glutinosa and Trema tomentosa. A number of Thysanotus chinensis, a floral species of conservation importance, were spotted in this hillside grassland.

10.5.3.38 Low-lying grasslands largely succeeded from fallow fields and dried-up ponds. They were found in a fenced field west of Mo Fan Heung within WBA, northeast of Kam Tin Mung Yeung Public School partially within the “CA” and also scattered in small pieces and strips around Sha Po Tsuen. Grasses e.g. Axonopus compressus, Miscanthus floridulus, Panicum maximum and herbs e.g. Bidens alba, Passiflora suberosa were commonly recorded in this habitat and sporadic fast-growing shrubs and small trees including Alangium chinense, Ficus hispida, Rhus hypoleuca, weedy and Leucaena leucocephala were present as well.

Village/Orchard

10.5.3.39 Village/orchard habitat refers to areas with low-rise village housings with less than three storeys, interspersed with patches of orchard and small areas of farmlands, which are usually under active management. They were found in small patches near the abandoned meanders S-SA-1 within WBA and S-SA-6. Fruit plants e.g. Hylocereus undatus, Litchi chinensis, Mangifera indica and ornamental plants e.g. Dracaena spp., Sansevieria trifasciata and Tradescantia spathacea were cultivated in this habitat in low abundance and floral diversity. A seedling of a floral species of conservation importance namely Aquilaria sinensis was recorded in this habitat.

Terrestrial Fauna

Avifauna

10.5.3.40 A total of 102 avifauna species were recorded within the SPAUT area, almost half of the recorded species are waterbirds or wetland-dependent species, other generalist species were also recorded within the SPAUT area. Both resident and migrant species were recorded during the surveys, and the diversity and abundance of avifauna was higher during winter and the migratory season (both spring and autumn). Majority of the recorded species are either common in Hong Kong or considered as common migrant species, such as Black-winged Stilt, Little Egret. Uncommon and scarce species, such as the Collared Crow and the Citrine Wagtail (Motacilla citreola), were recorded, while the Amur Falcon (Falco amurensis) was observed in the grassland habitat within the LTCP. A total of 36 avifaunal species of conservation importance were recorded, which are mostly waterbirds or wetland-dependent species (Table 10.31, Figure Nos. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/321 to 325 refer).

10.5.3.41 The wetland habitats (e.g. marsh/reed, WRCW, pond, watercourse) supported the highest diversity and abundance of avifauna within the SPAUT area. Majority of the waterbirds and wetland-dependent species (e.g. various waders and ardeids species) were observed foraging on the exposed riverbed in KTMDC and adjacent abandoned meanders during low tide. Flocks of Black-winged Stilt were seen roosting on the inflatable dam near Ko Po Tsuen in some of the months in winter. Ducks such as Eurasian Teal were observed utilising the KTMDC during high tide. Some of these species were also recorded within WRCW. Some roosting ardeids were observed foraging in the drained fishponds before returning to Ko Po Road ANR.

10.5.3.42 The inactive fishponds to the south of Cheung Chun San Tsuen were occasionally utilized by ducks such as Eurasian Teal and Northern Shoveler, individuals of Great Cormorant were also recorded in trees along the pond bund. Some active fishponds to the south of Cheung Chun San Tsuen and within AFCD Au Tau Fisheries Office usually supported low diversity and abundance of avifauna due to the deep water. However, among the active fishponds south of Cheung Chun San Tsuen, some were partially drained by fishermen occasionally and moderate abundance of avifauna including Citrine Wagtail, Pacific Golden Plover (Pluvialis fulva) and White-cheeked Starling were observed foraging in the drained fishpond.

10.5.3.43 The marsh/reed habitat such as Sha Po Marsh supported various ardeids and wetland-related species, as well as other avifauna species such as Scaly-breasted Munia (Lonchura punctulata) and Yellow-bellied Prinia (Prinia flaviventris).

10.5.3.44 Other avifauna were mostly recorded from developed area. Two ANRs (i.e. Ko Po Road ANR and Sha Po ANR) were recorded within the SPAUT area as shown in Figure No. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/322. No breeding behaviour of other bird species were observed within the area, except the individuals of White-shouldered Starling (Sturnia sinensis) nesting in bird boxes within WRCW.

Tung Shing Lane Egretry

10.5.3.45 No nesting and breeding activities were observed during the surveys conducted between April and August 2021 in Tung Shing Lane Egretry located outside the Assessment Area.

Sha Po Ardeid Night Roost

10.5.3.46 Great Egret, Grey Heron, Chinese Pond Heron and Little Egret were observed utilising trees along the eastern bank of KTMDC between Hung Mo Kiu and Yuen Long Highway as night roosting site, which is located over 310 m northwest of SMA. The ANR supported a low to moderate number of ardeids (ranged from 10 individuals in May 2021 to 53 individuals in July 2021) (Table 10.9 refers). The ardeids generally returned to the ANR approximately 30 minutes before or after sunset. They mainly roosted at the canopy of a group of Leucaena leucocephala interspersed with some Acacia confusa and Sonneratia caseolaris. Some of these ardeids were observed foraging and/or pre-roosting on the exposed channel bed of KTMDC during low tide in close proximity to their night-roosting sites before returning to the roosts.

Table 10.9 Number and Species of Night Roost Ardeid Recorded at Sha Po Ardeid Night Roost

Survey Month	Species Recorded					Sunset Time during Survey	Time of Return
Survey Month	Great Egret	Grey Heron	Chinese Pond Heron	Little Egret	Total	Sunset Time during Survey	Time of Return
Apr 2021	14	-	-	7	21	18:46	18:42-19:14
May 2021	-	-	-	10	10	18:58	18:58-19:20
Jun 2021	2	-	-	13	15	19:09	18:28-19:21
Jul 2021	45	-	-	8	53	19:10	18:34-19:30
Aug 2021	22	-	-	3	25	18:57	18:41-19:16
Sep 2021	35	-	-	9	44	18:35	18:08-19:02
Oct 2021	27	1	2	-	30	18:02	17:12-18:35
Nov 2021	37	6	1	7	51	17:39	17:24-18:01
Dec 2021	15	-	-	6	21	17:45	17:10-17:57
Jan 2022	24	1	-	7	32	18:00	17:10-18:11

10.5.3.47 A total of four ardeid flight paths to the ANR in Sha Po were observed (Figure No. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/338 refers). About one-third (about 30%) of the ardeids were observed flying into the ANR from the north along the channel (downstream direction of Kam Tin River; flight path 1), while about 35% returned from the south along the channel (upstream direction of Kam Tin River; flight path 3). About 5% arrived the ANR from east across Park Yoho (flight path 2) and 8% from southwest direction (flight path 4), respectively. Given about 20% ardeids were perching/foraging along the channel before sporadically return to the ANR, no obvious flight paths were recorded. Overall, the night-roosting ardeids mainly flew at low heights (about 77% flew at heights between 0 m – 10 m), and about 23% flew at higher heights between 10 m to 30 m (Table A2 of Appendix 10.5d refers).

Ko Po Road Ardeid Night Roost

10.5.3.48 Eastern Cattle Egret, Chinese Pond Heron and Little Egret were observed utilising trees along the southern bank of Kam Tin River next to Ko Po Road as night roosting site, which is located about 600 m south of SMA. The ANR supported a low to moderate number of ardeids (ranged from 2 individuals in July 2021 to 181 individuals in October 2021) (Table 10.10 refers). The ardeids generally returned to the ANR approximately 30 minutes before or after sunset. They mainly roosted at the canopy of a group of Ficus microcarpa and Leucaena leucocephala.

Table 10.10 Number and Species of Night Roost Ardeid Recorded at Ko Po Road Ardeid Night Roost

Survey Month	Species Recorded				Sunset Time during Survey	Time of Return
Survey Month	Eastern Cattle Egret	Chinese Pond Heron	Little Egret	Total	Sunset Time during Survey	Time of Return
Apr 2021	36	4	2	42	18:46	18:30-19:30
May 2021	-	11	-	11	18:57	18:45-19:15
Jun 2021	-	-	12	12	19:10	19:12-19:25
Jul 2021	-	-	2	2	19:11	19:40
Aug 2021	-	100	4	104	18:55	18:25-19:15
Sep 2021	-	18	15	33	18:14	18:21-18:36
Oct 2021	-	106	75	181	17:55	17:51-18:18
Nov 2021	45	38	29	112	17:40	17:45-18:08
Dec 2021	14	30	90	134	17:39	17:23-18:03
Jan 2022	6	27	53	87	18:06	17:40-18:36

10.5.3.49 A total of seven ardeid flight paths to the Ko Po Road ANR were observed (Figure No. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/337 refers). More than half of the ardeids (about 60%) were observed flying from the ponds and WRCW east to the Kam Tin River (flight paths 2 – 4). Many ardeids also returned to the ANR from downstream direction (about 21%; flight path 1 and 7) and upstream direction (about 19%; flight paths 5 and 6) of Kam Tin River (Table A1 of Appendix 10.5c refers). Overall, majority of the ardeids (around 72%) flew at low heights between 0 m to 10 m and about 28% flew at higher heights between 10 m to 20 m (Table A2 of Appendix 10.5c refers).

Butterfly

10.5.3.50 A total of 68 butterfly species were recorded within the SPAUT area, including eight species of conservation importance (Table 10.31, Figure Nos. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/321 to 325 refer). Majority of the recorded species are widely distributed in Hong Kong, while some are only distributed in certain locations and considered rare or very rare. Most species are generalist species which are adapted to various habitats within the SPAUT area. Most of the butterfly species were recorded in developed area/wasteland, grassland, WRCW and marsh/reed habitats.

10.5.3.51 Six out of the eight species of conservation importance were recorded in the grassland and mixed woodland habitats on Kai Kung Leng within LTCP, some of which e.g. Small Three-ring (Ypthima norma norma) and Spotted Angle (Caprona alida alida) are typically found in hillside grassland. Other species of conservation importance including Small Cabbage White, Swallowtail, Peacock Royal, Tiny Grass Blue and Danaid Eggfly were found in other lowland habitats (marsh/reed, WRCW, developed area/wasteland and dry agricultural land).

10.5.3.52 The host plants of some of these species were recorded within the SPAUT area, for instance, Zanthoxylum nitidum (for Swallowtail) was recorded in WRCW and shrubland habitats, Portulaca oleracea (for Danaid Eggfly) was recorded in pond habitat and Lantana camara (for Tiny Grass Blue) was recorded in WRCW, plantation, shrubland, grassland and developed area/wasteland, which suggest that the potential breeding ground of these butterfly species of conservation importance could be found within the SPAUT area.

Odonate

10.5.3.53 A total of 34 odonate species were recorded within the SPAUT area, including six species of conservation importance (Table 10.31, Figure Nos. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/321 to 325 refer). Majority of the recorded species are widely distributed in Hong Kong and are pond/marsh dependent species.

10.5.3.54 Most of the odonate species were recorded in WRCW, marsh/reed, pond and watercourse habitats. Two odonate species of conservation importance, Scarlet Basker and Ruby Darter (Rhodothemis rufa), were recorded in WRCW (Land Parcel M) to the northeast of Ko Po Tsuen, both species are scattered in Hong Kong but common in abandoned fishponds and widely distributed in ponds and marshes respectively. This wetland parcel contained a small pond with relatively dense vegetation near the bund and enclaved a shallow marsh, which supported higher diversity and abundance of odonate species comparing to other wetland parcels. Another species of conservation importance, Coastal Glider, was recorded in ponds within AFCD Au Tau Fisheries Office. This species is considered sparsely distributed in Hong Kong and frequents marshes and ponds. Blue Chaser (Potamarcha congener) was recorded in WRCW (Land Parcel B) and watercourse S-SA-7a. It is scattered in Hong Kong.

10.5.3.55 The remaining two species of conservation importance, Four-spot Midget and Mangrove Skimmer were recorded in wetland habitats with brackish water (e.g. Sha Po Marsh, meanders). The Four-spot Midget is considered as sparsely distributed in Hong Kong, while the Mangrove Skimmer is considered as scatteredly distributed. Unlike other odonate species, the nymph of both species can tolerate salt water and hence their adults could be found in habitats with brackish water. Given the nymphs of odonate are all aquatic, wetland habitats with the SPAUT area are likely to be the breeding ground of various odonate species, including species of conservation importance.

Herpetofauna

10.5.3.56 A total of eight amphibian species and four reptile species were recorded within the SPAUT area, all these species are common and widely distributed in Hong Kong. One species of conservation importance, Four-clawed Gecko (Gehyra mutilate), was recorded in the developed area/wasteland habitat at the southern foot of Kai Kung Leng. Most of these species were recorded in WRCW and developed area/wasteland, other wetland habitats such as marsh, watercourse and seasonally wet grassland also supported some amphibian and reptile species. The abundance of herpetofauna species was generally low within the SPAUT area. No particular breeding behaviour was observed during the surveys.

Mammal

10.5.3.57 A total of 16 mammal species were recorded within the SPAUT area (Table 10.31, Figure Nos. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/321 to 325 refer), which include eight bat species. All bat species in Hong Kong are considered as species of conservation importance. The recorded bat species are common in Hong Kong and able to adopt urban and suburban environment. These bat species were all recorded in flight during night surveys, mostly flying above developed area/wasteland, especially in areas along KTMDC and fishponds, and marsh/reed (esp. Sha Po Marsh) habitat.

10.5.3.58 A day-roosting site utilized by Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bat was found at one of the classrooms of the deserted Pok Wai Public School. A thin layer of guano (bat excrements) was present on the floor, suggesting the roost had been utilized for a relatively short period of time. No Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bat was observed in the classroom in winter and the peak abundance (180 nos.) was recorded in summer. The seasonal pattern indicated that the classroom served as a summer day roost only and not a hibernation roost.

10.5.3.59 Eight other terrestrial mammals were recorded within the SPAUT area, namely Domestic Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), Eurasian Wild Pig, Pallas’s Squirrel, Red Muntjac, Small Asian Mongoose, Small Indian Civet, Leopard Cat and East Asian Porcupine. All except Water Buffalo and Eurasian Wild Pig are species of conservation importance. Eurasian Wild Pig, Small Indian Civet and East Asian Porcupine were found in the woodland on the western foot of Kai Kung Leng within “CA” and Red Muntjac in mixed woodland on the southern foot within LTCP, while the other terrestrial mammals were spotted in wetland habitats i.e. marsh/reed, pond and seasonally wet grassland.

Aquatic Communities

10.5.3.60 The SPAUT area contained various wetland habitats and watercourse with brackish water, but majority of which are man-made habitats such as modified watercourse/drainage channel and WRCW. Some natural watercourses and abandoned meanders with natural banks and substratum were recorded but they were mostly surrounded by developed area/wasteland and village/orchard habitats.

10.5.3.61 A total of 20 aquatic fauna species were recorded at FS10, 11, 16, 17, 18, 20 and 22. All of them are common in Hong Kong. The WRCW (Land Parcel D) to the northeast of Ko Po Tsuen supported highest diversity of macroinvertebrates within this SPAUT area, species such as Backswimmer and nymph of Common Bluetail were recorded. Exotic and native fish species such as Mosquito Fish, Nile Tilapia, Grey Mullet (Mugil cephalus) and invertebrate Apple Snail were recorded in watercourses such as S-SA-2, S-SA-4 and S-SA-6, while crabs such as Helice sp. and Macrophthalmus sp. were recorded in S-SA-2 during low tide. No aquatic fauna species of conservation importance was recorded.

10.5.4 Ngau Tam Mei/Pok Wai Area

Overview

10.5.4.1 The Ngau Tam Mei/Pok Wai (NTMPW) area (Figure Nos. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/323 to 328 refer) comprises the 500 m area of the NOL Alignment across NTM and Pok Wai, connecting the LHA, NTM Station and NTD. The area could be divided into three main regions, namely NTM in the north, Pok Wai in the southwest and Kai Kung Leng in the southeast.

10.5.4.2 In NTM, developed area/wasteland habitat was dominant, consisting of the Tam Mei Barracks north of the NTMDC, residential areas, warehouses and workshops in the south. But a mosaic of habitats including marsh/reed, pond, dry agricultural land, grassland, shrubland and village/orchard concentrated on both sides of the NTMDC, knolls and patches of mixed woodlands and village/orchard were also prominent.

10.5.4.3 West to San Tin Highway was Pok Wai, where a few ponds and marshes were identified within the WBA.

10.5.4.4 East to San Tin Highway was Kai Kung Leng. Natural habitats including woodland, mixed woodland, shrubland and grassland were prominent, with some man-made habitats e.g. plantation, developed area/wasteland, dry agricultural land and village/orchard near its base.

10.5.4.5 Overall, moderate floral (408 species) and moderate faunal (80 avifauna species; 73 butterfly species; 30 odonate species; ten amphibian species; nine reptile species; 12 mammal species; 22 aquatic communities fauna species recorded in the aquatic sampling points) diversity was recorded in the NTMPW area.

Recognized Sites of Conservation Importance

10.5.4.6 Three recognized sites of conservation importance were identified in the NTMPW area, namely LTCP, “CA” and WBA. LTCP is situated in the upland area on Kai Kung Leng, which would be traversed by the NOL alignment on the western hillside of Kai Kung Leng such that the construction of caverns for scissor crossover and intersection between mainline and adits from LHA could be constructed in competent rock mass. The “CA” gazetted under Kam Tin North OZP No. S/YL-KTN/9-10 would be traversed by the NOL Alignment along the base of Kai Kung Leng while the “CA” under Ngau Tam Mei OZP No. S/YL-NTM/12 was approximately 270 m east of the NOL Alignment on the northern side of Kai Kung Leng. The WBA was approximately 40 m west of the NOL Alignment, separated by San Tin Highway.

Other Ecologically Sensitive Resources

10.5.4.7 Clusters of and isolated ponds were located on both sides of sides of the NTMDC. None of which would be encroached by the works site of NTM Station and NTD.

Habitat and Vegetation

10.5.4.8 A total of 11 habitats were recorded within NTMPW area. Developed area/wasteland habitat constituted the over half of the area (about 54%), followed by woodland (about 11%) and grassland (about 11%). Representative photographs were provided in Appendix 10.1c, and a comprehensive list of flora recorded is presented in Appendix 10.2d.

Table 10.11 Habitats Identified within the Ngau Tam Mei/Pok Wai Area

Habitat Type	Approximate Size (ha)	Percentage of Area
Marsh/Reed	2.80	0.9%
Pond	8.08	2.7%
Watercourse	3.48 (approx. 5.5 km)	1.2%
Dry Agricultural Land	4.25	1.4%
Woodland	32.29	10.9%
Mixed Woodland	17.36	5.8%
Plantation	12.45	4.2%
Shrubland	11.94	4.0%
Grassland	31.92	10.7%
Village/Orchard	13.62	4.6%
Developed Area/Wasteland	158.96	53.5%
Total	297.15	100.0%

Remark: The size and percentage included in this table is subject to rounding adjustments. Any discrepancies between total and sums of individual numbers listed therein are due to rounding.

Marsh/Reed

10.5.4.9 Marsh/reed habitat appeared to have derived from settlement of soils from abandoned ponds and the floral diversity was generally low and dominated by aquatic herbs e.g. Colocasia esculenta and Cyclosorus interruptus, and some ruderal herbs in the edges e.g. Pennisetum purpureum and Bidens alba. They mainly concentrated in Yau Tam Mei Tsuen. A floral species of conservation importance, Ceratopteris thalictroides, was recorded in the marsh south of Tam Mei Barracks.

Pond

10.5.4.10 Small ponds concentrated on both sides of the NTMDC in NTM while a few larger ones were identified on the western side of San Tin Highway north of Pok Wai within and just outside WBA and one small, isolated pond south of Wang Ping Shan South Road. Majority of them were active and inactive fishponds, and only the one next to Pok Wai Flood Water Pumping Station was used as a flood retention pond. Active fishponds were managed for fish culture activities and were drained from time to time for fish harvesting, water quality control and ploughing while inactive fishponds were either not actively managed or abandoned.

10.5.4.11 Majority of the ponds in NTM were located between village areas and inaccessible thus observation was conducted with the aid of binoculars and aerial photographs. Most of them were inactive fishponds and only a few of them were active. The bunds of inactive fishponds were not managed and overgrown by ruderal herbs e.g. Brachiaria mutica, Ipomoea cairica, Miscanthus floridulus and Panicum Maximum. Most of them had open water, and a small number began to be colonized by herbaceous vegetation from the bunds.

10.5.4.12 Nets were set up above some of the active fishponds northeast of NTM Station adjacent to the southern bank of the NTMDC, likely to prevent birds from preying on the fish. Most of the bunds were covered with plastic sheet to prevent the growth of weeds but occasional stands of Bidens alba were present. Ruderal herbs e.g. Brachiaria mutica, Ipomoea cairica and Panicum maximum grew on bunds that were not covered. The isolated pond south of Wang Ping Shan South Road was sparsely vegetated with Nymphaea sp.

10.5.4.13 The pond south of Kam Pok West Road within the WBA was inactive where the edges were colonized by Phragmites australis and pond bunds by grasses and herbs e.g. Pennisetum purpureum and Bidens alba. Two isolated ponds were identified near Pok Wai Flood Water Pumping Station. The larger one was a retention pond associated with the Pumping Station with concrete lining and no vegetation and the smaller one did not support any aquaculture.

10.5.4.14 In general, floral compositions of the bunds of these active and inactive fishponds were similar, i.e. colonized with grasses e.g. Panicum maximum and Pennisetum purpureum, climbers e.g. Pueraria phaseoloides and Paederia scandens, abandoned fruit trees e.g. Musa x paradisiaca and some self-sown pioneer trees e.g. Macaranga tanarius var. tomentosa and Melia azedarach.

Watercourse

10.5.4.15 Most of watercourses within the NTMPW area are connected through NTMDC, which drains water from the NTM area and flows into KTMDC beyond the Assessment Area. The watercourses on both sides of the NTMDC are its tributaries. The watercourses along San Tin Highway and those in Pok Wai area are also tributaries of NTMDC as they flow southwards, joining the downstream of NTMDC.

10.5.4.16 Most of these watercourses were drainage channels with different degree of modifications. NTMDC was trapezoidal with concrete and grasscrete lining and subject to tidal influence. During low tide and dry season, water flow was restricted to the dry weather flow channel of about 0.5 m wide in the middle. Sporadic patches of aquatic herbs e.g. Alternanthera philoxeroides, Hydrocotyle verticillate and Limnocharis flava grew in the dry weather flow channel and on the base slab while ruderal plants e.g. Leucaena leucocephala and Panicum maximum grew on the dry embankment. But the vegetation in drainage channels was removed regularly during maintenance.

10.5.4.17 Two of modified tributaries of NTMDC, S-NP-2 and S-NP-5, would be encroached by the works sites of NTM Station and NTD. S-NP-2 was a relatively natural watercourse of about 0.3 m wide and had muddy bottom. The water flow was about 0.1 m to 0.2 m deep and had moderate flow rate. The water quality was fair. It ran from west to east, collecting water from two tributaries, S-NP-2a and S-NP-2b, and discharging into NTMDC via an underground culvert. Dense mats of grasses and herbs of species e.g. Bidens alba, Mikania micrantha and Colocasia esculenta from the surrounding grassland habitat extended into the watercourse. The upstream section was moderately shaded by riparian trees e.g. Leucaena leucocephala and Melia azedarach while the downstream section was relatively open. S-NP-2a was a short nullah of about 1 m to 1.5 m wide, with concrete banks and bottom, where the vegetation clearance would be conducted regularly. The water was about 0.1 m to 0.2 m deep. S-NP-2b flowed from east to west and connected via an underground culvert. The water quality and flow rate were similar to S-NP-2. It was also slightly shaded by similar grasses and herbs from the adjacent grassland habitat. S-NP-1, S-NP-3 and S-NP-4 all ran through grassland and developed area/wasteland habitats. They are likely abandoned meander from the NTMDC and had similar surrounding environment and characteristics to S-NP-2.

10.5.4.18 S-NP-5, in vicinity to the NTM Station and partly encroached by NTD, had two tributaries and flowed from east and south to north and joined the NTMDC via an underground culvert. The two tributaries of about 0.5 m wide ran through village/orchard, dry agricultural land, grassland, shrubland and developed area/wasteland habitats and were likely to receive runoff from these habitats. The banks and bottom of the tributaries were concrete while the downstream section of S-NP-5 which was about 2 m wide, where some sections were lined by gabion baskets filled with rocks and gravels and some had concrete embankment and bottom. The water, about 0.2 m to 0.5 m deep was slightly muddy yet transparent and of moderate flow rate. Some rubbish was observed in this section. The vegetation coverage increased towards the culverts, comprising aquatic herbs e.g. Commelina diffusa, Persicaria barbata and Rumex trisetifer.

10.5.4.19 S-NP-5a, which fell completely within the NTD, was the upper tributary of S-NP-5 and also lined by gabion baskets filled with rocks and gravels. It was about 4 m to 5 m wide. The water flow was constant and about 0.3 m to 0.4 m deep. The water quality was slightly inferior as it may be subject to human disturbance e.g. pollution from the adjacent open storage areas and littering. Riparian vegetation recorded included Alternanthera philoxeroides, Alocasia macrorrhizos, Mikania micrantha and Persicaria chinensis etc.

10.5.4.20 S-NP-11 east of NTD runs through village/orchard habitat. Some sections were channelized with concretized bottom and vertical banks, upstream is rocky and downstream is between sandy to muddy. Non-concretized sections are semi-natural, with sandy bottom. The water of 0.1 m deep was fast-flowing and of fair quality. Ruderal herbs e.g. Bidens alba, Persicaria chinensis and Pteris vittate were found in low abundance.

10.5.4.21 S-NP-6 adjacent to San Tam Road was a nullah with concrete lining about 1.5 m wide. The water of about 0.2 m deep was stagnant and turbid. No vegetation was observed. S-NP-8 at Long Ha Tsuen originated from the base of Kai Kung Leng, running through village and residential areas. Some sections of the banks were concrete, and the bottom was generally muddy, with more rocks and boulders towards upstream. The water of about 0.1 m to 0.3 m deep was slow flowing and inferior. Ruderal herbs e.g. Alocasia macrorrhizos, Asystasia micrantha and Bidens alba grew on the banks. The substrate in the upstream section deposited with sludge as it was subject to pollution from the poultry farm upstream and was shaded by mature trees e.g. Bambusa spp., Ficus microcarpa and Syzygium jambos.

10.5.4.22 S-NP-9 south of Long Ha Tsuen originates from the northwestern hillside of Kai Kung Leng and partially within the “CA”. It runs through warehouses, open storage areas and next to orchard and dry agricultural land, before entering an underground culvert. Majority of the sections were shaded by riparian vegetation while some sections were open but dumped with construction wastes. It was observed to be seasonal and usually water pools of around 0.1 m deep were present in the shaded downstream section. The water was slow-flowing and of fair quality.

10.5.4.23 Watercourses west of San Tin Highway i.e. S-NP-7 and S-NP-10, latter of which is within WBA, were highly modified and had vertical concrete wall and concrete bottom deposited with sand and mud, but no vegetation was recorded within these channels. They were about 6 m to 8 m wide, and the water was about 0.2 m to 0.5 m deep and of inferior quality. They generally flowed from east to west, discharging into the downstream of NTMDC beyond the Assessment Area.

Dry Agricultural Land

10.5.4.24 Pieces of dry agricultural land were found on both sides of NTMDC and in Long Ha Tsuen. The northern part of the works site/area of NTM Station and NTD would be encroached the farmlands south of NTMDC, most of which were fenced off or surrounded by houses. They were generally small-scale farming, and dry farmed crops and fruit trees were cultivated. They consisted of a mosaic of active and inactive fields e.g. Carica papaya and Musa x paradisiaca were planted on the periphery of the active fields. Inactive fields were interspersed among the active fields. They may be temporarily or permanently abandoned and overgrown with ruderal herbs.

10.5.4.25 The dry agricultural lands on the northern side of the NTMDC were observed with binoculars. Dry crops e.g. Aloe vera, Benincasa hispida, Brassica spp. and Zea mays and fruit trees e.g. Carica papaya were cultivated on the active fields, with some inactive fields dominated by Bidens alba on the side.

10.5.4.26 Similar crop and fruit tree species were recorded in the small patch of dry agricultural land in Long Ha. A small area of the farmland would be encroached by work site of LHA.

Woodland

10.5.4.27 There were two major woodland patches southeast of Chuk Yau Road and along the hillside of Kai Kung Leng.

10.5.4.28 The extensive woodland on the western side of Kai Kung Leng adjoined the upper plantation, shrubland and grassland habitats. The lower hillside fell within “CA” while the upper hillside was within LTCP. It largely consisted of some relatively mature lowland woodland which remained undisturbed from previous development and some relatively young hillside woodland regenerated through succession. The former consisted of native trees e.g. Celtis sinensis, Schefflera heptaphylla, with occasional exotic Melia azedarach, forming a continuous canopy of about 7 m to 8 m tall. The latter had a semi-open canopy formed by younger native trees e.g. Mallotus paniculatus, Schefflera heptaphylla, Sterculia lanceolata of about 5 m to 7 m tall. Exotic afforestation tree species Pinus elliottii were scattered through this woodland. Common small trees and shrubs e.g. Aporosa dioica, Melicope pteleifolia and Psychotria asiatica formed a relatively dense understory.

Mixed Woodland

10.5.4.29 Mixed woodlands were identified on knolls in Ngau Tam Mei, north of Ching Yau Road and the foot of Kai Kung Leng south of Wang Ping Shan South Road. The NTD would be surrounded by three knolls and the patch north of Ching Yau Road.

10.5.4.30 The two mixed woodland knolls and the patch north of Ching Yau Road, east of the NTM Station and NTD, had similar floral composition, comprising predominately fruit trees e.g. Dimocarpus longan, Clausena lansium and Litchi chinensis, with some exotic trees e.g. Acacia confusa, Melia azedarach, native trees e.g. Macaranga tanarius var. tomentosa and Bambusa spp., native shrubs and herbs e.g. Cocculus orbiculatus, Lantana camara, Morus alba and Alocasia macrorrhizos in the understorey. The mixed woodland on the two knolls were relatively young and their canopies were semi-open and around 8 – 10 tall. The mixed woodland patch had a relatively closed canopy with trees of approximately 10 – 14 m tall.

10.5.4.31 The two mixed woodlands southwest of the NTM Station and the NTD and the hillside mixed woodland south of Wang Ping Shan South Roadwere relatively mature and had similar floral composition. The canopy was semi-closed and about 8 m to 9 m tall, comprising a mix of exotic and native tree species e.g. Eucalyptus spp., Acacia auriculiformis and Macaranga tanarius var. tomentosa. The understory mostly consisted of native small trees and shrubs e.g. Aporosa dioica and Microcos nervosa, and climbers e.g. Ipomoea cairica, Lygodium japonicum and Paederia scandens. Among them, the mixed woodland north of Wang Ping Shan South Road had relatively sparse understory and was subject to certain level of human disturbance due to a poultry farm located along its eastern fringe, burial grounds under the canopy and traffic along the adjacent Ching Yau Road. Three floral species of conservation importance including Aquilaria sinensis, Aralia chinensis and Gnetum luofuense were found in hillside mixed woodland along Ching Yau Road.

10.5.4.32 Three floral species of conservation importance including Aquilaria sinensis, Aralia chinensis and Gnetum luofuense were found in this habitat.

Plantation

10.5.4.33 Plantation within the NTMPW area can be divided into hillside and roadside plantation. Hillside plantation was identified north of Tam Mei Barracks and on the western hillside of Kai Kung Leng. The canopy of the hillside plantation was dominated by exotic plantation trees e.g. Lophostemon confertus and Eucalyptus spp. It was discontinuous and around 8 to 10 m tall. The understory was limited. The understory of hillside plantation on Kai Kung Leng consisted of mostly native pioneer small trees and shrubs e.g. Melicope pteleifolia, Psychotria asiatica and herbs e.g. Dicranopteris pedata and Blechnum orientale while that of the plantation north of Tam Mei Barracks recorded weed Leucaena leucocephala, exotic species e.g. Ligustrum sinense and native pioneer species e.g. Macaranga tanarius var. tomentosa, Bridelia tomentosa and Lygodium japonicum.

10.5.4.34 A mitigation woodland is located along the northern embankment of NTMDC. Native trees e.g. Ehretia acuminata, Ficus microcarpa, Hibiscus tiliaceus and exotic tree species e.g. Acacia auriculiformis and Bombax ceiba are planted. Roadside plantation was identified on man-made slopes along Ching Yau Road and in narrow strips in Pok Wai. They consisted of exotic plantation trees e.g. Eucalyptus spp. and Acacia spp. but dominated by weed Leucaena leucocephala in the understory with some native pioneer species e.g. Macaranga tanarius var. tomentosa and Bridelia tomentosa.

Shrubland

10.5.4.35 Shrubland habitat was recorded near Yau Tam Mei Tsuen and on the hillside of Kai Kung Leng within LTCP. The former appeared to be succeeded from abandoned agricultural land and orchard which largely comprised of exotic small trees of about 3 m to 5 m tall e.g. Melia azedarach, Leucaena leucocephala, Litchi chinensis and Dimocarpus longan. On the other hand, the hillside shrubland was vegetated with native small trees and short shrubs e.g. Baeckea frutescens, Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, Rhus chinensis and Rhaphiolepis indica. Two patches of Gnetum luofuense, which is a floral species of conservation importance classified as Near Threatened (IUCN, 2022), were spotted on the hillside shrubland of Kai Kung Leng.

Grassland

10.5.4.36 Grassland habitat includes hillside and low-lying grasslands. The former concentrated on the hillside of the Kai Kung Leng within the “CA” and LTCP. Hillside grasslands are susceptible to periodic hill fires, which arrest ecological succession, thus the floral composition of these grasslands was composed of pioneer light-demanding herbs and shrubs e.g. Dicranopteris pedata, Baeckea frutescens and Rhodomyrtus tomentosa with sporadic small trees e.g. Rhus succedanea, Litsea glutinosa and Trema tomentosa. A number of Thysanotus chinensis, a floral species of conservation importance, were spotted in this hillside grassland.

10.5.4.37 Low-lying grasslands concentrated on both sides of the NTMDC and scattered in the east and west of Long Ha Tsuen. They largely succeeded from fallow fields or dried up ponds. Ruderal herbs e.g. Miscanthus floridulus, Imperata cylindrica var. major, Cuscuta campestris and Pennisetum purpureum were commonly recorded.

Village/Orchard

10.5.4.38 Village/orchard habitat refers to areas with low-rise village houses and interspersed with patches of fruit tree cultivation. It was mainly recorded around NTM Station and NTD, and in Long Ha Tsuen. The northern and southeastern parts of the works site/area of NTM Station and NTD fall within this habitat. The floral composition was dominated by common fruit trees e.g. Artocarpus heterophyllus, Clausena lansium and Musa x paradisiaca. Native pioneer trees species e.g. Macaranga tanarius var. tomentosa, exotic ornamental plants e.g. Codiaeum variegatum and Dracaena sanderiana were found in this habitat, usually on the edges of the fruit tree cultivation and around the settlement. No floral species of conservation importance were recorded in this habitat.

Developed Area/Wasteland

10.5.4.39 Over half of the NTMPW area was made up of developed area/wasteland habitat. The NTM Station and NTD would fall within this habitat. This habitat consisted of Tam Mei Barracks, residential areas (e.g. The Vineyard, Faye Villa), roads, container yards, vehicle repair yards, warehouses, open field and wastelands etc., was man-made in nature and subject to constant human disturbance. Low diversity of planted trees e.g. Casuarina equisetifolia, Delonix regia, Ficus microcarpa were recorded, with some ruderal herbs e.g. Alocasia macrorrhizos, Asystasia micrantha, Coccinia grandis, Panicum maximum growing on the disturbed roadside and open fields.

Terrestrial Fauna

Avifauna

10.5.4.40 A total of 80 avifauna species, including both generalist species as well as waterbird and wetland-dependent species, were recorded within the NTMPW area (Appendix 10.3d refers). The avifauna community was dominated by species that are considered abundant or common in Hong Kong. Most of the avifauna species were recorded in the developed area/wasteland, watercourse, pond and grassland. No breeding nor roosting behaviour of any bird species were recorded within the NTMPW Area.

10.5.4.41 A total of 16 species of conservation importance were found within the NTMPW area, which are either common or abundant resident, migrant or winter visitor. Among the 16 species of conservation importance, 12 species of them, namely Black Kite, Black-winged Stilt, Chinese Pond Heron, Collared Crow, Common Greenshank (Tringa nebularia), Eastern Buzzard, Great Cormorant, Great Egret, Grey Heron, Little Egret, Northern Shoveler and Wood Sandpiper (Tringa glareola), are wetland dependent species. Most of the records concentrated in the watercourse habitat of NTMDC, and the mosaic of pond, agricultural land, marsh/reed and village/orchard on both sides the NTMDC, or in flight. In general, these species of conservation importance were recorded in low abundance.

10.5.4.42 The other five species of conservation importance i.e. Chinese Francolin (Francolinus pintadeanus) were recorded at the grassland on Kai Kung Leng within LTCP, Crested Goshawk (Accipiter trivirgatus) were recorded in mixed woodland knoll west of NTD, Common Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) and Crested Serpent Eagle (Spilornis cheela) were recorded in flight while Greater Coucal were recorded in various terrestrial habitats e.g. marsh/reed, woodland, grassland, village/orchard (Figure Nos. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/323 to 328 refer).

Butterfly

10.5.4.43 A total of 73 butterfly species were recorded within the NTMPW area, seven of which are species of conservation importance (Appendix 10.3d refers). Most of the butterfly species recorded are either very common or common in Hong Kong. Most of the butterfly species were recorded in the developed area/wasteland, shrubland, mixed woodland, grassland and village/orchard. The species of conservation importance Common Birdwing (Troides helena spilotia), Metallic Cerulean, Small Cabbage White, Swallowtail, Tiny Grass Blue were recorded in the lowland area e.g. watercourse and developed area/wasteland habitats around Ngau Tam Mei and in Long Ha Tsuen, and grassland near Wang Ping Shan South Road. Three species of conservation importance Small Three-ring, Swallowtail and Danaid Eggfly were spotted in the grassland habitat at the ridge of Kai Kung Leng within LTCP (Figure Nos. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/323 to 324 refers).

Odonate

10.5.4.44 A total of 30 odonate species were recorded within the NTMPW area, one of which is a species of conservation importance (Appendix 10.3d refers). All of the odonate species recorded are considered common or abundant in Hong Kong. Most of the odonate species were recorded in the watercourse, developed area/wasteland and pond. The species of conservation importance Blue Chaser was recorded at developed area/wasteland habitat in Chuk Yau Road and village/orchard in Long Ha Tsuen (Figure Nos. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/324 to 326 refer).

Herpetofauna

10.5.4.45 A total of 19 herpetofauna, including ten amphibian and nine reptile species were recorded within the NTMPW area (Appendix 10.3d refers). All of the recorded species are common and widely distributed in Hong Kong. Most of the herpetofauna species were recorded in the watercourse and developed area/wasteland. One herpetofauna species of conservation importance, Spotted Narrow-mouthed Frog, was recorded in shrubland, developed area/wasteland and village/orchard habitats east of NTD.

Mammal

10.5.4.46 A total of 12 mammals were recorded within the NTMPW area (Appendix 10.3d refers), six of which were bat species of conservation importance including Chinese Noctule, Japanese Pipistrelle, Lesser Bamboo Bat, Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bat and two unknown Vespertilionidae species were recorded at night flying above watercourse, developed area/wasteland, plantation, mixed woodland and village/orchard habitats. The remaining six mammal species included Eurasian Wild Pig, Pallas’s Squirrel, Leopard Cat, Red Muntjac, Small Indian Civet and Masked Palm Civet (Paguma larvata), the latter five of which were species of conservation importance. Pallas’s Squirrel and Red Muntjac were recorded in the mixed woodland west of NTD and/or in various terrestrial habitats while Leopard Cat, Masked Palm Civet and Small Indian Civet were recorded within woodland of LTCP at the north of Kai Kung Leng (Figure Nos. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/324 to 326 refer).

Aquatic Communities

10.5.4.47 A total of 22 aquatic fauna species, including five fish, one shrimp, four gastropod, three insect and nine other aquatic fauna species, were recorded in low to moderate abundance in the FS7 to FS9 while no aquatic fauna were found in FS24 (Appendix 10.3h refers). Most of the recorded species are very common or common in Hong Kong. No species of conservation importance was recorded.

10.5.5 San Tin/Shek Wu Wai Area

Overview

10.5.5.1 The SATSWW area covers a 500 m Assessment Area from the SAT Station, SNA, KLA and the NOL Alignment. This area covers STEMDC and the adjacent urbanised areas (e.g. open storage and workshops) in the northeast, extending towards southwest to cover Shek Wu Wai (including a mosaic of ponds, dry agricultural lands, village area, and developed area such as open storage areas), and a shrubby vegetated hill (hereafter referred as “Tam Mei Hill”) north of Tam Mei Barracks, also stretching north of San Tin Highway to cover part of San Tin (including contiguous ponds, mixed woodland, woodland and developed area e.g. village areas and open storage areas etc.) (Figure Nos. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/326 to 332 refer). The proposed SAT Station occurs to the south of the Shek Wu Wai and sits on top of urbanised area with a modified watercourse.

10.5.5.2 Overall, low to moderate floral (305 species) and moderate faunal diversity (74 avifauna species; 65 butterfly species; 23 odonate species; eight amphibian species; six reptile species; eight mammal species; nine aquatic communities fauna species recorded in the aquatic sampling points) was recorded in the SATSWW area.

Recognized Sites of Conservation Importance

10.5.5.3 “Conservation Area” (“CA”) was observed along the north-eastern boundary of the SATSWW area, designated on the Hadden Hill under the Ngau Tam Mei OZP No. S/YL-NTM/12, covering the natural habitats for the purpose of protection and retention as ecological conservation. Further description of the “CA” at Hadden Hill are provided in Section 10.5.6.5. Two recognized sites of conservation importance i.e. WCA and WBA were identified within the SATSWW area. They are both located on the northern side of San Tin Highway.

Other Ecologically Sensitive Resources

10.5.5.4 A mosaic of marsh/reed, ponds, agricultural area, and watercourses were identified within the SATSWW area, located to the southeast of the Shek Wu Wai, coinciding with the works site/area of SAT Station and SNA. These habitats form a mosaic of wetland habitats, which was considered ecologically sensitive as they collectively support a wide range of wetland-dependent fauna species, including species of conservation importance such as various ardeids species (Section 10.5.5.27 refers). Two other ecologically sensitive resources i.e. IBA and two egretries were present north of San Tin Highway. Mai Po Lung Village Egretry was within the Assessment Area while Mai Po Village Egretry was outside the Assessment Area.

Habitat and Vegetation

10.5.5.5 A total of 12 habitat types were identified within the SATSWW area under the current Study, predominantly made up of man-made habitats on the northeast such as developed area/wasteland (e.g. open storage area, workshops, residential areas) (about 55%), a mosaic of village/orchard (about 4%), dry agricultural land (about 2%) as well as some wet agricultural land, ponds, marsh/reed, and watercourse (about 5% in total) near Shek Wu Wai, while relatively naturally vegetated habitats such as mixed woodland, shrubland, and grassland were identified on the southwest of the SATSWW area, on the Tam Mei Hill. Representative photographs were provided in Appendix 10.1d, and a comprehensive list of flora recorded is presented in Appendix 10.2e.

Table 10.12 Habitats Identified within the San Tin/Shek Wu Wai Area

Habitat Type	Approximate Size (ha)	Percentage of Area
Marsh/Reed	3.19	0.8%
Pond	9.13	2.3%
Watercourse	5.47 (approx. 6.8 km)	1.4%
Wet Agricultural Land	0.71	0.2%
Dry Agricultural Land	7.87	2.0%
Woodland	2.47	0.6%
Mixed Woodland	47.63	12.0%
Plantation	33.36	8.4%
Shrubland	27.74	7.0%
Grassland	25.14	6.3%
Village/Orchard	16.82	4.2%
Developed Area/Wasteland	218.87	54.9%
Total	398.39	100%

Remark: The size and percentage included in this table is subject to rounding adjustments. Any discrepancies between total and sums of individual numbers listed therein are due to rounding.

Developed Area/Wasteland

10.5.5.6 Developed area/wasteland makes up the largest area of habitats within the SATSWW area, mainly comprising extensive areas of open storage area, workshops, roads, and residential area. Heavy regular human disturbance is evident in this habitat, while vegetation mainly comprises common native species (e.g. Broussonetia papyrifera, Ficus hispida) and exotic species (e.g. Lophostemon confertus, Lantana camara). Due to the sparse coverage of vegetation, no notable canopy was formed within this habitat.

Marsh/Reed

10.5.5.7 Patches of marsh/reed habitats were scattered within the mosaic of wetland habitats near Shek Wu Wai, south of Luk Mei Tsuen and near Mai Po Lung, which are all adjoined by other wetland habitats such as ponds and watercourses, as well as dry agricultural lands, grasslands and village/orchard. Regular disturbance from human activities (e.g. bulldozing, nearby agricultural activities and village settlement) were observed. In general, the marsh patches were observed to be generally waterlogged throughout the survey period in both wet and dry seasons. Simple vegetation structure was observed, mainly consisting of the typical wetland plants such as Cyclosorus interruptus, Hedychium coronarium, Ludwigia spp. and Phragmites australis, ruderal herbs such as Bidens alba, Ipomoea cairica and Panicum maximum, and occasionally some fruit trees and shrubs such as Musa × paradisiaca and Ficus hispida. Among these scattered marshes in this area, three patches had higher coverage and diversity of wetland plants and appeared to be wetter than other marshes, including the two larger patches east of Shek Wu Wai and north of Shek Wu Wai San Tsuen, and the southernmost marshes/reeds along S-SS-4b.

Pond

10.5.5.8 Ponds of small scales were mainly identified southeast of Shek Wu Wai, interspersed amongst agricultural lands and marsh/reed, forming a mosaic of habitats. They were also found near Luk Mei Tsuen and Mai Po Lung. These ponds support limited vegetation, mainly including grassy species along the pond bund (e.g. Miscanthus sinensis and herb Bidens alba) and some aquatic vegetation (e.g. Lemna minor) within the pond. While some human activities and management was present, no active aeration was observed. Fisheries production were not anticipated from most of these ponds, except a few southeast of Shek Wu Wai which were managed by a local farm.

10.5.5.9 Ponds of larger scales were identified north of San Tin Highway in San Tin within IBA and some in WCA, which were connected to an extensive area of fishponds beyond the Assessment Area. They were either active or inactive fishponds, supporting limited vegetation. Sporadic fruit trees e.g. Litchi chinensis and Mangifera indica were planted on the bunds.

10.5.5.10 Pond habitats is also identified in San Tin Constructed Wetland near these large-scale ponds in San Tin. It comprised open water with some emergent vegetation Phragmites australis and aquatic plant Nelumbo nucifera, while the bund consisted of native trees and shrubs e.g. Hibiscus tiliaceus and Phyllanthus emblica, exotic trees e.g. Eucalyptus spp., shrubs and herbs e.g. Calliandra haematocephala, Bidens alba. It is located next to a traffic road thus received constant human disturbance.

Watercourse

10.5.5.11 Watercourses within the SATSWW area include the STEMDC on the northeast near San Tin Interchange, two minor watercourses (S-SS-1 and S-SS-2) adjacent to village/orchard area, tributaries of drainage channels that collects runoff between the mosaic of dry agricultural land and ponds near Shek Wu Wai (S-SS-3, S-SS-4a and S-SS-4b) (refer to Figure Nos. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/328 to 331). Most of these watercourses were modified in various extents, with moderate flow rate, and were all flowing towards northwest, subsequently joining and passes through SAT area, and discharges into Shenzhen River.

10.5.5.12 The northernmost watercourse made up of approximately 1.1 km of the STEMDC was identified within the SATSWW area, running between developed areas such as open storage and workshops (Figure C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/331 refers). This trapezoidal concrete channel is completely concretised at the downstream portion (e.g. near Kwu Tung Road), with an approximate width of 20 m and depth of 10 m; while the middle and upstream sections of the watercourse have an approximate width of 15 m and depth of 6 m, with grasscrete on the bottom of the channel. Moderate to fast flow was observed with slightly turbid water, likely collecting runoffs from adjacent developed areas. Vegetation within the channel was dominated by herbaceous species such as Persicaria lapathifolia and Ludwigia erecta, mainly recorded along the middle and upstream sections. Little to no vegetation were recorded at the downstream section.

10.5.5.13 A minor watercourse S-SS-1 (approximately 100 m long) was present west of the STEMDC, between dry agricultural land and village/orchard area, flowing towards northeast into an underground culvert (Figure C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/331 refers). It was inaccessible thus observation was conducted with the aid of binoculars and aerial photographs. Another minor watercourse S-SS-2 (approximately 90 m long) was recorded to the west of Ka Lung Road, adjacent to a small village/orchard area, flowing towards northwest and subsequently discharging into an underground culvert (Figure No. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/331 refers). Both watercourses were approximately 1 m wide with depth of about 0.5 m. The substrata were mainly sandy and rocky, with moderate to fast flow, consisting of clear water flow with occasional runoff from adjacent village and developed area. Minor modification of watercourse was observed, particular on the bank adjoining village/orchard area. Low abundance of riparian vegetation was recorded, mainly comprising herb such as Alocasia macrorrhizos was observed.

10.5.5.14 Several tributaries of modified channels (S-SS-3, S-SS-4a and S-SS-4b) were also observed between agricultural lands and ponds near Shek Wu Wai, flowing toward northwest and joining at San Tin Highway (Figure Nos. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/329 and 330 refer). These channels have approximate widths of 2 to 5 m and depths of 1 to 2 m. Water flow was moderate with low to moderate turbidity. The bank and the substratum of the channel were modified as sloping shotcrete along most of the channel, while overgrown of algae was evident within the watercourse. Little to no riparian vegetation was observed. Considering the location of these tributaries, they connect with the adjacent habitats (e.g. marsh, ponds, and agricultural lands) to form a mosaic of habitats with functional connection, such as providing an extensive area of flat lowland habitats with proximity to water source or regular inundation for fauna usage (e.g. waterbirds and wetland-dependent avifauna, herpetofauna, and odonates).

10.5.5.15 S-SS-3 and S-SS-4 converged under San Tin Highway to join the watercourse S-SS-5, which is between around 6 and 20 m wide with steady water flow of around 0.2 m deep. The upstream section is a trapezoidal nullah with concrete embankment, where the vegetation coverage by native species e.g. Alocasia macrorrhizos, Ficus hispida and exotic weed Leucaena leucocephala increased gradually towards downstream. The downstream section along the San Tin Constructed Wetland and fishponds is relatively natural and the riverbanks were overgrown with denser herbs and grasses. Water quality was inferior because of the sewage discharge from Shek Wu Wai area. It is subject to tidal influence and deposit of muddy sediment is exposed during low tide. Its tributary, S-SS-5a, is also a trapezoidal nullah around 2 to 3 m wide with concrete embankment and bottom. The water was around 0.1 m deep, opaque and of poor quality, receiving discharge from adjacent brownfield sites. Limited vegetation was observed on the embankment, comprising wetland plants e.g Commelina diffusa, Ludwigia erecta and ruderal herbs e.g. Asystasia gangetica, Bidens alba.

10.5.5.16 A small nullah, S-SS-6, is present east of S-SS-5 along the road. It is highly modified and had vertical concrete wall and concrete bottom. Limited vegetation consisting of ruderal herbs e.g. Panicum maximum and exotic weed Leucaena leucocephala were present on the embankment. Water was around 0.2 m deep and of inferior quality.

10.5.5.17 S-SS-7, located north of Tsing Lung Tsuen along the fishponds, is a relatively natural watercourse around 1 to 2 m wide. It was densely overgrown by wetland herbs and grasses on the bankside e.g. Commelina diffusa, Pennisetum purpureum and Paspalum sp. The water was around 0.1 m deep, slow flowing and of fair quality.

Wet Agricultural Land

10.5.5.18 Small patches of wet agricultural land were identified to the east of the Shek Wu Wai village area. They were located among the extensive matrix of agricultural lands, ponds and village areas. Some of the farmlands were flooded with no crops, with ruderal herbs e.g. Panicum repens on the field bunds.

Dry Agricultural Land

10.5.5.19 An extensive area of dry agricultural land was observed to the southeast of the Shek Wu Wai village area. Dry agricultural activities were observed, with vegetation mainly comprising exotic ornamental plants such as Gladiolus x gandavensis, Helianthus annuus, cultivated crops such as Capsicum annuum and Lactuca spp. and also native herb such as Amaranthus viridis. Some patches of these agricultural lands were occasionally cleared, dredged, inundated and left fallow as ponds during the survey period. The status and habitat categorisation of this extensive area is shown in Figures Nos. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/328 to 331. A few scattered patches of dry agricultural land were also recorded near Shek Wu Wai San Tsuen and Luk Mei Tsuen, where similar crop species were cultivated.

Woodland

10.5.5.20 Woodland habitat in SATSWW area was recorded in small patches scattered on different knolls and hillside, i.e. south of Shek Wu Wai San Tsuen and Shek Wu Wai village area, east of Mai Po Lung and south of Luk Mei Tsuen. Some fragmentation was observed, while this habitat adjoins nearby developed area/wasteland, village/orchard and wooded habitats such as shrubland and mixed woodland. Vegetation mainly includes mature native tree species with an approximate height of 14 m to 20 m. Canopy was generally closed and continuous, dominated by native tree species such Celtis sinensis and Cinnamomum camphora. Understory was also well developed, including shrubs and small trees such as Ficus hispida, Psychotria asiatica and herbaceous species such as Liriope spicata.

Mixed Woodland

10.5.5.21 Scattered patches of semi-natural mixed woodland were found across the SATSWW area, mainly at foot of hills (e.g. Tam Mei Hill) and knolls, and along roadside areas or adjacent to human settlement (e.g. west of Shek Wu Wai, along Ka Lung Road). These mixed woodlands comprise both mature native and exotic tree species, subject to human disturbances especially the burial grounds at the peripheries, resulting in relatively lower vegetation density and diversity than undisturbed natural woodlands. Vegetation within this habitat was dominated by high abundance of the exotic tree species e.g. Acacia spp. and Eucalyptus spp. and some native pioneer species such as Macaranga tanarius var. tomentosa, with a canopy height of approximately 14 m to 18 m. The canopies of the mixed woodland at knolls were relatively open while those at hillside were relatively semi-open. A sapling of Aquilaria sinensis was found in the mixed woodland southwest of SAT Station.

Plantation

10.5.5.22 Small patches of plantations were observed scattered across the SATSWW area, mainly along roadside plantation areas, and on knolls adjacent to developed area/wasteland and village/orchard areas. Vegetation diversity within the plantation habitat is relatively low, mainly comprising exotic tree species e.g. Acacia confusa, with canopy height of approximately 12 m to 15 m, and sparse understory observed. Fragmentation and disturbance from adjacent habitats were notable in this habitat.

Shrubland

10.5.5.23 Shrubland was observed on scattered knolls and foot of hills across the SATSWW area. Vegetation comprised predominantly of shrub and herb typical of this habitat such as Baeckea frutescens, Melastoma malabathricum and Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, interspersed with locally common grasses and herbs (e.g. Dicranopteris pedata and Neyraudia reynaudiana). Shrubby species within this habitat was sparsely recorded, with no notable canopy formed.

Grassland

10.5.5.24 Grassland within the SATSWW area was recorded on Tam Mei Hill, adjoining shrubland and mixed woodland on its lower hillsides, the knoll north of Tam Mei Hill, as well as recorded in small areas of low-lying abandoned agricultural lands and field northeast of Tam Mei Hill and southeast of Shek Wu Wai. This habitat demonstrates simple vegetation structure and floristic diversity, in which limited shrubs and trees were observed growing. The hillside grasslands mainly comprised the locally common shrub and herb such as Dicranopteris pedata, Miscanthus sinensis and Rhodomyrtus tomentosa while grasses and herbs e.g. Alocasia macrorrhizos, Neyraudia reynaudiana and Panicum maximum were commonly recorded in the low-lying grasslands.

Village/Orchard

10.5.5.25 Village/orchard habitats were mainly recorded near Shek Wu Wai, adjoining agricultural lands, ponds, and along watercourses. This habitat and the adjoining habitats are relatively flat in terms of gradient, while vegetation in village/orchard mainly comprise planted species such as Artocarpus heterophyllus, Dimocarpus longan, and Clausena lansium. Fragmentation and disturbance from regular human activities were notable in this habitat.

Terrestrial Fauna

Avifauna

10.5.5.26 A total of 74 avifauna species were recorded within the SATSWW area, including both generalist species as well as waterbird and wetland-dependent species (Appendix 10.3e refers). General abundance of avifauna was moderate within the area. The recorded species include common resident species that are widespread in Hong Kong, and some common and uncommon migrant species that were recorded only seasonally in Hong Kong. A total of 21 avifauna species of conservation importance were recorded, which are mostly waterbirds and wetland-dependent species (Table 10.45, Figure Nos. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/328 to 331 refer).

10.5.5.27 The waterbird and wetland-dependent species (e.g. Eurasian Teal, Black-winged Stilt, Greater Painted-snipe, Collared Crow, and various ardeids species) were mostly recorded foraging at wider watercourses such as the STEMDC, the drainage channels S-SS-4 and S-SS-4a near Shek Wu Wai and S-SS-5 near Tsing Lung Tsuen, while ardeids were also occasionally recorded at ponds and dry agricultural lands near Shek Wu Wai. Other avifauna were mostly recorded from wooded habitats (e.g. shrubland and mixed woodland) as well as the mosaic of dry agricultural lands and ponds. Nursery behaviour of Greater Painted-snipe was observed in STEMDC, where a mature female and several fledglings were recorded. No breeding and roosting behaviour of bird species were recorded within the SATSWW area.

Mai Po Village Egretry

10.5.5.28 Chinese Pond Heron and Little Egret were observed utilising the Mai Po Village Egretry which is located about 735 m northwest from the nearest works site (Figure No. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/339 refers). A maximum number of 37 nests was recorded at the egretry (Table 10.13 refers). The nesting and breeding activities were recorded at the canopy of Albizia lebbeck, Aleurites moluccana and Macaranga tanarius var. tomentosa. These trees are located at the junction of Tam Kon Chau Road, Castle Peak Road (Mai Po) and Castle Peak Road (San Tin) with heavy traffic. Most of the nests were found in the Albizia lebbeck.

Table 10.13 Number of Nests Recorded at Mai Po Village Egretry

Species	Apr 2021	May 2021	Jun 2021⁽¹⁾	Jul 2021⁽¹⁾	Aug 2021⁽¹⁾
Chinese Pond Heron	2	1	-	-	-
Little Egret	34	36	-	-	-
Total	36	37	-	-	-

Note:

(1) No nests were observed in the survey.

10.5.5.29 The number of ardeid nests plunged from 37 in May 2021 to zero in June 2021, as observed in the current survey, though 11 and five nests were recorded by HKBWS in June and July respectively (Anon, 2021b). This trend was also observed in previous years, with abundance of nests dropping for more than 75% (from a maximum nest count of 113 in May 2020, to 26 nests in July 2020) (Anon, 2021a).

10.5.5.30 A total of six ardeid flight paths from the Mai Po Village Egretry in San Tin were observed (Figure No. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/339 refers). During flight path surveys, majority of the breeding ardeids (about 96%) were recorded flying west to northeast direction heading to the fishponds at Deep Bay area (i.e. flight paths 1 – 4), while only 4% flew southeast to south towards the Assessment Area at SAT (i.e. flight paths 5 – 6) (Figure No. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/339 and Table A1 of Appendix 10.5f refer). More than 90% of the ardeids flew at heights between 10 m to 15 m and only less than 10% flew between 5 m to 10 m (Table A2 of Appendix 10.5f refers).

Mai Po Lung Village Egretry

10.5.5.31 Chinese Pond Heron, Great Egret and Little Egret were observed utilising the Mai Po Lung Village Egretry which is located about 175 m north from the nearest works site (Figure Nos. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/330 and 339 refer). A maximum number of 113 nests was recorded at the egretry in May 2021 (Table 10.14 refers). The nesting and breeding activities were recorded at the canopy of eight different tree species, Cassia fistula, Ficus benjamina, Ficus microcarpa, Ficus viren, Lophostemon confertus, Melaleuca leucadendra, Melaleuca quinquenervia and Peltophorum pterocarpum. These trees are located at the junction of Shek Wu Wai Road and Castle Peak Road (San Tin) with heavy traffic. Around half of the nests were found on the Ficus viren and Ficus microcarpa situated west to the Shek Wu Wai Road.

Table 10.14 Number of Nests Recorded at Mai Po Lung Village Egretry

Species	Apr 2021	May 2021	Jun 2021	Jul 2021	Aug 2021
Chinese Pond Heron	7	13	18	10	7
Little Egret	8	9	5	11	1
Unidentified nests⁽¹⁾	73	91	76	77	75
Total	88	113	99	98	83

Note:

(1) Unidentified nests as to which ardeid species they belonged.

10.5.5.32 A total of eight ardeid flight paths from the Mai Po Lung Village Egretry in San Tin were observed (Figure No. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/339 refers). During flight path surveys, most of the breeding ardeids (about 77%) were recorded flying southwest to north towards the direction of the fishponds at Deep Bay (i.e. flight paths 1 – 3 and 8), while about 12% flew eastward to the direction of Long Valley (i.e. flight path 4) and the remaining 11% flew southward and south-westward towards SAT area (i.e. flight path 5 – 7) (Figure No. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/339 and Table A1 of Appendix 10.5e refer). Most of the ardeids (about 76%) flew at heights between 10 m to 15 m, followed by 5 m to 10 m (about 16%) and 15 m to 20 m (about 7%). Less than 1% of the ardeids flew between 0 m to 5 m and 20 m to 25 m (Table A2 of Appendix 10.5e refers).

Butterfly

10.5.5.33 A total of 65 butterfly species were recorded within the SATSWW area, including seven species of conservation importance (Peacock Royal, Swallowtail, Small Cabbage White, Small Three-ring, Spotted Angle, Danaid Eggfly, and Metallic Cerulean) (Table 10.45 refers). General abundance of butterfly was moderate within the area. Most of the recorded species are either very common or common in Hong Kong, while the species of conservation importance are uncommon, rare, or very rare in Hong Kong. Most of the butterfly species were recorded in grassland, mixed woodland, shrubland and developed area/wasteland habitats. The species of conservation importance including Danaid Eggfly, Metallic Cerulean and Small Cabbage White were recorded from marsh, dry agricultural land, low-lying grassland near Shek Wu Wai. Among which, Danaid Eggfly, Small Cabbage White and the other species of conservation importance including Swallowtail, Spotted Angle, Small Three-ring and Peacock Royal were also recorded from the plantation and grassland on Tam Mei Hill.

Odonate

10.5.5.34 A total of 23 odonates species were recorded within the SATSWW area in low abundance, including one odonate species of conservation importance Dusk-Hawker (Gynacantha sp.), recorded along the watercourse S-SS-4 (Table 10.45 refers). Aside from the Dusk-Hawker, the other odonate species are either abundant or common in Hong Kong. Most of the odonates were recorded along the watercourse, and flying near village/orchard and above mixed woodland habitats.

Herpetofauna

10.5.5.35 A total of eight amphibian species and six reptile species were recorded within the SATSWW area, which are mostly common and widely distributed in Hong Kong (Table 10.45 refers). The abundance of herpetofauna is generally low, and was recorded near the agricultural land and watercourse, including a species of conservation importance Many-banded Krait (Bungarus multicinctus multicinctus) recorded within the watercourse S-SS-3. Two individuals of Many-banded Krait were recorded at night, with mating behaviour observed. Nonetheless, no other particular breeding or roosting behaviour of this species of conservation importance was observed.

Mammal

10.5.5.36 A total of eight mammal species were recorded within the SATSWW area, which includes Pallas’s Squirrel and seven species of bats (Table 10.45 refers). General abundance of these mammal species was generally low within the area. Pallas’s Squirrel was recorded from the mixed woodland northeast of Shek Wu Wai San Tsuen, marsh/reed southeast of Shek Wu Wai and the village/orchard east of Shek Wu Wai, while the bat species were all recorded in flight during night surveys, mostly flying above developed area/wasteland, watercourse, ponds, marsh, grassland, and along the fringe of the wooded habitats. All of these recorded mammal species are of conservation importance, while no breeding and roosting behaviour was recorded.

Aquatic Communities

10.5.5.37 The majority of watercourses within the SATSWW area were modified and channelised with concretised substratum, while the water was generally observed with moderate flow and low to moderate turbidity. Limited diversity and abundance of aquatic macroinvertebrates were observed. Most of the recorded aquatic community was observed in the watercourses S-SS-3 and S-SS-4, while only limited aquatic fauna were observed in S-SS-1 and S-SS-2, as well as the tributaries S-SS-4a, S-SS-4b and S-SS-5. A total of nine aquatic fauna species were recorded from the watercourses within the SATSWW area, which include two fish species and four macroinvertebrate species, dominated by the exotic fish species Nile Tilapia. These aquatic fauna were recorded from aquatic sampling point FS5 (at S-SS-4a), and during fauna survey along S-SS-3 and S-SS-4. No aquatic fauna was recorded from sampling point FS6 at S-SS-4b. All of these aquatic fauna species are either very common or common in Hong Kong. No aquatic fauna species of conservation importance was recorded.

10.5.6 Kwu Tung/Chau Tau Area

Overview

10.5.6.1 The KTUCT area could be sub-divided into three main regions, i.e. Kwu Tung in the east, Chau Tau in the west, and Hadden Hill in the southwest. In KTU, developed area/wasteland habitat was dominant, consisting of low-rise residential area (such as Dills Corner Garden) at the east, construction site northeast to Pak Shek Au, brownfield operations scattered across the KTUCT Area, etc. Among the developed area/wasteland, village/orchard could be found north and east to the KTU(NOL) Station and at Pak Shek Au. A large patch of hillside grassland was recorded north to Pak Shek Au while low-lying grassland was mainly found northeast of Kwu Tung. Patches of woodland and shrubland were also identified at Pak Shek Au next to the village/orchard habitat and east of Ho Sheung Heung and around Fung Kong Shan, respectively. Wetland habitats in Kwu Tung were mostly limited to small modified watercourses amid developed areas. A large pond and a short section of Sheung Yue River were present near the eastern boundary of KTUCT area.

10.5.6.2 In Chau Tau, there was Chau Tau Tsuen located north to Fanling Highway. Besides developed area/wasteland, patches of dry agricultural land, village/orchard and grassland were also identified around Chau Tau Tsuen. There were large patches of shrubland and grassland northeast to Chau Tau Tsuen.

10.5.6.3 South to Fanling Highway and Kwu Tung Road, there is Hadden Hill consisting of a mix of woodland, mixed woodland, shrubland and grassland. Developed area/wasteland habitat was identified at the base of Hadden Hill.

10.5.6.4 Overall, low to moderate floral (309 species) and moderate faunal diversity (67 avifauna species; 53 butterfly species; 18 odonate species; nine amphibian species; seven reptile species; nine mammal species; two aquatic communities fauna recorded in the aquatic sampling points) was recorded in the KTUCT area.

Recognized Sites of Conservation Importance

10.5.6.5 Part of the KTUCT area encroaches upon the LVHSH Priority Site near KTU (Figure No. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/333 refers) and the WBA near Chau Tau Tsuen (Figure No. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/332 refers). Also, a patch of “CA” under OZP (Ngau Tam Mei OZP No. S/YL-NTM/12) was recorded at Hadden Hill at the south of San Tin Highway (Figure Nos. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/331 and 332 refer).

Other Ecologically Sensitive Resources

10.5.6.6 Small part of the KTUCT area encroaches upon the Inner Deep Bay and Shenzhen River Catchment Important Bird Area (IBA) southeast to Sheung Yue River (Figure No. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/333 refers).

10.5.6.7 There are pond and dry agricultural land at Chau Tau Tsuen, which is near the WBA. These habitats are considered ecologically sensitive as they provide a potential foraging or roosting ground for a wide range of wetland-dependent fauna species, including species of conservation importance such as various ardeids species.

Habitat and Vegetation

10.5.6.8 A total of ten habitats were recorded within the KTUCT area, namely pond, watercourse, dry agricultural land, woodland, mixed woodland, plantation, shrubland, grassland, village/orchard and developed area/wasteland (Figure Nos. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/331 to 333 refer). The dominant habitat was developed area/wasteland which occupied more than half of the Area, followed by grassland (about 19%), shrubland (about 7%) and village/orchard (about 6%). The other six habitat types, including plantation, mixed woodland, woodland, watercourse, dry agricultural land and pond, occupied approximately 10% of the KTUCT Area, respectively (Table 10.15 refers). Representative photographs are provided in Appendix 10.1e, and a comprehensive list of flora recorded is presented in Appendix 10.2f.

Table 10.15 Habitats Identified within the Kwu Tung/Chau Tau Area

Habitat Type	Approximate Size (ha)	Percentage of Area
Pond	1.09	0.4%
Watercourse	3.65 (approx. 8.1 km)	1.2%
Dry Agricultural Land	2.03	0.7%
Woodland	3.82	1.2%
Mixed Woodland	13.00	4.2%
Plantation	7.32	2.4%
Shrubland	20.56	6.7%
Grassland	59.59	19.3%
Village/Orchard	18.14	5.9%
Developed Area/Wasteland	178.91	58.1%
Total	308.12	100.0%

Remark: The size and percentage included in this table is subject to rounding adjustments. Any discrepancies between total and sums of individual numbers listed therein are due to rounding.

Pond

10.5.6.9 A pond was recorded near Chau Tau Tsuen Stormwater Pumping Station (Figure No. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/332 refers). This pond is maintained by DSD. Common vegetation, such as herb Bidens alba and Cynodon dactylon and climber Ipomoea triloba, were recorded surrounding the pond, while no vegetation was recorded in the pond. Another pond was recorded within the LVHSH Priority Site (Figure No. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/333 refers), but it was inaccessible and apparently abandoned as observed in aerial photographs. No floral species of conservation importance were recorded in this habitat.

Watercourse

10.5.6.10 A few watercourses with various degrees of modification were recorded in the KTUCT area. The watercourses in Kwu Tung i.e. S-KC-1, S-KC-2, S-KC-3a, S-KC-3c and its relatively natural upstream watercourse S-KC-3b drain into Sheung Yue River and eventually discharges into Deep Bay through Ng Tung River. Both S-KC-3a and S-KC-3b would fall partially within the works site/area of KTU(NOL) Station. These watercourses are mostly drainage channels, which are vertically walled with concrete, and the channel bottom is also concreted. The water in S-KC-1, S-KC-3b and S-KC-3c was about 0.1 m deep, slow flowing and of inferior quality. Occasionally, ruderal riparian herb species were recorded, including Brachiaria mutica, Commelina diffusa, Amaranthus viridis, Cyperus involucratus, etc. S-KC-2 was inaccessible and apparently highly modified, as observed in aerial photographs. A relatively natural watercourse i.e. S-KC-3a, at the upstream of S-KC-3b, is approximately 0.5 m wide and 0.1 m deep and has a sandy bottom. Riparian vegetation such as Cyclosorus parasiticus, Syngonium podophyllum, Commelina diffusa, Litsea glutinosa, Ficus hispida, etc., were recorded. Sheung Yue River is a trapezoidal channelized watercourse of around 25 m wide. Limited ruderal herbs and weeds were recorded on the grasscrete embankment, which is trimmed regularly. It is subject to tidal influence. During low tide and dry season, water flow was restricted to the dry weather flow channel of about 1 m wide and the grasscrete bottom would be exposed.

10.5.6.11 The watercourses in Chau Tau Tsuen drains into STEMDC in the SATSWW area which also discharges into Deep Bay. These watercourses are mostly drainage channels with vertical concrete banks and concrete bottom. S-KC-4 was an irrigation ditch around the agricultural land with little vegetation. S-KC-5 was inaccessible and apparently highly modified from aerial photographs. S-KC-6, which would be within the works site of PAA, was a small nullah running between village areas and brownfield sites. The water was around 0.1 m deep, which was constantly flowing and opaque. Scarce coverage of ruderal herbs e.g. Wedelia trilobata and Persicaria chinensis were observed on the bankside. S-KC-7 had vertical concrete wall and bottom, with very little riparian vegetation. The water of about 0.1 m deep was slow flowing and of inferior quality. S-KC-8 was mainly trapezoidal with concrete lining and partially shaded by the riparian trees. Some part of the watercourse bottom was covered with mud and sand with vegetation growing on these substrates. The water of about 0.1 to 0.2 m deep was slow flowing and inferior. S-KC-9 was partly rectangular and partly trapezoidal with concrete lining. More riparian vegetation were found at the trapezoidal section which was closer to STEMDC. Few hillside watercourses i.e. S-KC-10 and S-KC-11 are likely present on northern side of Hadden Hill but they are located behind open storage areas and inaccessible.

10.5.6.12 Low floral diversity of terrestrial and aquatic herbs was observed in this habitat. No floral species of conservation importance were recorded in this habitat.

Dry Agricultural Land

10.5.6.13 A small patch of dry agricultural land was recorded within LVHSH Priority Site, while patches of continuous dry agricultural land was recorded at Chau Tau Tsuen, to the north of Chau Tau South Road. Crop species recorded included Lactuca sativa, Brassica rapa var. parachinensis, Ipomoea aquatica, Carica papaya, Musa x paradisiaca, etc. This habitat was subject to constant maintenance and human disturbance. Low floral diversity was observed in this habitat. No floral species of conservation importance were recorded in this habitat.

Woodland

10.5.6.14 Woodlands in the in KTUCT area were situated at the northeastern edge of the KTUCT area west of Ho Sheung Heung within LVHSH Priority Site as well as on Hadden Hill. In general, their woodland compositions were similar, where the canopy was semi-closed and approximately 5 to 7 m tall. Species which dominated the canopy included native species such as Celtis sinensis, Cinnamomum camphora and Aporosa dioica. The understorey was relatively sparse, and species mostly comprised of common native shrubs such as Rhaphiolepis indica, Litsea rotundifolia var. oblongifolia, Psychotria asiatica, Phyllanthus cochinchinensis, Ficus hirta, Desmos chinensis, etc. Low to moderate floral diversity was observed in this habitat. Two floral species of conservation importance, Aquilaria sinensis and Gnetum luofuense, were recorded in this habitat at Hadden Hill within “CA” zone and at Ho Sheung Heung within the LVHSH Priority Site (refer to Figure Nos. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/332 to 333 for locations).

Mixed Woodland

10.5.6.15 Mixed woodland in the KTUCT area was mainly recorded to the south of Fanling Highway on Hadden Hill and on knolls in Pak Shek Au (Figure Nos. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/331 to 333 refer). In general, the canopy was semi-open and was approximately 5 to 7 m tall. Species which dominated the canopy included native species such as Celtis sinensis, Ficus microcarpa, Macaranga tanarius var. tomentosa, and exotic species such as Lophostemon confertus and Acacia auriculiformis. Shrub or small tree species such as native Bridelia tomentosa, Ficus hispida, Microcos nervosa, and exotic Ligustrum sinense, were also recorded. Bamboo spp. were also recorded in this habitat. Other herb species recorded included Alocasia macrorrhizos, Lygodium japonicum, Panicum maximum, etc. Low to moderate floral diversity was observed in this habitat. A floral species of conservation importance, Aquilaria sinensis, was recorded in this habitat. The mixed woodland knolls were fragmented by the surrounding village areas and roads.

Plantation

10.5.6.16 Plantation in the KTUCT area is mainly roadside plantation, such as those near Ma Tso Lung, along Po Lau Road and Fanling Highway near Pak Shek Au section as well as the southern side of the KTU(NOL) Station, while a patch of hillside plantation is present at the north of Pak Shek Au, near the northern limit of the Assessment Area. In roadside plantation, common exotic species were recorded, such as Acacia confusa, Casuarina equisetifolia, Melaleuca cajuputi cumingiana, etc. Other native tree species such as Bauhinia x blakeana, Celtis sinensis, Macaranga tanarius var. tomentosa, were also recorded. The canopy of the hillside plantation north of Pak Shek Au consisted of predominately Melaleuca cajuputi subsp. Cumingiana and native shrubs and herbs such as Dicranopteris pedata, Helicteres angustifolia, Ilex asprella etc. Low floral diversity was observed in this habitat. One floral species of conservation importance, Aquilaria sinensis, was recorded in this habitat (refer to Figure No. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/332 for location).

Shrubland

10.5.6.17 Shrubland in the KTUCT area is mainly recorded near hillside areas (e.g. near Fung Kong Shan, Pak Shek Au and Chau Tau Tsuen). Common shrub or small tree species such as Ficus hispida, Ilex asprella, Macaranga tanarius var. tomentosa, Rhaphiolepis indica, Trema tomentosa, etc., were recorded. Apart from shrub/small tree species, herb species Panicum maximum and ruderal species Leucaena leucocephala were also often recorded. This habitat was subjected to occasional human disturbance as burial grounds were found within the shrubland. Low floral diversity was observed in this habitat. One floral species of conservation importance, Aquilaria sinensis, was recorded in this habitat at Fung Kong Shan (refer to Figure No. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/333 for location).

Grassland

10.5.6.18 Low-lying grassland in the KTUCT area is mainly recorded to the east of Kwu Tung and around Chau Tau Tsuen. Hillside grassland is identified north of Pak Shek Au and Chau Tau Tsuen as well as on Hadden Hill. Herb species were commonly recorded, including Brachiaria mutica, Cyclosorus interruptus, Neyraudia reynaudiana, Panicum maximum, etc. Low floral diversity was observed in this habitat. A floral species of conservation importance, Brainea insignis, was recorded in the grassland north to Pak Shek Au.

Village/Orchard

10.5.6.19 Village/orchard within the KTUCT area included various village area (e.g. Chau Tau Tsuen, Pak Shek Au and around KTU(NOL) Station) where human settlement and planting of fruit trees, other introduced tree and shrub species were recorded. Common fruit tree species were recorded, such as Carica papaya, Dimocarpus longan, Mangifera indica, etc. Other common native tree/shrub or small tree species such as Ficus hispida, Ficus microcarpa, Ficus variegata, Macaranga tanarius var. tomentosa, were also recorded. Low floral diversity was observed in this habitat. No floral species of conservation importance were recorded in this habitat.

Developed Area/Wasteland

10.5.6.20 Developed area/wasteland within the KTUCT area included various human living spaces (e.g. Dills Corner Garden), construction sites (e.g. Kwu Tung North NDA), brownfield operations, and access roads, etc. Certain landscaping and amenity species, such as Bauhinia spp., Bougainvillea spectabilis and Calliandra haematocephala, were recorded in developed area/wasteland. Other vegetation recorded in this habitat included roadside plantations such as Acacia auriculiformis, Acacia confusa and Casuarina equisetifolia. Ruderal species such as Leucaena leucocephala and Mikania micrantha was also recorded in developed area/wasteland. Low floral diversity was observed in this habitat. No floral species of conservation importance were recorded in this habitat.

Terrestrial Fauna

Avifauna

10.5.6.21 A total of 67 avifauna species, including both generalist species as well as waterbird and wetland-dependent species, were recorded within the KTUCT area (Appendix 10.3f refers). The avifauna community was dominated by species that are considered abundant or common in Hong Kong. Most of the avifauna species were recorded in the developed area/wasteland, watercourse, grassland and village/orchard. No breeding or roosting behaviour of any bird species were recorded within the KTUCT area.

10.5.6.22 Among all the avifauna species found within the KTUCT area, 12 species of conservation importance, i.e. Ashy Drongo (Dicrurus leucophaeus), Black Kite, Black-winged Stilt, Chinese Pond Heron, Collared Crow, Common Greenshank, Eastern Buzzard, Great Egret, Greater Coucal, Grey Heron, Little Egret and Red-billed Starling (Spodiopsar sericeus), were recorded. All of them are common resident or winter visitor in Hong Kong and wetland dependent, except Ashy Drongo and Greater Coucal. The species of conservation importance were found in habitats including pond, watercourse, dry agricultural land, grassland, village/orchard and developed area/wasteland in low abundance (Figure Nos. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/332 and 333 refer).

Butterfly

10.5.6.23 A total of 53 butterfly species were recorded within the KTUCT area, two of which are species of conservation importance (Appendix 10.3f refers). Most of the butterfly species recorded are either very common or common in Hong Kong, and were mostly recorded in the developed area/wasteland, village/orchard, grassland and watercourse. The species of conservation importance Small Cabbage White was recorded in the dry agricultural land at Chau Tau Tsuen while Danaid Eggfly were recorded in the developed area/wasteland next to Po Lau Road and plantation near KTU, respectively (Figure Nos. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/332 and 333 refer).

Odonate

10.5.6.24 A total of 18 odonate species were recorded within the KTUCT area (Appendix 10.3f refers). All of the odonate species recorded are considered common or abundant in Hong Kong. Most of the odonate species were recorded in developed area/wasteland, grassland and watercourse. An odonate species of conservation importance, Blue Chaser, was recorded in the watercourse S-KC-4 near Chau Tau Tsuen.

Herpetofauna

10.5.6.25 A total of 16 herpetofauna, including nine amphibian and seven reptile species were recorded within the KTUCT area (Appendix 10.3f refers). All of the recorded species are common and widely distributed in Hong Kong, except Chinese Bullfrog, Spotted Narrow-mouthed Frog and Garnot’s Gecko (Hemidactylus garnotii). Most of the herpetofauna species were recorded in the developed area/wasteland. Three herpetofauna species of conservation importance were recorded within the KTUCT area, including amphibian Spotted Narrow-mouthed Frog, Chinese Bullfrog, and reptile Indo-Chinese Rat Snake. The Spotted Narrow-mouth Frog was recorded in the developed area/wasteland habitat near the KTU(NOL) Station, while the Chinese Bullfrog and Indo-Chinese Rat Snake were recorded in the dry agricultural land and watercourse S-KC-4 near Chau Tau Tsuen.

Mammal

10.5.6.26 A total of nine mammals, eight of which were species of conservation importance, were recorded in developed area/wasteland, village/orchard and watercourse within the KTUCT area (Appendix 10.3f refers). The eight recorded species of conservation importance included Red Muntjac, Pallas’s Squirrel and six bat species, i.e. Chinese Noctule, Japanese Pipistrelle, Lesser Bamboo Bat, two unknown Vespertilionidae species and one unknown Myotis species. The recorded bat species were mostly recorded at night flying above the developed area/wasteland near watercourse S-KC-3b, S-KC-4 and S-KC-8 (Figure Nos. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/331 to 333 refer).

Aquatic Communities

10.5.6.27 A total of two aquatic fauna species were recorded from three out of the four aquatic sampling points located within the KTUCT area (Appendix 10.3h refers). One fish Dwarf Snakehead (Channa gachua) and one gastropod species (i.e. Apple Snail) were recorded in low abundance. Dwarf Snakehead is an introduced species, while Apple Snail is an invasive species in Hong Kong. No species of conservation importance was recorded.

10.5.7 Tai Shu Ha Area

Overview

10.5.7.1 The Tai Shu Ha area (Figure No. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/334 refers) comprises the 500 m area from the proposed works area for overnight explosive storage in Tai Shu Ha (Yuen Long). Plantation was the dominant habitat in this area (approx. 74%) while most of the plantation were also within the “CA” and TLCP. Other habitats including mixed woodland, grassland, seasonally wet grassland, marsh/reed, pond, watercourse, village/orchard and developed area/wasteland were mostly scattered in the western and northern part of Tai Shu Ha area (Table 10.16 refers).

10.5.7.2 Overall, low to moderate floral (212 species) and faunal diversity (45 avifauna species, 41 butterfly species, 25 odonate species, ten amphibian species, three reptile species, 13 mammal species and ten aquatic fauna species) were recorded in Tai Shu Ha area.

Recognized Sites of Conservation Importance

10.5.7.3 Two recognized sites of conservation importance, including “CA” and TLCP, were identified within the Tai Shu Ha area. The works area at Tai Shu Ha (Yuen Long) falls entirely within the “CA” gazetted under OZP No. S/YL-TT/18 – Tai Tong. TLCP is located approximately 170 m east of the proposed works area.

Other Ecologically Sensitive Resources

10.5.7.4 There were two isolated ponds and a small patch of marsh/reed identified in the northwestern margin of the Assessment Area on the other side of Tai Shu Ha Road West.

Habitat and Vegetation

10.5.7.5 A total of ten habitats were recorded within Tai Shu Ha area, namely marsh/reed, pond, watercourse, seasonally wet grassland, dry agricultural land, mixed woodland, plantation, grassland, village/orchard and developed area/wasteland (Figure No. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/334 refers). Representative photographs are provided in Appendix 10.1f, and a comprehensive list of flora recorded is presented in Appendix 10.2g.

Table 10.16 Habitats Identified within the Tai Shu Ha Area

Habitat Type	Approximate Size (ha)	Percentage of Area
Marsh/Reed	0.11	0.1%
Pond	0.19	0.2%
Watercourse	1.15 (approx. 2.4 km)	1.2%
Seasonally Wet Grassland	0.02	<0.1%
Dry Agricultural Land	0.61	0.6%
Mixed Woodland	2.51	2.6%
Plantation	71.49	74.0%
Grassland	10.30	10.7%
Village/Orchard	0.94	1.0%
Developed Area/Wasteland	9.28	9.6%
Total	96.59	100.0%

Remark: The size and percentage included in this table is subject to rounding adjustments. Any discrepancies between total and sums of individual numbers listed therein are due to rounding.

Plantation

10.5.7.6 Plantation is the key habitat in Tai Shu Ha area and the proposed works area also fell within this habitat. It is a man-made habitat as TLCP has underwent extensive afforestation program. Common introduced fast-growing trees such as Lophostemon confertus, Pinus elliottii and Acacia mangium dominated this habitat, while some native trees or shrubs such as Liquidambar formosana and Mallotus paniculatus were also recorded. The understory was of low diversity and mostly consisted of Schefflera heptaphylla and Blechnum orientale.

10.5.7.7 The overall floral diversity was low to moderate in this habitat. Two floral species of conservation importance, including Gnetum luofuense and Brainea insignis were recorded in this habitat, however neither of them were within the works area.

Watercourse

10.5.7.8 A total of four watercourses (namely S-TSH-1 to S-TSH-4) were identified within the Tai Shu Ha area. They were generally natural and originated from the hills within either the “CA” or TLCP. The riparian vegetation mostly comprised common or very common native herbs. The floral composition within the four watercourses was generally similar and of low floral diversity.

10.5.7.9 S-TSH-1 was a natural watercourse located to the immediate south of the works area and it had a sandy substrate with some boulders. The width of this watercourse was approximately 1.5 m with the water depth of approximately 0.3 m. The water flowed from the east to west down the hill with a moderate water flow and good water quality. Bankside vegetation was dominated by common native herbs Blechnum orientale, followed by Acorus gramineus and Lepidosperma chinense.

10.5.7.10 S-TSH-2 was located to the northwest of the works area. The upper course of S-TSH-2 was generally natural while the lower course was connected into a culvert next to Tai Shu Ha Road West. The substratum was sandy with occasional boulders. The width of this watercourse was approximately 3 m with the water depth of approximately 0.5 m. The water flowed from the east to west down the hill with a slow water flow and poor water quality. Littering and waterpipes were observed along this watercourse. Limited bankside vegetation was recorded, including common native herb Alocasia macrorrhizos and exotic climber Epipremnum aureum. The section of S-TSH-2 east of Tai Shu Ha Road West was semi-shaded by riparian trees e.g. Macaranga tanarius var. tomentosa and Ficus hispida.

10.5.7.11 S-TSH-3 was located at the northeastern part of the Tai Shu Ha area and partially fall within TLCP, which was generally natural and intact with little disturbance. The watercourse bed was largely made of bedrocks, with little sandy substrate and large boulders. The width was approximately 2 to 14 m with the water depth of approximately 0.4 m. The water flowed from the southeast to northwest direction down the hill with a relatively fast water flow. The watercourse is quite exposed, with limited bankside vegetation comprising common native herbs e.g. Blechnum orientale, Dicranopteris pedata, and Pogonatherum crinitum.

10.5.7.12 S-TSH-4 was located at the southern part of the Tai Shu Ha area and partially fall within TLCP, which collected water from the tributaries within the TLCP and flowed to the northwest direction. The upper course was generally natural while the lower course was slightly modified. The substrate was generally sandy with pebbles. This watercourse was approximately 2 m in width and with the water depth of approximately 0.3 m.

Developed Area/Wasteland

10.5.7.13 Developed area/wasteland habitat within Tai Shu Ha area was limited and mostly comprised roads, HKMEC International Model Aviation Centre, some residential houses and open storage area. Low floral diversity and abundance were recorded within this habitat. Common tree or shrub species such as Ficus variegata, Mallotus paniculatus and Leucaena leucocephala, and common herb or climber species such as Emilia sonchifolia, Bidens alba, Ipomoea cairica were recorded along the roadside. No floral species of conservation importance was recorded within this habitat.

Grassland

10.5.7.14 Several grasslands were identified at the northwestern part of the Tai Shu Ha area, while their floral compositions were similar. Very common grass species such as Microstegium ciliatum, Panicum maximum and Miscanthus sinensis dominated this habitat with occasional shrubs such as Macaranga tanarius var. tomentosa and Celtis sinensis. Low floral diversity was observed in this habitat. No floral species of conservation importance was recorded in this habitat. Burial grounds were observed within these grasslands, which indicated that this habitat was under certain human disturbance.

Mixed Woodland

10.5.7.15 Mixed woodlands were scattered within Tai Shu Ha area and were mostly contiguous with the plantation or grassland habitats. The canopies of the mixed woodlands were generally semi-open, and about 6 m to 10 m tall, made up of a mix of exotic trees e.g. Eucalyptus spp. and Lophostemon confertus and native trees e.g. Mallotus paniculatus and Schefflera heptaphylla. The sparse understory consisted of common shrubs and climbers such as Litsea rotundifolia var. oblongifolia, Litsea cubeba and Lygodium japonicum.

10.5.7.16 Low floral diversity was observed in this habitat due to the small size. One floral species of conservation importance, Gnetum luofuense, was recorded in the mixed woodland east to the works area.

Seasonally Wet Grassland

10.5.7.17 A small patch of seasonally wet grassland was recorded at the western part of the Tai Shu Ha area. This grassland was observed to be wet in wet season only. Given the small size of this habitat, very low floral diversity and common wetland herb species e.g. Hypericum japonicum and upland herbs e.g. Scoparia dulcis were observed. No floral species of conservation importance was recorded in this habitat.

Marsh/Reed

10.5.7.18 A patch of marsh/reed was recorded at the northwestern part of the Tai Shu Ha area. Low floral diversity was observed which comprised mostly common or very common herb species such as Miscanthus floridulus, Cyclosorus interruptus and Phragmites australis with occasional shurbs of Mallotus paniculatus. Very low floral diversity was observed in this habitat. No floral species of conservation importance was recorded within this habitat.

Pond

10.5.7.19 There were two isolated ponds within the Tai Shu Ha area. The ponds were abandoned. Vegetation was mostly found at the pond bunds which comprised common or very common herb species such as Myriophyllum aquaticum, Phragmites vallatorius and Miscanthus floridulus. Very low floral diversity was observed in this habitat. No floral species of conservation importance was recorded in this habitat.

Dry Agricultural Land

10.5.7.20 A few small dry agricultural lands were scattered in northern and western Tai Shu Ha area. Common crops such as Benincasa hispida, Ipomoea batatas and Solanum melongena and some common fruit trees including Artocarpus heterophyllus and Carica papaya were recorded in the dry agricultural lands. Low floral diversity was observed in this habitat. No floral species of conservation importance was recorded in this habitat.

Village/Orchard

10.5.7.21 Village/orchard habitat refers to areas with low-rise village houses interspersed with patches of fruit tree cultivation. It mainly scattered in the western part of the Tai Shu Ha area. Common fruit trees including Dimocarpus longan and Litchi chinensis dominated this habitat, while some other trees or shrubs such as Zanthoxylum avicennae, Citrus mitis and Litsea cubeba were also recorded.

10.5.7.22 The floral diversity was observed to be low to moderate in this habitat. A floral species of conservation importance, Aralia chinensis, was recorded within this habitat.

Terrestrial Fauna

Avifauna

10.5.7.23 Avifauna recorded within the Tai Shu Ha area included a total of 45 avifauna species, while most of them are common resident species in Hong Kong as well as some waterbird and wetland-dependent species (Appendix 10.3g refers). Plantation habitat within the 500 m area supported majority of the avifaunal species recorded, which are dominated by generalist species such as Swinhoe’s White-eye (Zosterops simplex) and Red-Whiskered Bulbul (Pycnonotus jocosus). Besides, the waterbirds and wetland-dependent species were recorded in watercourse, pond and marsh/reed habitats scattered in Tai Shu Ha area.

10.5.7.24 Among all the avifauna recorded within the Tai Shu Ha area, low abundance of nine species of conservation importance, including Black Kite, Chinese Pond Heron, Little Egret, Greater Coucal, Chinese Francolin, Collared Scops Owl (Otus lettia), Rufous-capped Babbler (Cyanoderma ruficeps), Besra and Chinese Grosbeak (Eophona migratoria), were recorded. Most of them are common resident species and were recorded outside the works area. The ardeid species of conservation importance (i.e. Chinese Pond Heron and Little Egret) were recorded in the pond and the grassland or village/orchard adjacent to the wetland habitats. While the other species of conservation importance were recorded in the plantation, grassland and village/orchard within Tai Shu Ha area.

Butterfly

10.5.7.25 A total of 41 butterfly species were recorded within Tai Shu Ha area (Appendix 10.3g refers). Most of them are species that widely distributed throughout Hong Kong, such as Great Eggfly (Hypolimnas bolina), Common Mime (Papilio clytia) and Common Five-ring (Ypthima baldus). They were recorded mostly in the plantation and grassland habitats. Two butterfly species of conservation importance, Tiny Grass Blue and Metallic Cerulean, were recorded in the grassland or plantation habitats outside the works area.

Odonate

10.5.7.26 A total of 25 odonate species were recorded within Tai Shu Ha area (Appendix 10.3g refers). Majority of the species recorded are widely distributed in Hong Kong, while only two odonate species of conservation importance including Scarlet Basker and Giant Hooktail (Megalogomphus sommeri) were recorded in the pond at the western part of Assessment Area and at S-TSH-1 respectively. None of the odonate species of conservation importance were recorded within the works area.

Herpetofauna

10.5.7.27 A total of ten amphibian and three reptile species were recorded within Tai Shu Ha area (Appendix 10.3g refers). Most of the herpetofauna species recorded are common in Hong Kong, and they were widely distributed throughout Tai Shu Ha area. Among all the herpetofauna recorded within the Tai Shu Ha area, low abundance of two species of conservation importance, including Short-legged Toad (Megophrys brachykolos) and Lesser Spiny Frog (Quasipaa exilispinosa), were recorded at watercourses S-TSH-1 and S-TSH-4 or the adjacent habitats. Low abundance of tadpoles of Lesser Spiny Frog were found at the pool of S-TSH-1 next to Tai Shu Ha Road West. None of the species of conservation importance was recorded within the works area, however low abundance of Lesser Spiny Frog was recorded in S-TSH-1 immediate south to the works area, as well as low abundance of Short-legged Toad was recorded in the plantation immediate north and southeast to the works area.

Mammal

10.5.7.28 A total of 13 mammal species were recorded within Tai Shu Ha area (Appendix 10.3g refers). Eight of the recorded mammal species were bat species with conservation importance, including Chinese Noctule, Japanese Pipistrelle, Lesser Bamboo Bat, Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bat, Least Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus pusillus), two unknown Vespertilionidae species and one unknown Myotis species. These bat species were widely distributed within Tai Shu Ha area and some of the species were recorded flying above the works area in low abundance.

10.5.7.29 Other four mammal species recorded, including Pallas’s Squirrel, Red Muntjac, East Asian Porcupine and Small Indian Civet, were of conservation importance. Low abundance of these three species of conservation importance were recorded in the plantation or mixed woodland habitats within the “CA” or TLCP. None of them were recorded within the works area, however low abundance of Red Muntjac was recorded in the plantation adjacent to S-TSH-1 in the immediate south to the works area.

Aquatic Communities

10.5.7.30 A total of ten aquatic fauna species were recorded in the two aquatic sampling points, i.e. FS22 at S-TSH-2 and FS23 at S-TSH-1, located within Tai Shu Ha area (Appendix 10.3h refers). Species recorded include four aquatic fishes (Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus, Channa sp., Flat-headed Loach Oreonectes platycephalus and Rhinogobius duospilus), two insects (Backswimmer and larvae of Caddisfly Anisocentropus maculatus), two shrimps (Canton Bee Shrimp and Longbeak Caridina Shrimp Caridina longirostris) and two crabs (Somanniathelphusa zanklon and Stream Crab Cryptopotamon anacoluthon). Among these aquatic fauna species, the two crab species are of conservation importance while the other species are common or very common.

10.6 Ecological Value of Habitats and Species

10.6.1 The ecological importance of recorded habitats was evaluated in accordance with the EIAO-TM Annex 8 criteria and presented in Table 10.17 to Table 10.22 for Kam Sheung Road/Pat Heung area, Table 10.24 to Table 10.30 for Sha Po/Au Tau area, Table 10.32 to Table 10.37 for Ngau Tam Mei/Pok Wai area, Table 10.39 to Table 10.44 for San Tin/Shek Wu Wai area, Table 10.46 to Table 10.49 for Kwu Tung/Chau Tau area and Table 10.51 to Table 10.54 for Tai Shu Ha area below. Representative photographs are presented in Appendix 10.1. Species of conservation importance identified from literature review and surveys are summarised in Table 10.23, Table 10.31, Table 10.38, Table 10.45, Table 10.50 and Table 10.55 below respectively. Their indicative locations and representative photographs are presented in Figure Nos. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/320 to 334 and Appendix 10.4, respectively.

10.6.2 Kam Sheung Road/Pat Heung Area

Table 10.17 Ecological Evaluation of West Rail Compensatory Wetland within Kam Sheung Road/Pat Heung Area

Criteria	West Rail Compensatory Wetland
Naturalness	Low to moderate. A man-made habitat created to compensate the loss of wetlands in the Kam Tin Valley due to the construction of WR Line and under active management.
Size	Small (3.55 ha)
Diversity	Moderate to high floral and moderate faunal diversity
Rarity	An uncommon habitat in Hong Kong. A total of 39 species of conservation importance including 21 avifauna, 11 butterfly and seven odonate species recorded in previous studies. A total of 11 species of conservation importance recorded in present survey, including one flora species (Saururus chinensis), six avifauna species (Black Kite, Chinese Pond Heron, Greater Coucal, Grey Heron, Little Egret and White-cheeked Starling), one butterfly species (Small Cabbage White) and three mammal species (Chinese Noctule, Japanese Pipistrelle, and Pallas’s Squirrel).
Re-creatability	High
Fragmentation	Moderate to high. The WRCWs are divided into 11 parcels, three of which are within the Kam Sheung Road/Pat Heung area.
Ecological linkage	Kam Po Road Egretry and ANR occurs within Parcel J.
Potential value	Moderate. WRCWs are currently maintained and managed actively but are mostly surrounded by developed area
Nursery / Breeding ground	Kam Po Road Egretry, which supported Chinese Pond Heron and Little Egret, is recorded within Parcel J
Age	Relatively mature, about 20 years
Abundance / Richness of Wildlife	Moderate (for Parcel J) Low to moderate (for Parcels C and I)
Ecological value	Moderate – for WRCW Parcel J Low to moderate – for WRCW Parcels C and I

Table 10.18 Ecological Evaluation of Pond and Watercourse within Kam Sheung Road/Pat Heung Area

Criteria	Pond	Watercourse (S-KP-1, Ho Pui Channel, Upper Ho Pui Channel)
Naturalness	Low. A man-made habitat for the purpose of aquaculture and landscaping	Low
Size	Very small (0.07 ha)	Small (approx. 5.73 ha, 3.6 km in total) S-KP-1 (approx. 1.2 km) Ho Pui Channel (approx. 2.1 km) Upper Ho Pui Channel (approx. 0.3 km)
Diversity	Low floral and faunal diversity	Low to moderate floral and faunal diversity
Rarity	Uncommon. Mainly restricted to northwestern New Territories No species of conservation importance was recorded in both previous studies and present survey.	Common habitat in Hong Kong. One butterfly species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies. A total of nine fauna species of conservation importance recorded in present survey, including six avifauna species (Black-winged Stilt, Chinese Pond Heron, Eurasian Teal, Grey Heron, Little Egret and Mandarin Duck), and three mammal species (Japanese Pipistrelle, unknown Vespertilionidae sp. 1 and unknown Vespertilionidae sp. 2).
Re-creatability	High	High
Fragmentation	High	Moderate to High
Ecological linkage	No notable ecological linkage
Potential value	Low	Low
Nursery / Breeding ground	No notable nursery and breeding behaviour observed
Age	N/A
Abundance / Richness of Wildlife	Low
Ecological value	Low	Low to Moderate

Table 10.19 Ecological Evaluation of Dry Agricultural Land within Kam Sheung Road/Pat Heung Area

Criteria	Dry Agricultural Land
Naturalness	Low. A man-made habitat for the purpose of crop production.
Size	Small (approx. 3.40 ha)
Diversity	Moderate to high floral and low to moderate faunal diversity
Rarity	Common habitat in Hong Kong. No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies. A butterfly species (Small Cabbage White) of conservation importance was recorded in present survey.
Re-creatability	High
Fragmentation	Low, usually connected with adjacent dry agricultural land and village/orchard
Ecological linkage	Structurally linked to adjacent habitats including seasonally wet grassland and wet agricultural land to form a matrix of habitats (e.g. east to Pat Heung Depot)
Potential value	Low to moderate
Nursery / Breeding ground	No notable nursery / breeding behaviour observed
Age	N/A
Abundance / Richness of Wildlife	Low
Ecological value	Low to moderate

Table 10.20 Ecological Evaluation of Mixed Woodland, and Plantation within the Kam Sheung Road/Pat Heung Area

Criteria	Mixed Woodland	Plantation
Naturalness	Low to moderate	Low
Size	Small (approx. 3.56 ha)	Small (approx. 14.48 ha)
Diversity	Low to moderate floral and low faunal diversity	Low to moderate floral and low faunal diversity
Rarity	Common habitat in Hong Kong. No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies. A total of three species of conservation importance was recorded in present survey, including two avifauna species (Eastern Buzzard and Grey Heron) and one butterfly species (Tiny Grass Blue).	A common habitat in Hong Kong No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies. A mammal species (Japanese Pipistrelle) of conservation importance was recorded in present survey.
Re-creatability	Moderate. Re-creatable if time is given for natural succession.	High
Fragmentation	Moderate to high. Small patches of mixed woodland scattered across the KSRPH area.	Moderate
Ecological linkage	Small areas of mixed woodland habitat occur within “CA” on the eastern side of Tsing Long Highway near Pat Heung Depot	A few patches and/or strips of plantation fall within “CA” on both sides of Tsing Long Highway and a large patch of hillside plantation within TLCP west of Tsing Long Highway
Potential value	Moderate	Low to moderate for hillside plantation within “CA” west of Tsing Long Highway as long-term regeneration of native species is possible if time is given Low for remaining plantations
Nursery / Breeding ground	No notable nursery/ breeding behaviour observed	No notable nursery/ breeding behaviour observed
Age	N/A	N/A
Abundance / Richness of Wildlife	Moderate	Low to moderate
Ecological value	Low to moderate	Low to Moderate – for plantation west of Tsing Long Highway Low – remaining plantations

Table 10.21 Ecological Evaluation of Shrubland and Grassland within the Kam Sheung Road/Pat Heung Area

Criteria	Shrubland	Grassland
Naturalness	Moderate to high	Moderate to high
Size	Small (approx. 7.64 ha)	Moderate (approx. 29.76 ha)
Diversity	Low to moderate floral and low faunal diversity	Low to moderate floral and low faunal diversity
Rarity	Common habitat in Hong Kong. No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies. A total of four species of conservation importance recorded in present study, including one avifauna species (Greater Coucal), two butterfly species (Danaid Eggfly, Tiny Grass Blue) and one mammal species (unknown Vespertilionidae sp. 1).	Common habitat in Hong Kong. No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies. A total of two species of conservation importance recorded, including one avifauna species (Little Egret) and one butterfly species (Small Cabbage White).
Re-creatability	Moderate	Moderate
Fragmentation	High	Moderate
Ecological linkage	Small areas occur within TLCP and “CA” on both sides of Tsing Long Highway	Hillside grassland partially falls within TLCP and “CA” on both sides of Tsing Long Highway A few patches of low-lying grassland occur partially near PHD.
Potential value	Low to moderate	Low to moderate
Nursery / Breeding ground	No notable nursery/ breeding behaviour observed	No notable nursery/ breeding behaviour observed
Age	N/A	N/A
Abundance / Richness of Wildlife	Low to moderate	Low to moderate
Ecological value	Low to Moderate	Low to moderate – for hillside grassland Low – for low-lying grassland

Table 10.22 Ecological Evaluation of Village/Orchard and Developed Area/ Wasteland within the Kam Sheung Road/Pat Heung Area

Criteria	Village/Orchard	Developed Area/Wasteland
Naturalness	Low	Low
Size	Small (approx. 11.36 ha)	Very large (approx. 140.78 ha)
Diversity	Moderate floral (consisting of native ruderal and exotic species) and low to moderate faunal diversity.	Moderate to high floral (consisting of native ruderal and exotic species) and moderate faunal diversity
Rarity	A very common habitat in Hong Kong. No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies. A total of five species of conservation importance recorded in present survey, including one avifauna species (Chinese Pond Heron) and four mammal species (Japanese Pipistrelle, unknown Vespertilionidae sp. 1, unknown Vespertilionidae sp. 2 and Pallas’s Squirrel).	Very common habitat in Hong Kong. No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies. A total of 17 species of conservation importance recorded in present survey, including one flora (Ailanthus fordii), seven avifauna species (Chinese Pond Heron, Collared Crow, Eastern Buzzard, Greater Coucal, Grey Heron, Little Egret and White-cheeked Starling), two butterfly species (Small Cabbage White and Danaid Eggfly), seven mammal species (Chinese Noctule, Japanese Pipistrelle, Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bat, unknown Vespertilionidae sp. 1, unknown Vespertilionidae sp. 2, Lesser Bamboo Bat and Pallas’s Squirrel).
Re-creatability	High	High
Fragmentation	High	Low
Ecological linkage	No notable ecological linkage	Small parts occur in “CA” on both sides on Tsing Long Highway
Potential value	Low	Low
Nursery / Breeding ground	No notable nursery and breeding behaviour observed	No notable nursery and breeding behaviour observed
Age	N/A	N/A
Abundance / Richness of Wildlife	Low to moderate	Moderate
Ecological value	Low	Low

Table 10.23 Species of Conservation Importance Recorded within the Kam Sheung Road/Pat Heung Area

Species	Recorded Habitat in Previous Studies ⁽¹⁾	Recorded Habitat in Present Survey ^(1)(11)	Protection Status	Distribution in Hong Kong ⁽²⁾	Rarity ⁽²⁾
Flora
Ailanthus (Ailanthus fordii)	-	DA	Cap. 96 ⁽³⁾; Cat 4 (Near Threatened)⁽⁴⁾	Cape D'Aguilar, Mount Gough, Sha Tin, Ma On Shan, Lamma Island. Also cultivated at gardens and roadsides	-
Lizard’s Tail (Saururus chinensis)	-	WRCW	-	Tai Tam, Sha Tin, Tai Po, Sha Lo Tung, Tai Mei Tuk	Rare
Avifauna
Asian Barred Owlet (Glaucidium cuculoides)	WRCW	-	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; Cap.586 ⁽³⁾; Class II ⁽⁶⁾	Widely distributed in woodland of the north and central New Territories.	Locally common resident.
Black Kite (Milvus migrans) ⁽⁵⁾	-	WRCW, IF	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; Cap.586 ⁽³⁾; (RC) ⁽³⁾; Class II ⁽⁶⁾	Widely distributed in Hong Kong.	Common resident and winter visitor.
Black-winged Stilt (Himantopus himantopus) ⁽⁵⁾	WRCW	WC	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; RC⁽³⁾	Found in Deep Bay area, Long Valley, Kam Tin.	Common migrant and winter visitor.
Chinese Pond Heron (Ardeola bacchus) ⁽⁵⁾	WRCW	WRCW, WC, V/O, DA, IF	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; PRC (RC)⁽³⁾	Widely distributed in Hong Kong.	Common resident.
Chinese Penduline Tit (Remiz consobrinus)	WRCW	-	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; RC⁽³⁾	Found in Deep Bay area, Tai O, Mui Wo, Long Valley, Luk Keng, Chek Lap Kok.	Common autumn migrant and winter visitor.
Collared Crow (Corvus torquatus) ⁽⁵⁾	-	DA, IF	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; LC ⁽³⁾; Near Threatened ⁽⁸⁾; Vulnerable ⁽⁹⁾	Found in Inner Deep Bay area, Nam Chung, Kei Ling Ha, Tai Mei Tuk, Pok Fu Lam, Chek Lap Kok, Shuen Wan, Lam Tsuen.	Locally common resident.
Common Greenshank (Tringa nebularia) ⁽⁵⁾	WRCW	-	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; RC ⁽³⁾	Found in Deep Bay area.	Abundant winter visitor and migrant.
Common Emerald Dove (Chalcophaps indica)	WRCW	-	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; Near Threatened ⁽⁷⁾	Widely distributed in woodland throughout Hong Kong	Uncommon but widespread resident.
Crested Serpent Eagle (Spilornis cheela)	WRCW	-	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; Cap.586 ⁽³⁾; (LC) ⁽³⁾; Class II ⁽⁶⁾; Vulnerable ⁽⁷⁾; Near Threatened ⁽⁸⁾	Widely distributed in shrublands on hillsides throughout Hong Kong.	Common resident.
Eastern Buzzard (Buteo japonicus) ⁽⁵⁾	WRCW	MWL, DA, IF	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; Cap.586 ⁽³⁾; Class II ⁽⁶⁾	Widely distributed in Hong Kong.	Common winter visitor.
Eurasian Teal (Anas crecca) ⁽⁵⁾	-	WC	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; RC⁽³⁾	Found in Deep Bay area, Shuen Wan, Tai Lam Chung Reservoir, Victoria Harbour, urban parks.	Common winter visitor.
Greater Coucal (Centropus sinensis)	WRCW	WRCW, SL, DA	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; Class II ⁽⁶⁾; Vulnerable ⁽⁷⁾	Widely distributed in Hong Kong.	Common resident.
Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo)⁽⁵⁾	WRCW	-	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; PRC⁽³⁾	Widely distributed in coastal areas throughout Hong Kong.	Common winter visitor.
Great Egret (Ardea alba) ⁽⁵⁾	WRCW	-	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; PRC (RC)⁽³⁾	Widely distributed in Hong Kong.	Common resident, migrant and winter visitor.
Grey-headed Lapwing (Vanellus cinereus) ⁽⁵⁾	WRCW	-	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; LC⁽³⁾	Found in Kam Tin, Tsim Bei Tsui, Lo Wu, Tai Long Wan, Shuen Wan, Castle Peak coast, Chek Lap Kok.	Locally common winter visitor and migrant.
Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea) ⁽⁵⁾	WRCW	WRCW, WC, MWL, DA	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; PRC⁽³⁾	Found in Deep Bay area, Starling Inlet, Kowloon Park, Cape D'Aguilar.	Common winter visitor.
Intermediate Egret (Egretta intermedia)⁽⁵⁾	WRCW	-	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; RC⁽³⁾	Found in Deep Bay area, Tai Long Wan, Starling Inlet, Tai O, Cape D'Aguilar.	Resident and passage migrant.
Lanceolated Warbler (Locustella lanceolata)	WRCW	-	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; Near Threatened⁽⁸⁾	Widely distributed in Hong Kong.	Uncommon autumn passage migrant.
Little Egret (Egretta garzetta)⁽⁵⁾	WRCW	WRCW, WC, GL, DA, IF	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; PRC (RC) ⁽³⁾	Widely distributed in coastal area throughout Hong Kong.	Common resident.
Little Grebe (Tachybaptus ruficollis)⁽⁵⁾	WRCW	-	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; LC ⁽³⁾	Found in Deep Bay area.	Common resident.
Mandarin Duck (Aix galericulata)⁽⁵⁾	-	WC	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; Class II ⁽⁶⁾; Vulnerable ⁽⁷⁾; Near Threatened ⁽⁸⁾	Found in Mai Po, Tai Tam, Shing Mun.	Scarce winter visitor.
Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus)⁽⁵⁾	WRCW	-	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; Cap.586 ⁽³⁾; (LC) ⁽³⁾; Class II ⁽⁶⁾; Near Threatened ⁽⁸⁾	Widely distributed in Hong Kong.	Locally common resident and winter visitor.
Pied Avocet Recurvirostra avosetta)⁽⁵⁾	WRCW	-	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; RC ⁽³⁾	Found in Deep Bay area.	Abundant winter visitor.
White-cheeked Starling (Spodiopsar cineraceus)⁽⁵⁾	-	WRCW, DA	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; PRC⁽³⁾	Found in Deep Bay area, Kam Tin, Long Valley.	Locally common winter visitor.
Wood Sandpiper (Tringa glareola) ⁽⁵⁾	WRCW	-	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; LC⁽³⁾	Widely distributed in wetland area throughout Hong Kong.	Common migrant and winter visitor.
Zitting Cisticola (Cisticola juncidis)	WRCW	-	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; LC⁽³⁾	Widely distributed in grassland throughout Hong Kong.	Common passage migrant and winter visitor.
Butterfly
Small Cabbage White (Pieris rapae crucivora)	WRCW	WRCW, DAL, GL, DA	-	Shek Mun Kap, Fan Lau, Ngong Ping, Kam Tin, Ho Chung, Luk Keng, Tuen Mun Ash Lagoon	Rare
Metallic Cerulean (Jamides alecto)	WRCW	-	-	Victoria Peak, Fung Yuen, Chuen Lung, Mui Wo	Very rare
Forget-me-not (Catochrysops strabo)	WRCW	-	Species of conservation concern⁽²⁾	Pui O, Tai Po Kau, Fung Yuen, Shing Mun, Sha Lo Wan	Very rare
Swallowtail (Papilio xuthus)	WRCW	-	-	Kap Lung, Ma On Shan, Tai Tam, Sha Lo Wan, Kat O, Lung Kwu Tan, Wu Kau Tang, Lung Kwu Chau	Rare
Tiny Grass Blue (Zizula hylax)	WRCW	MWL, SL	Species of conservation concern⁽²⁾	Lung Kwu Tan, Fung Yuen, Sha Lo Wan	Very rare
Danaid Eggfly (Hypolimnas misippus)	-	SL, DA	LC⁽³⁾	Ngau Ngak Shan, Lung Kwu Tan, Hong Kong Wetland Park, Mount Parker, Cloudy Hill, Lin Ma Hang	Uncommon
Peacock Royal (Tajuria cippus)	WRCW	-	LC⁽³⁾	Ma On Shan, Wu Kau Tang, Tai Po Kau, Mount Nicholson, Victoria Peak, Cloudy Hill	Rare
Glassy Bluebottle (Graphium cloanthus)	WC	-	LC⁽³⁾	Tai Po Kau, Shing Mun, Cloudy Hill, Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden, Lam Tsuen, Lai Chi Hang, Tai Lam Wu.	Uncommon
Grey Scrub Hopper (Aeromachus jhora)	WRCW	-	-	Yung Shue O, Kuk Po, Tai Lam, Sha Lo Tung	Rare
Yellow Dart (Potanthus pava)	WRCW	-	Species of conservation concern⁽²⁾	Plover Cove	Very rare
Green Skirt Baron (Cynitia whiteheadi)	WRCW	-	-	North New Territories	Rare
Great Swift (Pelopidas assamensis)	WRCW	-	LC⁽³⁾	Shan Liu, Fung Yuen, Tai Lam Wu, Sam A Chung	Rare
Malayan (Megisba malaya)	WRCW	-	Species of conservation concern⁽²⁾	North Lantau Island	Very rare
Odonate
Ruby Darter (Rhodothemis rufa)	WRCW	-	LC⁽³⁾	Widely distributed in ponds and marshes with dense floating plants; Scattered	-
Scarlet Basker (Urothemis signata signata)	WRCW	-	LC⁽³⁾	Common in areas with abandoned fish ponds throughout Hong Kong; Scattered	-
Blue Chaser (Potamarcha congener)	WRCW	-	LC⁽³⁾	Found in small weedy ponds, puddles and marshes. Widely distributed in the New Territories; Scattered	-
Coastal Glider (Macrodiplax cora)	WRCW	-	LC⁽³⁾	Frequents marshes and ponds with dense vegetation, especially adjacent to coastal areas; Sparse	-
Emerald Cascader (Zygonyx iris insignis)	WRCW	-	PGC⁽³⁾	Widely distributed in moderately clean, rapidly flowing forested streams throughout Hong Kong; Widespread	-
Blue Sprite (Pseudagrion microcephalum)	WRCW	-	LC⁽³⁾	Found in lowland streams and ponds; often perches on aquatic plants just above the water surface. Population scattered all over Hong Kong and established in Hong Kong Wetland Park; Scattered	-
Dingy Dusk-hawker (Gynacantha subinterrupta)	WRCW	-	LC⁽³⁾	Found in well-shaded woodlands. Recorded in Hong Kong Wetland Park, Lantau Island, Ping Shan Chai, Sha Lo Tung and Tai Mo Shan; Sparse	-
Mammal
Chinese Noctule (Nyctalus plancyi)	-	WRCW, DA	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; PRC (RC) ⁽³⁾	Fairly widely distributed in countryside areas throughout Hong Kong.	-
Japanese Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus abramus)	-	WRCW, WC, PL, V/O, DA	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾	Widely distributed throughout Hong Kong.	-
Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros armiger)	-	DA	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; (LC) ⁽³⁾	Widely distributed in countryside areas throughout Hong Kong.	-
Unknown Vespertilionidae sp. 1	-	WC, SL, V/O, DA	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾	-	-
Unknown Vespertilionidae sp. 2	-	WC, V/O, DA	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾	-	-
Lesser Bamboo Bat (Tylonycteris fulvida)	-	DA	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; (LC) ⁽³⁾; Rare⁽¹⁰⁾	Fairly widely distributed in countryside areas throughout Hong Kong.	-
Pallas’s Squirrel (Callosciurus erythraeus)	-	WRCW, V/O, DA	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾	Fairly widely distributed, with the styani subspecies found in the New Territories (e.g. Tai Lam, Shing Mun and Tai Po Kau), and the thai subspecies found on the Hong Kong Island (e.g. Tai Tam and Pok Fu Lam)	-

Notes:

(1) Habitats: MA=Marsh/Reed; WRCW=West Rail Compensatory Wetland; WC=Watercourse; DAL=Dry Agricultural Land; MWL=Mixed Woodland; SL=Shrubland; GL=Grassland; V/O=Village/Orchard; DA=Developed Area/Wasteland; IF=In Flight.

(2) Distribution in Hong Kong and Rarity follows:

Flora: Wu and Lee (2000); Xing and Chau (2000); Siu (2000).

Fauna: AFCD (2011); AFCD (2022); Karsen et al. (1998); Shek (2006a); Reels (2019).

(3) Cap. 96: Protected under the Forests and Countryside Ordinance (Cap. 96).

Cap. 170: Protected under Wild Animals Protection Ordinance (Cap. 170).

Cap. 586: Protection of Endangered Species of Animals and Plants Ordinance (Cap.586).

Fellowes et al. (2002): LC=Local Concern; RC=Regional Concern; PRC=Potential Regional Concern. Letters in parentheses indicate that the assessment is on the basis of restrictedness in nesting and/or roosting sites rather than in general occurrence.

(4) Protection Status of Flora follows:

Hu et al. (2003); List of Wild Plants Under State Protection (Ministry of Forestry in 1999); Fu (1992); Qin et al. (2017); Feng et al. (2002). Wu and Hu. (1988).

(5) Wetland-dependent species (including wetland-dependent species and waterbirds).

(6) The List of Endangered and Protected Species of China.

(7) Zheng and Wang (1998).

(8) Jiang et al. (2016).

(9) IUCN (2022).

(10) Wang (1998).

(11) Habitat in bold type face = species recorded within work site/area, or recorded within both works site/area and Assessment Area; Habitat in unbold type face = species recorded outside works site/area but within Assessment Area.

10.6.3 Sha Po/Au Tau Area

Table 10.24 Ecological Evaluation of Marsh/Reed and West Rail Compensatory Wetland within Sha Po/Au Tau Area

Criteria	Marsh/Reed	West Rail Compensatory Wetland
Naturalness	Moderate. Succeeded from man-made habitats e.g. ponds and agricultural lands through natural processes though regular maintenance is conducted in some of the marshes e.g. Sha Po Marsh and YLBFEW	Low to moderate. A man-made habitat created to compensate the loss of wetlands in the Kam Tin Valley due to the construction of WR Line and under active management.
Size	Small (approx. 14.15 ha)	Small (approx. 7.28 ha)
Diversity	Moderate to high floral and faunal diversity	High floral and moderate to high faunal diversity
Rarity	An uncommon habitat in Hong Kong, particularly the brackish marsh/reed along S-SA-6 and S-SA-6a A total of three species of conservation importance, including two butterfly and a reptile species, were recorded in previous studies. A total of 21 species of conservation importance recorded in present survey, including two flora species (Persicaria orientalis and Schoenoplectus subulatus), seven avifauna species (Chinese Pond Heron, Great Egret, Greater Coucal, Grey Heron, Little Egret, Purple Heron and Von Schrenck’s Bittern), three butterfly species (Swallowtail, Tiny Grass Blue and Danaid Eggfly), two odonate species (Four-spot Midget and Mangrove Skimmer), and seven mammal species (Chinese Horseshoe Bat, Intermediate Horseshoe Bat, Japanese Pipistrelle, unknown Vespertilionidae sp. 1, unknown Vespertilionidae sp. 2, Lesser Bamboo Bat and Small Asian Mongoose).	An uncommon habitat in Hong Kong. A total of 54 species of conservation importance, including 31 avifauna, six butterfly, six odonate, two amphibian and nine reptile species, were recorded in previous studies. A total of 19 species of conservation importance recorded in present survey, including one flora species (Saururus chinensis), 12 avifauna species (Black-winged Stilt, Chinese Grosbeak, Chinese Pond Heron, Collared Crow, Eurasian Teal, Great Egret, Greater Coucal, Grey Heron, Intermediate Egret, Little Egret, Little Grebe and White-cheeked Starling), two butterfly species (Small Cabbage White and Tiny Grass Blue) and four odonate species (Mangrove Skimmer, Blue Chaser, Ruby Darter and Scarlet Basker).
Re-creatability	Low to moderate	High
Fragmentation	Low to moderate for the middle and southern compartments of Sha Po Marsh and YLBFEW High for the northern compartment of Sha Po Marsh and other marsh/reed scattered across the Assessment Area	Moderate to high. The WRCWs are divided into 11 parcels, six of which are within the SPAUT area.
Ecological linkage	Sha Po Marsh is structurally and functionally connected to the modified watercourse habitat of KTMDC Some of the other marsh/reed occur within YLBFEW, WCA, WBA and “CA”, or adjacent to YLBFEW, WRCWs and ponds	WRCW Parcels A, B, B1, D and M are structurally and functionally linked to other wetland habitats such as fishponds and watercourse habitat of KTMDC Part of WRCW Parcel A and B, and the whole of Parcels D and E are within “CA” No notable ecological linkage for WRCW Parcel F
Potential value	Moderate to high for the middle and southern compartments of Sha Po Marsh and YLBFEW, which are currently maintained and managed actively Moderate for the northern compartment of Sha Po Marsh and other marsh/reed, whose values could be increased if managed as wildlife habitat	Moderate to high for Parcels A, B, B1, D and M. Moderate for Parcels E and F since they are mostly surrounded by developed area Most of these WRCW parcels are currently maintained and managed actively.
Nursery / Breeding ground	Sha Po Marsh is one of the few known nursery/breeding grounds of Four-spot Midget No notable nursery and breeding behaviour in the scattered marsh/reed	Breeding behaviour of White-shouldered Starling was observed in Parcels B, B1 and D.
Age	N/A	Relatively mature, about 20 years
Abundance / Richness of Wildlife	Moderate for the middle and southern compartments of Sha Po Marsh Low for the northern compartment of Sha Po Marsh, YLBFEW and other marsh/reed	Moderate for Parcels A, B, B1, D and M Low for Parcels E and F
Ecological value	Moderate to high – for the middle and southern compartments of Sha Po Marsh Moderate – for the brackish marsh/reed along S-SA-6 and S-SA-6a Low to moderate – for the northern compartment of Sha Po Marsh, YLBFEW and other marsh/reed	Moderate – for Parcels A, B, B1, D and M Low to Moderate – for Parcels E and F

Table 10.25 Ecological Evaluation of Pond and Watercourse within Sha Po/Au Tau Area

Criteria	Pond	Kam Tin Main Drainage Channel	Watercourse (S-SA-1a, S-SA-2 to S-SA-5, S-SA-7 to S-SA-12)¹
Naturalness	Low. A man-made habitat for the purpose of aquaculture, wetland compensation, flood retention and landscaping	Low	Low to moderate (for watercourses S-SA-2 and S-SA-3 near/within Sha Po Marsh, S-SA-7a, S-SA-11 and S-SA-12) Low (for other watercourses)
Size	Small (approx. 21.32 ha)	Moderate (approx. 19.83 ha, 2.8 km)	Small (approx. 6.86 ha, 5.6 km in total) S-SA-1a (approx. 0.8 km) S-SA-2 (approx. 0.3 km) S-SA-3 (approx. 0.3 km) S-SA-4 (approx. 0.4 km) S-SA-5 (approx. 0.6 km) S-SA-7 (approx. 0.9 km) S-SA-7a (approx. 0.2 km) S-SA-8 (approx. 0.7 km) S-SA-9 (approx. 0.4 km) S-SA-10 (approx. 0.6 km) S-SA-11 (approx. 0.2 km) S-SA-12 (approx. 0.2 km)
Diversity	Low to moderate floral and faunal diversity	Low floral diversity, moderate faunal diversity	Low floral and faunal diversity
Rarity	Uncommon. Mainly restricted to northwestern New Territories A floral species of conservation importance (Phymatodes longissima) was recorded in previous studies (previously recorded in the habitat “agricultural/freshwater marsh”). A total of 21 species of conservation importance recorded in present survey, 17 avifauna species (Chinese Pond Heron, Citrine Wagtail, Collared Crow, Common Greenshank, Eurasian Teal, Great Cormorant, Great Egret, Greater Coucal, Grey Heron, Intermediate Egret, Kentish Plover, Little Egret, Little Grebe, Northern Shoveler, Pacific Golden Plover, White-cheeked Starling and Wood Sandpiper), one odonate species (Coastal Glider), and three mammal species (Japanese Pipistrelle, Pallas’s Squirrel and Leopard Cat).	Common habitat in Hong Kong. A total of 21 species of conservation importance, including 20 avifauna and a aquatic fauna species, were recorded in previous studies. A total of 18 fauna species of conservation importance recorded in present survey, including 17 avifauna species (Black-winged Stilt, Chinese Pond Heron, Common Greenshank, Common Redshank, Great Cormorant, Great Egret, Eurasian Teal, Eurasian Whimbrel, Little Egret, Little Grebe, Grey Heron, Grey-headed Lapwing, Marsh Sandpiper, Pied Avocet, Northern Shoveler, Northern Pintail and Wood Sandpiper) and one mammal species (Japanese Pipistrelle).	Common habitat in Hong Kong No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies. A total of 15 fauna species of conservation importance recorded in present survey, including nine avifauna species (Black-winged Stilt, Chinese Pond Heron, Eurasian Teal, Greater Coucal, Grey-headed Lapwing, Grey Heron, Little Egret, Northern Shoveler and Wood Sandpiper), one odonate species (Blue Chaser) and five mammal species (Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bat, Chinese Noctule, Japanese Pipistrelle, unknown Vespertilionidae sp. 1 and unknown Vespertilionidae sp. 2).
Re-creatability	High	High	Moderate (for watercourses (S-SA-2 and S-SA-3 near/within Sha Po Marsh and S-SA-7a) High (for other watercourses)
Fragmentation	Low to moderate for the active and inactive fishponds south of Cheung Chun San Tsuen near Au Tau, within YLBFEW, west of Nam San Wai Road and west of Mo Fan Heung in Pok Wai High for other scattered and isolated ponds	No major fragmentation observed	Moderate
Ecological linkage	Some ponds occur within WBA, WCA and “CA” in Pok Wai Contiguous blocks of active and inactive fishponds south of Cheung Chun San Tsuen are functionally linked with adjacent wetland habitats e.g. WRCW, KTMDC and marsh/reed. Inactive fishponds west of Nam San Wai Road are structurally linked to the adjacent ponds and marsh/reed within YLBFEW. Some ardeids roosting in Ko Po Road ANR foraged in the drained fishponds before returning to the ANR Fishponds within WCA and “CA” west of Mo Fan Heung in Pok Wai are linked to the extensive fishponds beyond the Assessment Area	Part of KTMDC occurs within WCA and WBA. Structurally and functionally linked with other wetland habitats e.g. Sha Po Marsh, fishponds south of Cheung Chun San Chuen Functionally linked with the ANRs at Sha Po, Ko Po Road and Kam Po Road, and Kam Po Road Egretry KTMDC and its downstream section beyond the Assessment Area is a key waterbody in Au Tau and Kam Tin areas which ardeid commuting flight paths frequented along and serves as an important foraging ground for many waterbirds including some of the roosting ardeids	Some watercourses within this area were structurally and functionally included as part of the Sha Po Marsh Some watercourses occur within WBA and CA
Potential value	Moderate to high for the active and inactive fishponds south of Cheung Chun San Tsuen near Au Tau, west of Nam San Wai Road and west of Mo Fan Heung in Pok Wai. Active ones could be enhanced by ecologically-friendly aquacultural measures and inactive ones could be properly managed to maximise use by waterfowl and wildlife. Low for other scattered and isolated ponds	Low to moderate	Moderate for S-SA-3 Low for other watercourses
Nursery / Breeding ground	No notable nursery and breeding behaviour observed	No notable nursery and breeding behaviour observed	No notable nursery and breeding behaviour observed
Age	N/A	N/A	N/A
Abundance / Richness of Wildlife	Moderate	Moderate	Low
Ecological value	Moderate – for the active fishponds south of Cheung Chun San Tsuen near Au Tau and west of Mo Fan Heung in Pok Wai Low to Moderate – for inactive fishponds south of Cheung Chun San Tsuen near Au Tau, ponds within and next to YLBFEW west of Nam San Wai Road Low – for other ponds	Moderate to High	Moderate – for S-SA-3 Low to Moderate – for other watercourses
Note: (1) Excluding Kam Tin Main Drainage Channel, Meander S-SA-1 and S-SA-6

Table 10.26 Ecological Evaluation of Watercourse within Sha Po/Au Tau Area

Criteria	Meander (S-SA-1)	Meander (S-SA-6)
Naturalness	Moderate to High	Moderate to High
Size	Small (approx. 1.48 ha, 0.8 km)	Small (approx. 1.77 ha, 0.5 km)
Diversity	Low floral and faunal diversity	Low floral diversity, low to moderate faunal diversity
Rarity	Common habitat in Hong Kong. No species of conservation importance was recorded in both previous studies and present survey.	Common habitat in Hong Kong. No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies. A total of nine fauna species of conservation importance recorded in present survey, including eight avifauna species of conservation importance recorded (Eurasian Teal, Chinese Pond Heron, Great Egret, Grey Heron, Common Redshank, Greater Coucal, Little Egret and Marsh Sandpiper) and one odonate species (Mangrove Skimmer).
Re-creatability	Low to moderate	Low to moderate
Fragmentation	Low	Low
Ecological linkage	The meander occurs within WBA Structurally connected with adjacent KTMDC	Structurally and functionally linked with adjacent wetland habitats such as marsh/reed, ponds, and KTMDC
Potential value	Low to moderate	Moderate
Nursery / Breeding ground	No notable nursery and breeding behaviour	No notable nursery and breeding behaviour
Age	N/A	N/A
Abundance / Richness of Wildlife	Low	Low to moderate
Ecological value	Low to Moderate	Moderate

Table 10.27 Ecological Evaluation of Seasonally Wet Grassland and Dry Agricultural Land within Sha Po/Au Tau Area

Criteria	Seasonally Wet Grassland	Dry Agricultural Land
Naturalness	Moderate	Low. A man-made habitat for the purpose of crop production.
Size	Small (approx. 1.71 ha)	Small (approx. 1.97 ha)
Diversity	Low floral and low to moderate faunal diversity.	Low to moderate floral and low faunal diversity
Rarity	An uncommon habitat in Hong Kong. No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies. A total of two species of conservation importance recorded in present survey, including two avifauna species (Chinese Pond Heron and Greater Coucal).	Common habitat in Hong Kong. No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies. A total of two species of conservation importance recorded in present survey, including one avifauna species (Greater Coucal) and one butterfly species (Danaid Eggfly).
Re-creatability	Moderate	High
Fragmentation	High	High
Ecological linkage	No notable ecological linkage, though structurally and functionally connected with adjacent wetland habitats, such as marsh/reed and fish ponds	No notable ecological linkage
Potential value	Low to moderate	Low to moderate
Nursery / Breeding ground	No notable nursery and breeding behaviour observed	No notable nursery / breeding behaviour observed
Age	N/A	N/A
Abundance / Richness of Wildlife	Low	Moderate
Ecological value	Low	Low

Table 10.28 Ecological Evaluation of Woodland, Mixed Woodland, and Plantation within the Sha Po/Au Tau Area

Criteria	Woodland	Mixed Woodland	Plantation
Naturalness	Moderate	Low to moderate	Low
Size	Small (approx. 7.07 ha)	Small (approx. 3.32 ha)	Small (approx. 14.53 ha)
Diversity	Moderate to high floral and low faunal diversity	Low floral and low faunal diversity	Low to moderate floral and low faunal diversity
Rarity	Common habitat in Hong Kong. No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies. A total of six species of conservation importance was recorded in present survey, including three flora species (Aquilaria sinensis, Cibotium barometz and Gnetum luofuense), three mammal species (East Asian Porcupine, Small Indian Civet and Small Asian Mongoose)	Common habitat in Hong Kong. A butterfly species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies. A total of six species of conservation importance was recorded in present survey, including one avifauna (Collared Crow), one butterfly species (Small Cabbage White) and four mammal species (unknown Vespertilionidae sp. 1, Lesser Bamboo Bat, Leopard Cat and Red Muntjac).	A common habitat in Hong Kong No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies. A total of six species of conservation importance were recorded in present survey, including one avifauna species (Little Egret) and five mammal species (Chinese Noctule, Japanese Pipistrelle, unknown Vespertilionidae sp. 1, unknown Vespertilionidae sp. 2 and Lesser Bamboo Bat).
Re-creatability	Low to moderate. Re-creatable if time is given for natural succession.	Moderate. Re-creatable if time is given for natural succession.	High
Fragmentation	Low. A continuous patch of woodland occurs on hillside of Kai Kung Leng	Moderate. Small areas of mixed woodland scattered across the Assessment Area.	Moderate to high
Ecological linkage	Woodland occurs near Mo Fan Heung within the “CA” and LTCP, structurally connected to the plantation, shrubland, grassland on Kai Kung Leng	Small areas of mixed woodland habitat occur within the WBA and LTCP	A few patches and/or strips of plantation fall within LTCP, “CA” on Kai Kung Leng and WBA in Pok Wai and northwest of Sha Po Ko Po Road Egretry and ANR is recorded within this habitat.
Potential value	Moderate	Moderate	Low
Nursery / Breeding ground	No notable nursery/ breeding behaviour observed	No notable nursery/ breeding behaviour observed	Ko Po Road ANR is recorded.
Age	N/A	N/A	N/A
Abundance / Richness of Wildlife	Moderate	Low	Low to moderate
Ecological value	Moderate	Low to moderate	Low to moderate – for the plantation utilized by Ko Po Road Ardeid Night Roost, hillside plantation within “CA” and LTCP on Kai Kung Leng Low – remaining plantations

Table 10.29 Ecological Evaluation of Shrubland and Grassland within the Sha Po/Au Tau Area

Criteria	Shrubland	Grassland
Naturalness	Moderate to high	Moderate to high
Size	Very small (approx. 0.34 ha)	Moderate (approx. 19.36 ha)
Diversity	Low to moderate floral and low faunal diversity	Moderate to high floral and moderate faunal diversity
Rarity	Common habitat in Hong Kong No species of conservation importance were recorded in both previous studies and present survey.	Common habitat in Hong Kong No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies. A total of 11 species of conservation importance recorded in present survey, including one flora species (Thysanotus chinensis), three avifauna species (Amur Falcon, Collared Crow and Greater Coucal), five butterfly species (Spotted Angle, Swallowtail, Forget-me-not, Small Three-ring and Danaid Eggfly), and two mammal species (Japanese Pipistrelle and Pallas’s Squirrel).
Re-creatability	Moderate	Moderate
Fragmentation	High	Moderate
Ecological linkage	No notable ecological linkage	A large area of hillside grassland occurs within “CA” and LTCP on Kai Kung Leng A few patches of low-lying grassland occur partially within WBA west of Mo Fan Heung and “CA” northeast of Kam Ting Mung Yeung Public School
Potential value	Low to moderate	Low to moderate for hillside grassland Low for low-lying grassland
Nursery / Breeding ground	No record of nursery or breeding ground	No record of nursery or breeding ground
Age	N/A	N/A
Abundance / Richness of Wildlife	Low	Low to moderate
Ecological value	Low	Moderate – for hillside grassland Low – for low-lying grassland

Table 10.30 Ecological Evaluation of Village/Orchard and Developed Area/Wasteland within the Sha Po/Au Tau Area

Criteria	Village/Orchard	Developed Area/Wasteland
Naturalness	Low	Low
Size	Small (approx. 3.75 ha)	Very large (approx. 213.98 ha)
Diversity	Low floral (consisting of native ruderal and exotic species) and faunal diversity.	Moderate to high floral (consisting of native ruderal and exotic species) and moderate faunal diversity
Rarity	A very common habitat in Hong Kong. No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies. A total of four species of conservation importance recorded in present survey, including one flora species (Aquilaria sinensis), one avifauna species (Greater Coucal) and two mammal species (Japanese Pipistrelle and Lesser Bamboo Bat).	Very common habitat in Hong Kong A total of two species of conservation importance (including a mammal and a reptile species) was recorded in previous studies. A total of 22 species of conservation importance recorded in present survey, including eight avifauna species (Black Kite, Chinese Pond Heron, Collared Crow, Crested Serpent Eagle, Greater Coucal, Little Egret, Red-billed Starling and Yellow-breasted Bunting), five butterfly species (Swallowtail, Small Cabbage White, Peacock Royal, Tiny Grass Blue and Danaid Eggfly), one herpetofauna species (Four-clawed Gecko) and eight mammal species (Chinese Horseshoe Bat, Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bat, Chinese Noctule, Japanese Pipistrelle, unknown Vespertilionidae sp. 1, unknown Vespertilionidae sp. 2, Lesser Bamboo Bat and Pallas’s Squirrel).
Re-creatability	High	High
Fragmentation	Moderate to High	Low
Ecological linkage	Some parts occur in “CA” south of Cheung Chun San Tsuen and WBA northwest of Sha Po	Some parts occur near “WCA” and “WBA” near northwest to Mo Fan Heung
Potential value	Low	Low
Nursery / Breeding ground	No notable nursery and breeding behaviour observed	A day-roost of Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bat identified in Pok Wai Public School
Age	N/A	N/A
Abundance / Richness of Wildlife	Moderate	Moderate
Ecological value	Low	Moderate – for Pok Wai Public School Low – for other developed area/wasteland

Table 10.31 Species of Conservation Importance Recorded within the Sha Po/Au Tau Area

Species	Recorded Habitat in Previous Studies ⁽¹⁾	Recorded Habitat in Present Survey ^(1)(11)	Protection Status	Distribution in Hong Kong ⁽²⁾	Rarity ⁽²⁾
Flora
Incense Tree (Aquilaria sinensis)	-	WL, V/O	Cap. 586 ⁽³⁾; Vulnerable ⁽⁴⁾; Cat 2 & 3 (Near Threatened) ⁽⁴⁾; Category ll ⁽⁴⁾; Vulnerable ⁽⁴⁾; Near Threatened ⁽⁴⁾; Vulnerable ⁽⁹⁾	Common in Hong Kong	-
Lamb of Tartary (Cibotium barometz)	-	WL	Cap. 586; Rare and Precious Plants in Hong Kong (Status in China): Category 2 (Vulnerable); Listed in Wild Plants under State Protection: Category ll
Luofushan Joint-Fir (Gnetum luofuense)	-	WL	Near Threatened ⁽⁴⁾	Common in Hong Kong	-
Prince’s Feather (Persicaria orientalis)	-	MA	-	Sha Po, Yuen Long	Rare
Phymatodes longissima	PO	-	-	-	Rare
Lizard’s Tail (Saururus chinensis)	-	WRCW	-	Tai Tam, Sha Tin, Tai Po, Sha Lo Tung, Tai Mei Tuk	Rare
Coastal Bulrush (Schoenoplectus subulatus)	-	MA	-	Plover Cove, Mai Po	Rare
Chinese Frienge Lily (Thysanotus chinensis)	-	GL	-	Aberdeen, Fanling, So Kwun Wat	Rare
Avifauna
Amur Falcon (Falco amurensis)	WRCW	GL	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; Cap.586 ⁽³⁾; Class II ⁽⁶⁾; Near Threatened ⁽⁸⁾;	Found in Lok Ma Chau, Mai Po.	Uncommon autumn passage migrant.
Asian Barred Owlet (Glaucidium cuculoides)	WRCW	-	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; Cap.586 ⁽³⁾; Class II ⁽⁶⁾	Widely distributed in woodland of the north and central New Territories.	Locally common resident.
Besra (Accipiter virgatus)	WRCW	-	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; Cap. 586 ⁽³⁾; Class II ⁽⁶⁾	Found in Tai Po Kau, Deep Bay area, Chek Lap Kok, Cheung Chau, Soko Islands.	Common resident and migrant.
Black Kite (Milvus migrans) ⁽⁵⁾	WRCW	DA, IF	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; Cap.586 ⁽³⁾; (RC) ⁽³⁾; Class II ⁽⁶⁾	Widely distributed in Hong Kong.	Common resident and winter visitor.
Black-faced Spoonbill (Platalea minor)⁽⁵⁾	WRCW, WC	IF	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; PGC⁽³⁾; Class II ⁽⁶⁾; Endangered ⁽⁸⁾	Found in Deep Bay area.	Common winter visitor.
Black-headed Gull (Chroicocephalus ridibundus) ⁽⁵⁾	WC	-	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; PPC⁽³⁾	Found in Deep Bay area and coastal waters.	Abundant winter visitor.
Black-winged Stilt (Himantopus himantopus) ⁽⁵⁾	WRCW, WC	WRCW, WC	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; RC⁽³⁾	Found in Deep Bay area, Long Valley, Kam Tin.	Common migrant and winter visitor.
Chinese Grosbeak (Eophona migratoria)	-	WRCW	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; LC⁽³⁾	Found in Kam Tin, Nam Chung, Shek Kong, Deep Bay area, Ho Chung, Lam Tsuen, Hok Tau, Island House and Kowloon Park.	Common winter visitor.
Chinese Pond Heron (Ardeola bacchus) ⁽⁵⁾	WRCW, WC	MA, WRCW, PO, WC, SWG, DA, IF	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; PRC (RC)⁽³⁾	Widely distributed in Hong Kong.	Common resident.
Cinnamon Bittern (Ixobrychus cinnamomeus)	WRCW	-	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; LC⁽³⁾	Found in Deep Bay area, Long Valley, Tai Yuen (Sheung Shui), Pui O."	Uncommon passage migrant and scarce summer visitor.
Citrine Wagtail (Motacilla citreola)	-	PO	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; (LC)⁽³⁾	Found in Tsim Bei Tsui, Shuen Wan, Mai Po, Long Valley.	Uncommon migrant and winter visitor.
Collared Crow (Corvus torquatus) ⁽⁵⁾	WRCW	WRCW, PO, MWL, GL, DA	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; LC ⁽³⁾; Near Threatened ⁽⁸⁾; Vulnerable ⁽⁹⁾	Found in Inner Deep Bay area, Nam Chung, Kei Ling Ha, Tai Mei Tuk, Pok Fu Lam, Chek Lap Kok, Shuen Wan, Lam Tsuen.	Locally common resident.
Common Greenshank (Tringa nebularia) ⁽⁵⁾	WRCW, WC	PO, WC	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; RC ⁽³⁾	Found in Deep Bay area.	Abundant winter visitor and migrant.
Common Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus)	-	IF	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; Cap.586 ⁽³⁾; Class II ⁽⁶⁾	Widely distributed in Hong Kong.	Common autumn migrant and winter visitor.
Common Redshank (Tringa totanus) ⁽⁵⁾	WC	WC	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; RC ⁽³⁾	Found in Deep Bay area.	Abundant passage migrant and winter visitor.
Crested Serpent Eagle (Spilornis cheela)	WRCW	DA, IF	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; Cap.586 ⁽³⁾; (LC) ⁽³⁾; Class II ⁽⁶⁾; Vulnerable ⁽⁷⁾; Near Threatened ⁽⁸⁾	Widely distributed in shrublands on hillsides throughout Hong Kong.	Common resident.
Eastern Buzzard (Buteo japonicus) ⁽⁵⁾	WRCW	IF	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; Cap.586 ⁽³⁾; Class II ⁽⁶⁾	Widely distributed in Hong Kong.	Common winter visitor.
Eurasian Spoonbill (Platalea leucorodia)⁽⁵⁾	WRCW	-	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; Cap.586 ⁽³⁾; LC ⁽³⁾; Class II ⁽⁶⁾; Vulnerable ⁽⁷⁾; Near Threatened ⁽⁸⁾	Found in Deep Bay area.	Uncommon winter visitor.
Eurasian Teal (Anas crecca) ⁽⁵⁾	WRCW, WC	WRCW, PO, WC	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; RC⁽³⁾	Found in Deep Bay area, Shuen Wan, Tai Lam Chung Reservoir, Victoria Harbour, urban parks.	Common winter visitor.
Eurasian Whimbrel (Numenius phaeopus) ⁽⁵⁾	-	WC	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; LC⁽³⁾	Found in Deep Bay area, Sai Kung, Tung Ping Chau, Ninepins, Cape D'Aguilar, Pok Fu Lam.	Common passage migrant and scarce winter visitor.
Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo)⁽⁵⁾	WRCW, WC	PO, WC, IF	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; PRC⁽³⁾	Widely distributed in coastal areas throughout Hong Kong.	Common winter visitor.
Great Egret (Ardea alba) ⁽⁵⁾	WRCW, WC	MA, WRCW, PO, WC, IF	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; PRC (RC)⁽³⁾	Widely distributed in Hong Kong.	Common resident, migrant and winter visitor.
Greater Coucal (Centropus sinensis)	WRCW	MA, WRCW, PO, WC, SWG, DAL, GL, V/O, DA	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; Class II ⁽⁶⁾; Vulnerable ⁽⁷⁾	Widely distributed in Hong Kong.	Common resident.
Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea) ⁽⁵⁾	WRCW, WC	MA, WRCW, PO, WC	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; PRC⁽³⁾	Found in Deep Bay area, Starling Inlet, Kowloon Park, Cape D'Aguilar.	Common winter visitor.
Grey-headed Lapwing (Vanellus cinereus) ⁽⁵⁾	WRCW, WC	WC	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; LC⁽³⁾	Found in Kam Tin, Tsim Bei Tsui, Lo Wu, Tai Long Wan, Shuen Wan, Castle Peak coast, Chek Lap Kok.	Locally common winter visitor and migrant.
Intermediate Egret (Egretta intermedia)⁽⁵⁾	WRCW	WRCW, PO	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; RC⁽³⁾	Found in Deep Bay area, Tai Long Wan, Starling Inlet, Tai O, Cape D'Aguilar.	Resident and passage migrant.
Kentish Plover (Charadrius alexandrinus) ⁽⁵⁾	-	PO	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; RC⁽³⁾	Found in Deep Bay area, Chek Lap Kok, Shuen Wan, Sai Kung, Lantau Island.	Abundant winter visitor and scarce migrant.
Lanceolated Warbler (Locustella lanceolata)	WRCW	-	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; Near Threatened⁽⁸⁾	Widely distributed in Hong Kong.	Uncommon autumn passage migrant.
Little Egret (Egretta garzetta)⁽⁵⁾	WRCW, WC	MA, WRCW, PO, WC, PL, DA, IF	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; PRC (RC) ⁽³⁾	Widely distributed in coastal area throughout Hong Kong.	Common resident.
Little Grebe (Tachybaptus ruficollis)⁽⁵⁾	WRCW	WRCW, PO, WC	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; LC ⁽³⁾	Found in Deep Bay area.	Common resident.
Marsh Sandpiper (Tringa stagnatilis)⁽⁵⁾	WC	WC	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; RC ⁽³⁾	Found in Deep Bay area, Shuen Wan, Long Valley, Kam Tin, Sai Kung.	Abundant winter visitor and migrant.
Northern Pintail (Spatula clypeata)⁽⁵⁾	WC	WC	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; RC ⁽³⁾	Found in Deep Bay area, Shuen Wan, Long Valley, Kam Tin.	Abundant winter visitor.
Northern Shoveler (Spatula clypeata)⁽⁵⁾	WRCW, WC	PO, WC	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; RC ⁽³⁾	Found in Deep Bay area.	Abundant winter visitor.
Pacific Golden Plover (Pluvialis fulva)⁽⁵⁾	WC	PO	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; LC ⁽³⁾	Found in Deep Bay area, Chek Lap Kok, Long Valley.	Common migrant and winter visitor.
Pallas's Grasshopper Warbler (Helopsaltes certhiola)	WRCW	-	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; LC ⁽³⁾	Found in wetland areas throughout Hong Kong.	Common autumn passage migrant.
Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus)⁽⁵⁾	-	IF	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; Cap.586 ⁽³⁾; (LC) ⁽³⁾; Class II ⁽⁶⁾; Near Threatened ⁽⁸⁾	Widely distributed in Hong Kong.	Locally common resident and winter visitor.
Pied Avocet (Recurvirostra avosetta)⁽⁵⁾	WRCW, WC	WC	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; RC ⁽³⁾	Found in Deep Bay area.	Abundant winter visitor.
Purple Heron (Ardea purpurea)⁽⁵⁾	WRCW	MA	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; RC ⁽³⁾	Found in Deep Bay area.	Uncommon passage migrant.
Red-billed Starling (Spodiopsar sericeus)⁽⁵⁾	-	DA	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; GC ⁽³⁾	Widely distributed in Hong Kong.	Abundant winter visitor.
Red-throated Pipit (Anthus cervinus)	WRCW	-	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; LC ⁽³⁾	Widely distributed in dry agricultural areas throughout Hong Kong.	Common passage migrant and winter visitor.
Spotted Redshank (Tringa erythropus)⁽⁵⁾	WC	-	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; RC ⁽³⁾	Found in Deep Bay area.	Common spring passage migrant.
Tufted Duck (Aythya fuligula)⁽⁵⁾	WC	-	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; LC ⁽³⁾	Found in Deep Bay area, Nam Chung, Starling Inlet.	Abundant winter visitor.
Von Schrenck’s Bittern (Ixobrychus eurhythmus)⁽⁵⁾	-	MA	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; RC ⁽³⁾	Found in Tai Long Wan, Luk Keng, Long Valley	Scarce passage migrant.
White-cheeked Starling (Spodiopsar cineraceus)⁽⁵⁾	WRCW	WRCW, PO	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; PRC⁽³⁾	Found in Deep Bay area, Kam Tin, Long Valley.	Locally common winter visitor.
Wood Sandpiper (Tringa glareola) ⁽⁵⁾	WRCW, WC	PO, WC	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; LC⁽³⁾	Widely distributed in wetland area throughout Hong Kong.	Common migrant and winter visitor.
Yellow-breasted Bunting (Emberiza aureola)	-	DA	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; RC⁽³⁾; Critically Endangered ⁽⁹⁾	Widely distributed in agriculture land and reed beds throughout Hong Kong.	Scarce spring and rare winter passage migrant.
Zitting Cisticola (Cisticola juncidis)	WRCW	-	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; LC⁽³⁾	Widely distributed in grassland throughout Hong Kong.	Common passage migrant and winter visitor.
Butterfly
Spotted Angle (Caprona alida)	-	GL	LC⁽³⁾	Lantau South Country Park, Nam Chung, Lung Kwu Tan, Pat Sin Lang	Very rare
Swallowtail (Papilio xuthus)	MA, WRCW	MA, GL, DA	-	Kap Lung, Ma On Shan, Tai Tam, Sha Lo Wan, Kat O, Lung Kwu Tan, Wu Kau Tang, Lung Kwu Chau	Rare
Small Cabbage White (Pieris rapae crucivora)	-	WRCW, MWL, DA	-	Shek Mun Kap, Fan Lau, Ngong Ping, Kam Tin, Ho Chung, Luk Keng, Tuen Mun Ash Lagoon	Rare
Peacock Royal (Tajuria cippus)	-	DA	LC⁽³⁾	Ma On Shan, Wu Kau Tang, Tai Po Kau, Mount Nicholson, Victoria Peak, Cloudy Hill	Rare
Forget-me-not (Catochrysops strabo)	WCRW	GL	Species of conservation concern⁽²⁾	Pui O, Tai Po Kau, Fung Yuen, Shing Mun, Sha Lo Wan	Very rare;
Tiny Grass Blue (Zizula hylax)	WCRW	MA, WRCW, DA	Species of conservation concern⁽²⁾	Lung Kwu Tan, Fung Yuen, Sha Lo Wan	Very rare
Small Three-ring (Ypthima norma)	-	GL	Species of conservation concern⁽²⁾; LC⁽³⁾	Pak Tam Chung, Ngau Kwo Lo, Kai Shan	Very rare
Danaid Eggfly (Hypolimnas misippus)	-	MA, DAL, GL, DA	LC⁽³⁾	Ngau Ngak Shan, Lung Kwu Tan, Hong Kong Wetland Park, Mount Parker, Cloudy Hill, Lin Ma Hang	Uncommon
Metallic Cerulean (Jamides alecto)	MA, WRCW	-	-	Victoria Peak, Fung Yuen, Chuen Lung, Mui Wo	Very rare
Grey Scrub Hopper (Aeromachus jhora)	WRCW	-	LC⁽³⁾	Tai Po Kau, Shing Mun, Cloudy Hill, Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden, Lam Tsuen, Lai Chi Hang, Tai Lam Wu.	Uncommon
Yellow Dart (Potanthus pava)	WRCW	-	Species of conservation concern⁽²⁾	Plover Cove	Very rare
Common Awl (Hasora badra)	MWL	-	LC⁽³⁾	Wu Kau Tan, Lai Chi Wo, Hong Kong Wetland Park	Very rare
Odonate
Four-spot Midget (Mortonagrion hirosei)	-	MA	GC⁽³⁾; Near Threatened ⁽⁹⁾	Found mainly in the Northeast and Northwest New Territories and west Lantau; Sparse	-
Coastal Glider (Macrodiplax cora)	-	PO	LC⁽³⁾	Frequents marshes and ponds with dense vegetation, especially adjacent to coastal areas; Sparse	-
Mangrove Skimmer (Orthetrum poecilops poecilops)	WRCW	MA, WRCW, WC	GC⁽³⁾; Vulnerable ⁽⁹⁾	Occurs where small freshwater streams cascade into tidal mangroves. Found mainly in the Northeast New Territories, including Double Island, Lai Chi Wo, Nam Chung, So Lo Pun, Yim Tso Ha, Yung Shue Au and Yung Shue O etc; also recorded in Tung Chung and Tai O; Scattered	-
Blue Chaser (Potamarcha congener)	WRCW	WRCW, WC	LC⁽³⁾	Found in small weedy ponds, puddles and marshes. Widely distributed in the New Territories; Scattered	-
Ruby Darter (Rhodothemis rufa)	WRCW	WRCW	LC⁽³⁾	Widely distributed in ponds and marshes with dense floating plants; Scattered	-
Scarlet Basker (Urothemis signata signata)	WRCW	WRCW	LC⁽³⁾	Common in areas with abandoned fish ponds throughout Hong Kong; Scattered	-
Blue Sprite (Pseudagrion microcephalum)	WRCW	-	LC⁽³⁾	Found in lowland streams and ponds; often perches on aquatic plants just above the water surface. Population scattered all over Hong Kong and established in Hong Kong Wetland Park; Scattered	-
Sapphire Flutterer (Rhyothemis triangularis)	WRCW	-	LC⁽³⁾	Widely distributed in weedy ponds, sluggish rivers and marshes; Scattered	-
Herpetofauna
Chinese Bullfrog Hoplobatrachus rugulosus)	WCRW	-	PRC ⁽³⁾; Class II ⁽⁶⁾; Endangered ⁽⁸⁾	Widely distributed in Hong Kong	-
Spotted Narrow-mouthed Frog (Kalophrynus interlineatus)	WRCW	-	Near threatened ⁽⁸⁾	Widely distributed from low to moderate altitudes in northern and central New Territories.	-
Four-clawed Gecko (Gehyra mutilata)	-	DA	Vulnerable ⁽⁸⁾	Widely distributed throughout Hong Kong.	-
Chinese Soft-shelled Turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis)	WRCW	-	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; GC ⁽³⁾; Vulnerable ⁽⁷⁾; Endangered ⁽⁸⁾; Vulnerable ⁽⁹⁾	Locally found in reservoirs and fishponds in Deep Bay area	-
Indo-Chinese Rat Snake (Ptyas korros)	WRCW	-	PRC⁽³⁾; Endangered ⁽⁷⁾; Vulnerable ⁽⁸⁾; Near Threatened ⁽⁹⁾	Widely distributed throughout Hong Kong	-
Many-banded Krait (Bungarus multicinctus multicinctus)	WRCW	-	PRC⁽³⁾; Vulnerable ⁽⁷⁾; Endangered ⁽⁸⁾	Common and widely distributed in Hong Kong.	-
Common Rat Snake (Ptyas mucosus)	MA, WRCW	-	Cap.586 ⁽³⁾; PRC ⁽³⁾; Endangered ⁽⁷⁾; Endangered ⁽⁸⁾	Widely distributed throughout Hong Kong	-
Common Wolf Snake (Lycodon aulicus)	WRCW, DA	-	Near Threatened ⁽⁸⁾	Widely distributed at low elevations throughout Hong Kong Island, Cheung Chau, Po Toi, Shek Kwu Chau and Lamma Island.	-
Copperhead Racer (Coelognathus radiatus)	WRCW	-	PRC ⁽³⁾; Endangered ⁽⁷⁾	Widely distributed throughout Hong Kong	-
Taiwan Kukri Snake (Oligodon formosanus)	WRCW	-	Near Threatened ⁽⁸⁾	Widely distributed throughout Hong Kong	-
Burmese Python (Python bivittatus)	WRCW	-	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; Cap.586 ⁽³⁾; PRC ⁽³⁾; Class I ⁽⁴⁾; Critically endangered ⁽⁷⁾; Critically endangered ⁽⁸⁾; Vulnerable ⁽⁹⁾	Widely distributed throughout Hong Kong	-
Chinese Cobra (Naja atra)	WRCW	-	Cap.586 ⁽³⁾; PRC ⁽³⁾; Vulnerable ⁽⁷⁾; Vulnerable⁽⁸⁾; Vulnerable ⁽⁹⁾	Common and widely distributed in Hong Kong	-
Mammal
Chinese Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus sinicus)	-	MA, DA	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾	Widely distributed in countryside areas throughout Hong Kong.	-
Intermediate Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus affinis)	-	MA	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; (LC) ⁽³⁾	Widely distributed in countryside areas throughout Hong Kong.	-
Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros armiger)	-	WC, DA	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; (LC) ⁽³⁾	Widely distributed in countryside areas throughout Hong Kong.	-
Chinese Noctule (Nyctalus plancyi)	-	WC, PL, DA	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; PRC (RC) ⁽³⁾	Fairly widely distributed in countryside areas throughout Hong Kong.	-
Japanese Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus abramus)	DA	MA, PO, WC, PL, GL, V/O, DA	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾	Widely distributed throughout Hong Kong.	-
Unknown Vespertilionidae sp. 1	-	MA, WC, MWL, PL, DA	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾	-	-
Unknown Vespertilionidae sp. 2	-	MA, WC, PL, DA	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾	-	-
Lesser Bamboo Bat (Tylonycteris fulvida)	-	MA, MWL, PL, V/O, DA	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; (LC) ⁽³⁾; Rare⁽¹⁰⁾	Fairly widely distributed in countryside areas throughout Hong Kong.	-
Pallas’s Squirrel (Callosciurus erythraeus)	-	PO, GL, DA	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾	Fairly widely distributed, with the styani subspecies found in the New Territories (e.g. Tai Lam, Shing Mun and Tai Po Kau), and the thai subspecies found on the Hong Kong Island (e.g. Tai Tam and Pok Fu Lam)	-
East Asian Porcupine (Hystrix brachyura)	-	WL	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; PGC⁽³⁾	Very widely distributed in countryside areas throughout Hong Kong, except for Lantau Island	-
Small Indian Civet (Viverricula indica)	-	WL	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾;Class II ⁽⁶⁾; Vulnerable ⁽⁸⁾	Very widely distributed in countryside areas throughout Hong Kong, except for Lantau Island	-
Small Asian Mongoose (Herpestes javanicus)	-	MA, WL	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; Vulnerable ⁽⁸⁾	Fairly widely distributed in countryside areas in the New Territories	-
Leopard Cat (Prionailurus bengalensis)	-	PO, MWL	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; Vulnerable ⁽⁸⁾; Vulnerable ⁽¹⁰⁾	Widely distributed in countryside areas throughout Hong Kong, except for Lantau Island	-
Red Muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak)	-	MWL	PRC⁽³⁾; Near Threatened ⁽⁸⁾	Very widely distributed in countryside areas throughout Hong Kong	-
Aquatic Communities
Gobiopterus macrolepis	WC	-	Vulnerable ⁽⁸⁾	Recorded in Deep Bay	-

Notes:

(1) Habitats: WRCW=West Rail Compensatory Wetland; WC=Watercourse; DAL=Dry Agricultural Land; MWL=Mixed Woodland; SL=Shrubland; GL=Grassland; V/O=Village/Orchard; PO= Pond; DA=Developed Area/Wasteland; IF=In Flight.

(2) Distribution in Hong Kong and Rarity follows:
Flora: Wu and Lee (2000); Xing and Chau (2000); Siu (2000).
Fauna: AFCD (2011); AFCD (2022); Karsen et al. (1998); Shek (2006a); Reels (2019).

(3) Cap. 96: Protected under the Forests and Countryside Ordinance (Cap. 96).
Cap. 170: Protected under Wild Animals Protection Ordinance (Cap. 170).
Cap. 586: Protection of Endangered Species of Animals and Plants Ordinance (Cap.586).
Fellowes et al. (2002): LC=Local Concern; RC=Regional Concern; PRC=Potential Regional Concern. Letters in parentheses indicate that the assessment is on the basis of restrictedness in nesting and/or roosting sites rather than in general occurrence.

(4) Protection Status of Flora follows:
Hu et al. (2003); List of Wild Plants Under State Protection (Ministry of Forestry in 1999); Fu (1992); Qin et al. (2017); Feng et al. (2002). Wu and Hu. (1988).

(5) Wetland-dependent species (including wetland-dependent species and waterbirds).

(6) The List of Endangered and Protected Species of China.

(7) Zheng and Wang (1998).

(8) Jiang et al. (2016).

(9) IUCN (2022).

(10) Wang (1998).

10.6.4 Ngau Tam Mei/Pok Wai Area

Table 10.32 Ecological Evaluation of Marsh/Reed and Pond within Ngau Tam Mei/Pok Wai Area

Criteria	Marsh/Reed	Pond
Naturalness	Moderate. Succeeded from man-made habitats e.g. ponds and agricultural lands through natural processes.	Low. A man-made habitat for the purpose of aquaculture, flood retention and landscaping
Size	Small (approx. 2.80 ha)	Small (approx. 8.08 ha)
Diversity	Low to moderate floral and faunal diversity	Low to moderate floral and faunal diversity
Rarity	An uncommon habitat in Hong Kong No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies. A total of two species of conservation importance recorded in present study, including one flora species (Ceratopteris thalictroides) and one avifauna species (Greater Coucal).	Uncommon. Mainly restricted to northwestern New Territories A total of six avifauna species of conservation importance were recorded in previous studies. A total of eight species of conservation importance recorded in present study, including five avifauna species (Chinese Pond Heron, Great Cormorant, Great Egret, Grey Heron and Little Egret) and three mammal species (Japanese Pipistrelle, Lesser Bamboo Bat and unknown Vespertilionidae sp. 1)
Re-creatability	Low to moderate	High
Fragmentation	Moderate for marsh/reed west of San Tin Highway High for marsh/reed in Ngau Tam Mei	High
Ecological linkage	A few patches west of San Tin Highway occur within or in close proximity to “WBA” and connected to some ponds	Some areas occur within or in close proximity to “WBA” and connected to fishponds west to Long Ha Tsuen
Potential value	Low to moderate for marsh/reed west of San Tin Highway Low for marsh/reed in Ngau Tam Mei	Moderate to high. Those inactive ponds west of San Tin Highway could be properly managed to maximise use by waterfowl and wildlife.
Nursery / Breeding ground	No notable nursery and breeding behaviour observed	No notable nursery and breeding behaviour observed
Age	N/A	N/A
Abundance / Richness of Wildlife	Low	Low
Ecological value	Low	Low to moderate – for ponds west of San Tin Highway Low - for other ponds

Table 10.33 Ecological Evaluation of Watercourse within Ngau Tam Mei/Pok Wai Area

Criteria	Ngau Tam Mei Drainage Channel	Watercourse (S-NP-1 to S-NP-11) ⁽¹⁾
Naturalness	Low	Moderate for S-NP-1 to S-NP-4, S-NP-9 Low for S-NP-5 to S-NP-8, S-NP-10 to S-NP-11
Size	Small (approx. 1.32 ha, 1.3 km)	Small (approx. 2.16 ha, 4.2 km in total) S-NP-1 (approx. 0.5 km) S-NP-2 (approx. 0.3 km) S-NP-3 (approx. 0.3 km) S-NP-4 (approx. 0.2 km) S-NP-5 (approx. 0.6 km) S-NP-5a (approx. 0.1 km) S-NP-6 (approx. 0.4 km) S-NP-7 (approx. 0.2 km) S-NP-8 (approx. 0.6 km) S-NP-9 (approx. 0.1 km) S-NP-10 (approx. 0.5 km) S-NP-11 (approx. 0.4 km)
Diversity	Low floral diversity, low to moderate faunal diversity	Low floral and faunal diversity
Rarity	Common habitat in Hong Kong. No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies. A total of 11 fauna species of conservation importance recorded in present study, including nine avifauna species (Chinese Pond Heron, Little Egret, Great Egret, Grey Heron, Wood Sandpiper, Collared Crow, Greater Coucal, Northern Shoveler and Common Greenshank) and two mammal species (Lesser Bamboo Bat and unknown Vespertilionidae sp. 2).	Common habitat in Hong Kong No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies. A total of two fauna species of conservation importance recorded in present study, including one avifauna species (Little Egret) and one butterfly species of conservation importance (Swallowtail) recorded.
Re-creatability	High	Moderate to High
Fragmentation	No major fragmentation observed	Moderate
Ecological linkage	No notable ecological linkage	S-NP-9 is located partially within “CA” and LTCP; S-NP-10 at Pok Wai occurs within WBA
Potential value	Low to moderate	Low
Nursery / Breeding ground	No notable nursery and breeding behaviour	No notable nursery and breeding behaviour
Age	N/A	N/A
Abundance / Richness of Wildlife	Low to moderate	Low
Ecological value	Low to Moderate	Low

Note:

(1) Ngau Tam Mei Drainage Channel excluded.

Table 10.34 Ecological Evaluation of Dry Agricultural Land within Ngau Tam Mei/Pok Wai Area

Criteria	Dry Agricultural Land
Naturalness	Low. A man-made habitat for the purpose of crop production.
Size	Small (approx. 4.25 ha)
Diversity	Low to moderate floral and low faunal diversity
Rarity	Common habitat in Hong Kong. No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies. A total of four species of conservation importance recorded in present study, including one avifauna species (Greater Coucal) and three mammal species (Japanese Pipistrelle, unknown Vespertilionidae sp. 2 and Lesser Bamboo Bat).
Re-creatability	High
Fragmentation	Moderate
Ecological linkage	No notable ecological linkage, though the dry agricultural land in Ngau Tam Mei are structurally connected with adjacent habitats such as marsh/reed, pond and watercourse to form an extensive matrix of habitats
Potential value	Low to moderate
Nursery / Breeding ground	No notable nursery / breeding behaviour observed
Age	N/A
Abundance / Richness of Wildlife	Low
Ecological value	Low

Table 10.35 Ecological Evaluation of Woodland, Mixed Woodland and Plantation within the Ngau Tam Mei/Pok Wai Area

Criteria	Woodland	Mixed Woodland	Plantation
Naturalness	Moderate	Low to moderate	Low
Size	Moderate (approx. 32.29 ha)	Small (approx. 17.36 ha)	Small (approx. 12.45 ha)
Diversity	Moderate to high floral and low faunal diversity	Moderate to high floral and low faunal diversity	Low to moderate floral and faunal diversity
Rarity	Common habitat in Hong Kong. No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies. A total of six species of conservation importance were recorded in present study, including two flora species (Aquilaria sinensis and Gnetum luofuense), one avifauna species (Greater Coucal), and three mammal species (Masked Palm Civet, Small Indian Civet and Leopard Cat).	Common habitat in Hong Kong. No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies. A total of 13 species of conservation importance were recorded in present study, including three flora species (Aquilaria sinensis, Aralia chinensis and Gnetum luofuense), three avifauna species (Collared Crow, Crested Goshawk and Greater Coucal) and seven mammal species (Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bat, Japanese Pipistrelle, unknown Vespertilionidae sp. 1, Lesser Bamboo Bat, Pallas’s Squirrel, Leopard Cat and Red Muntjac).	A common habitat in Hong Kong No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies. A total of four mammal species of conservation importance (Japanese Pipistrelle, unknown Vespertilionidae sp. 1, unknown Vespertilionidae sp. 2 and Lesser Bamboo Bat) were recorded in present study.
Re-creatability	Low to moderate. Re-creatable if time is given for natural succession.	Moderate. Re-creatable if time is given for natural succession.	High
Fragmentation	Low. A continuous patch of woodland occurs on hillside of Kai Kung Leng	Moderate. Patches of mixed woodland occur in knolls and hillside along Ching Yau Road	Moderate
Ecological linkage	Extensive woodland south to Long Ha Tsuen. Structurally connected to adjacent plantation, shrubland and grassland areas in LTCP.	The patch of mixed woodland (e.g. southwest of Ching Yau Road) form continuous linkage with adjacent woodland and grassland at LTCP and “CA”.	A few patches of hillside plantation fall within “CA” on Kai Kung Leng. A strip of plantation is within WBA.
Potential value	Moderate	Low to moderate	Low
Nursery / Breeding ground	No notable nursery/ breeding behaviour observed	No notable nursery/ breeding behaviour observed	No notable nursery/ breeding behaviour observed
Age	N/A	N/A	N/A
Abundance / Richness of Wildlife	Moderate	Moderate	Low to moderate
Ecological value	Moderate	Low to moderate	Low to moderate – for hillside plantation on Kai Kung Leng Low – remaining plantations

Table 10.36 Ecological Evaluation of Shrubland and Grassland within the Ngau Tam Mei/Pok Wai Area

Criteria	Shrubland	Grassland
Naturalness	Moderate to high	Moderate to high, hillside grassland within LTCP occasionally subject to hill fire
Size	Moderate (approx. 11.94 ha)	Moderate (approx. 31.92 ha)
Diversity	Low floral and low to moderate faunal diversity	Moderate to high floral and moderate faunal diversity
Rarity	Common habitat in Hong Kong No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies. A total of two species of conservation importance recorded in present study, including one flora species (Gnetum luofuense) and one herpetofauna species (Spotted Narrow-mouthed Frog).	Common habitat in Hong Kong A reptile species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies. A total of nine species of conservation importance recorded in present study, including two flora species (Aralia chinensis and Thysanotus chinensis), three avifauna species (Chinese Francolin, Chinese Pond Heron and Collared Crow) and four butterfly species (Swallowtail, Tiny Grass Blue, Small Three-ring and Danaid Eggfly).
Re-creatability	Moderate	Moderate
Fragmentation	Low to moderate for hillside shrubland on Kai Kung Leng High for shrubland in Ngau Tam Mei	Moderate
Ecological linkage	The hillside shrubland on Kai Kung Lneg is within “CA” and LTCP, structurally connected to adjacent woodland, plantation and grassland (e.g. Kai Kung Leng) No notable ecological linkage, though the scattered patches of shrubland in Ngau Tam Mei are structurally connected to adjacent dry agricultural land, marsh/reed and ponds to form an extensive matrix of habitats	A large area of hillside grassland on Kai Kung Leng occurs within “CA” and LTCP, structurally connected to adjacent shrubland, plantation and woodland A few scattered patches of low-lying grassland, connecting to adjacent dry agricultural land, marsh/reed and ponds to form an extensive matrix of habitats (e.g. Ngau Tam Mei) A patch of low-lying grassland is within WBA
Potential value	Low to moderate	Low to moderate
Nursery / Breeding ground	No record of nursery or breeding ground	No notable nursery/ breeding behaviour observed
Age	N/A	N/A
Abundance / Richness of Wildlife	Low to moderate	Low to moderate
Ecological value	Low to Moderate – for hillside shrubland on Kai Kung Leng Low – for shrubland in Ngau Tam Mei	Low to Moderate – for hillside grassland Low – for low-lying grassland

Table 10.37 Ecological Evaluation of Village/Orchard and Developed Area/ Wasteland within the Ngau Tam Mei/Pok Wai Area

Criteria	Village/Orchard	Developed Area/Wasteland
Naturalness	Low	Low
Size	Small (approx. 13.62 ha)	Large (approx. 158.96 ha)
Diversity	Moderate to high floral (consisting of native ruderal and exotic species) and moderate faunal diversity.	High floral (consisting of native ruderal and exotic species) and moderate to high faunal diversity
Rarity	A very common habitat in Hong Kong. No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies. A total of seven species of conservation importance were recorded in present study, including one avifauna species (Greater Coucal), one odonate species (Blue Chaser), one herpetofauna species (Spotted Narrow-mouthed Frog) and four mammal species (Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bat, Chinese Notcule, unknown Vespertilionidae sp. 1 and unknown Vespertilionidae sp. 2).	Very common habitat in Hong Kong No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies. A total of 15 species of conservation importance were recorded in present study, including four avifauna species (Chinese Pond Heron, Collared Crow, Greater Coucal and Little Egret), three butterfly species (Common Birdwing, Small Cabbage White and Metallic Cerulean), one odonate species (Blue Chaser), one herpetofauna species (Spotted Narrow-mouthed Frog), six mammal species (Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bat, Chinese Noctule, Japanese Pipistrelle, unknown Vespertilionidae sp. 1, unknown Vespertilionidae sp. 2 and Lesser Bamboo Bat).
Re-creatability	High	High
Fragmentation	Moderate to High	Low
Ecological linkage	No notable ecological linkage	No notable ecological linkage
Potential value	Low	Low
Nursery / Breeding ground	No notable nursery/ breeding behaviour observed	No notable nursery/ breeding behaviour observed
Age	N/A	N/A
Abundance / Richness of Wildlife	Moderate	Moderate
Ecological value	Low to Moderate	Low

Table 10.38 Species of Conservation Importance Recorded within the Ngau Tam Mei/Pok Wai Area

Species	Recorded Habitat in Previous Studies ⁽¹⁾	Recorded Habitat in Present Survey ^(1)(11)	Protection Status	Distribution in Hong Kong ⁽²⁾	Rarity ⁽²⁾
Flora
Incense Tree (Aquilaria sinensis)	-	WL, MWL	Cap. 586 ⁽³⁾; Vulnerable ⁽⁸⁾; Cat 2 & 3 (Near Threatened) ⁽⁴⁾; Category ll ⁽¹⁰⁾; Vulnerable ⁽⁴⁾; Near Threatened ⁽⁴⁾; Vulnerable ⁽⁹⁾	Common in Hong Kong	-
Aralia chinensis	-	MWL, GL	Vulnerable ⁽⁹⁾	Common in Hong Kong	-
Water Fern (Ceratopteris thalictroides)	-	MA	Category 2 (Vulnerable)⁽⁴⁾; Category ll ⁽⁴⁾; Vulnerable ⁽¹⁰⁾	-	-
Luofushan Joint-Fir (Gnetum luofuense)	-	WL, MWL, SL	Near Threatened ⁽⁹⁾	Common in Hong Kong	-
Chinese Frienge Lily (Thysanotus chinensis)	-	GL	-	Aberdeen, Fanling, So Kwun Wat	Rare
Avifauna
Black Kite (Milvus migrans) ⁽⁵⁾	PO	IF	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; Cap.586 ⁽³⁾; (RC) ⁽³⁾; Class II ⁽⁶⁾	Widely distributed in Hong Kong.	Common resident and winter visitor.
Chinese Francolin (Francolinus pintadeanus)	-	GL	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; Near Threatened ⁽⁸⁾	Widely distributed in grassland throughout Hong Kong	Common resident.
Chinese Pond Heron (Ardeola bacchus) ⁽⁵⁾	PO	PO, WC, GL, DA, IF	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; PRC (RC)⁽³⁾	Widely distributed in Hong Kong.	Common resident.
Collared Crow (Corvus torquatus) ⁽⁵⁾	-	WC, MWL, GL, DA, IF	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; LC ⁽³⁾; Near Threatened ⁽⁸⁾; Vulnerable ⁽⁹⁾	Found in Inner Deep Bay area, Nam Chung, Kei Ling Ha, Tai Mei Tuk, Pok Fu Lam, Chek Lap Kok, Shuen Wan, Lam Tsuen.	Locally common resident.
Common Greenshank (Tringa nebularia) ⁽⁵⁾	-	WC	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; RC ⁽³⁾	Found in Deep Bay area.	Abundant winter visitor and migrant.
Common Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus)	-	IF	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; Cap.586 ⁽³⁾; Class II ⁽⁶⁾	Widely distributed in Hong Kong.	Common autumn migrant and winter visitor.
Crested Goshawk (Accipiter trivirgatus)	-	MWL	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; Cap.586 ⁽³⁾; Class II ⁽⁶⁾; Rare ⁽⁷⁾; Near Threatened ⁽⁸⁾	Widely distributed in woodlands and shrublands throughout Hong Kong.	Common resident.
Crested Serpent Eagle (Spilornis cheela)	-	IF	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; Cap.586 ⁽³⁾; (LC) ⁽³⁾; Class II ⁽⁶⁾; Vulnerable ⁽⁷⁾; Near Threatened ⁽⁸⁾	Widely distributed in shrublands on hillsides throughout Hong Kong.	Common resident.
Eastern Buzzard (Buteo japonicus) ⁽⁵⁾	-	IF	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; Cap.586 ⁽³⁾; Class II ⁽⁶⁾	Widely distributed in Hong Kong.	Common winter visitor.
Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo)⁽⁴⁾	-	PO	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; PRC⁽³⁾	Widely distributed in coastal areas throughout Hong Kong.	Common winter visitor.
Great Egret (Ardea alba) ⁽⁵⁾	-	PO, WC, IF	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; PRC (RC)⁽³⁾	Widely distributed in Hong Kong.	Common resident, migrant and winter visitor.
Greater Coucal (Centropus sinensis)	-	MA, WC, DAL, WL, MWL, V/O, DA	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; Class II ⁽⁶⁾; Vulnerable ⁽⁷⁾	Widely distributed in Hong Kong.	Common resident.
Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea) ⁽⁵⁾	PO	PO, WC	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; PRC⁽³⁾	Found in Deep Bay area, Starling Inlet, Kowloon Park, Cape D'Aguilar.	Common winter visitor.
Little Egret (Egretta garzetta)⁽⁵⁾	PO	PO, WC, DA, IF	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; PRC (RC) ⁽³⁾	Widely distributed in coastal area throughout Hong Kong.	Common resident.
Little Grebe (Tachybaptus ruficollis)⁽⁵⁾	PO	-	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; LC ⁽³⁾	Found in Deep Bay area.	Common resident.
Northern Shoveler (Spatula clypeata)⁽⁵⁾	-	WC	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; RC ⁽³⁾	Found in Deep Bay area.	Abundant winter visitor.
Purple Heron (Ardea purpurea)⁽⁵⁾	PO	-	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; RC ⁽³⁾	Found in Deep Bay area.	Uncommon passage migrant.
Wood Sandpiper (Tringa glareola) ⁽⁵⁾	-	WC	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; LC⁽³⁾	Widely distributed in wetland area throughout Hong Kong.	Common migrant and winter visitor.
Butterfly
Swallowtail (Papilio xuthus)	-	WC, GL	-	Kap Lung, Ma On Shan, Tai Tam, Sha Lo Wan, Kat O, Lung Kwu Tan, Wu Kau Tang, Lung Kwu Chau	Rare
Common Birdwing (Troides helena)	-	DA	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; Cap.586 ⁽³⁾; Green Status Moderately Depleted ⁽⁹⁾	Widely distributed throughout Hong Kong	Rare
Small Cabbage White (Pieris rapae crucivora)	-	DA	-	Shek Mun Kap, Fan Lau, Ngong Ping, Kam Tin, Ho Chung, Luk Keng, Tuen Mun Ash Lagoon	Rare
Metallic Cerulean (Jamides alecto)	-	DA	-	Victoria Peak, Fung Yuen, Chuen Lung, Mui Wo	Very rare
Tiny Grass Blue (Zizula hylax)	-	GL	Species of conservation concern⁽²⁾	Lung Kwu Tan, Fung Yuen, Sha Lo Wan	Very rare
Small Three-ring (Ypthima norma)	-	GL	Species of conservation concern⁽²⁾; LC⁽³⁾	Pak Tam Chung, Ngau Kwo Lo, Kai Shan	Very rare
Danaid Eggfly (Hypolimnas misippus)	-	GL	LC⁽³⁾	Ngau Ngak Shan, Lung Kwu Tan, Hong Kong Wetland Park, Mount Parker, Cloudy Hill, Lin Ma Hang	Uncommon
Odonate
Blue Chaser (Potamarcha congener)	-	V/O, DA	LC⁽³⁾	Found in small weedy ponds, puddles and marshes. Widely distributed in the New Territories; Scattered	-
Herpetofauna
Spotted Narrow-mouthed Frog (Kalophrynus interlineatus)	-	SL, V/O, DA	Near threatened ⁽⁸⁾	Widely distributed from low to moderate altitudes in northern and central New Territories.	-
King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah)	GL	-	Cap.586 ⁽³⁾; PRC ⁽³⁾; Critically endangered ⁽⁷⁾; Endangered⁽⁸⁾; Vulnerable ⁽⁹⁾	Common and widespread in Hong Kong	-
Mammal
Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros armiger)	-	MWL, V/O, DA	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; (LC) ⁽³⁾	Widely distributed in countryside areas throughout Hong Kong.	-
Chinese Noctule (Nyctalus plancyi)	-	V/O, DA	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; PRC (RC) ⁽³⁾	Fairly widely distributed in countryside areas throughout Hong Kong.	-
Japanese Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus abramus)	-	PO, DAL, MWL, PL, DA	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾	Widely distributed throughout Hong Kong.	-
Unknown Vespertilionidae sp. 1	-	PO, MWL, PL, V/O, DA	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾	-	-
Unknown Vespertilionidae sp. 2	-	WC, DAL, PL, V/O, DA	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾	-	-
Lesser Bamboo Bat (Tylonycteris fulvida)	-	PO, WC, DAL, MWL, PL, DA	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; (LC) ⁽³⁾; Rare⁽¹⁰⁾	Fairly widely distributed in countryside areas throughout Hong Kong.	-
Pallas’s Squirrel (Callosciurus erythraeus)	-	MWL	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾	Fairly widely distributed, with the styani subspecies found in the New Territories (e.g. Tai Lam, Shing Mun and Tai Po Kau), and the thai subspecies found on the Hong Kong Island (e.g. Tai Tam and Pok Fu Lam)	-
Leopard Cat (Prionailurus bengalensis)	-	WL, MWL	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; Vulnerable ⁽⁸⁾; Vulnerable ⁽¹⁰⁾	Widely distributed in countryside areas throughout Hong Kong, except for Lantau Island	-
Red Muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak)	-	MWL	PRC⁽³⁾; Near Threatened ⁽⁸⁾	Very widely distributed in countryside areas throughout Hong Kong	-
Small Indian Civet (Viverricula indica)	-	WL	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾;Class II ⁽⁶⁾; Vulnerable ⁽⁸⁾	Very widely distributed in countryside areas throughout Hong Kong, except for Lantau Island	-
Masked Palm Civet (Paguma larvata)	-	WL	PRC⁽³⁾; Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; Near Threatened ⁽⁸⁾	Widely distributed in countryside areas throughout Hong Kong, except for Lantau Island and northwestern New Territories.	-

Notes:

(1) Habitats: MA=Marsh/Reed; PO=Pond; WC=Watercourse; DAL=Dry Agricultural Land; WL=Woodland; MWL=Mixed Woodland; PL=Plantation; SL=Shrubland; GL=Grassland; V/O=Village/Orchard; DA=Developed Area/Wasteland; IF=In Flight.

(2) Distribution in Hong Kong and Rarity follows:
Flora: Wu and Lee (2000); Xing and Chau (2000); Siu (2000).
Fauna: AFCD (2011); AFCD (2022); Karsen et al. (1998); Shek (2006a); Reels (2019).

(3) Cap. 96: Protected under the Forests and Countryside Ordinance (Cap. 96).

Cap. 170: Protected under Wild Animals Protection Ordinance (Cap. 170).

Cap. 586: Protection of Endangered Species of Animals and Plants Ordinance (Cap.586).

(4) Protection Status of Flora follows:
Hu et al. (2003); List of Wild Plants Under State Protection (Ministry of Forestry in 1999); Fu (1992); Qin et al. (2017); Feng et al. (2002). Wu and Hu. (1988).

(5) Wetland-dependent species (including wetland-dependent species and waterbirds).

(6) The List of Endangered and Protected Species of China.

(7) Zheng and Wang (1998).

(8) Jiang et al. (2016).

(9) IUCN (2022).

(10) Wang (1998).

10.6.5 San Tin/Shek Wu Wai Area

Table 10.39 Ecological Evaluation of Marsh/Reed and Pond within San Tin/Shek Wu Wai Area

Criteria	Marsh/Reed	Pond
Naturalness	Moderate. Succeeded from man-made habitats e.g. ponds and agricultural lands through natural processes.	Low. A man-made habitat for the purpose of aquaculture and wetland compensation
Size	Small (approx. 3.19 ha)	Small (approx. 9.13 ha)
Diversity	Low to moderate floral diversity for three patches, low for others; low faunal diversity	Moderate floral and low faunal diversity
Rarity	An uncommon habitat in Hong Kong. No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies. A total of five species of conservation importance were recorded in present survey, including one avifauna species (Asian Barred Owlet), two butterfly species (Metallic Cerulean and Danaid Eggfly), two mammal species (Chinese Noctule and Japanese Pipistrelle).	Uncommon. Mainly restricted to northwestern New Territories No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies. A total of 11 species of conservation importance were recorded in present survey, including ten avifauna species (Black Kite, Chinese Pond Heron, Collared Crow, Great Egret, Greater Coucal, Grey Heron, Intermediate Egret, Little Egret, Little Grebe and Tufted Duck), one butterfly species (Metallic Cerulean)
Re-creatability	Low to moderate	High
Fragmentation	High	High
Ecological linkage	No notable ecological linkage, though the scattered patches of marsh/reed in Shek Wu Wai are structurally and functionally linked to other wetland habitats such as ponds and watercourse	The contiguous ponds north of San Tin Highway occur within WBA, WCA and IBA, and are linked to the extensive fishponds beyond the Assessment Area No notable ecological linkage for scattered ponds in Shek Wu Wai, though they are structurally and functionally linked to other wetland habitats such as marsh/reed and watercourse
Potential value	Moderate	Moderate to high. Active ones could be enhanced by ecologically-friendly aquacultural measures and inactive ones could be properly managed to maximise use by waterfowl and wildlife
Nursery / Breeding ground	No notable nursery/ breeding behaviour observed	No notable nursery/ breeding behaviour observed
Age	N/A	N/A
Abundance / Richness of Wildlife	Low to moderate	Moderate – for the contiguous ponds north of San Tin Highway Low – for other ponds
Ecological value	Moderate – for the three marsh/reeds with higher coverage and diversity of wetland plants Low to moderate – for other marshes/reeds	Moderate – for the contiguous ponds north of San Tin Highway Low – for other ponds

Table 10.40 Ecological Evaluation of Watercourse within San Tin/Shek Wu Wai Area

Criteria	San Tin Eastern Main Drainage Channel	Watercourse (S-SS-1 to S-SS-7) ¹
Naturalness	Low	Moderate for the downstream section of S-SS-5 and S-SS-7 Low for other watercourses
Size	Small (approx. 1.97 ha, 1.6 km)	Small (approx. 3.50 ha, 5.2 km in total) S-SS-1 (approx. 0.2 km) S-SS-2 (approx. 0.1 km) S-SS-3 (approx. 1.3 km) S-SS-4, 4a, 4b (approx. 0.4 km, 0.8 km, 0.8 km) S-SS-5, 5a (approx. 0.5 km, 0.5 km) S-SS-6 (approx. 0.4 km) S-SS-7 (approx. 0.2 km)
Diversity	Low to moderate floral and faunal diversity	Low to moderate floral and faunal diversity
Rarity	Common habitat in Hong Kong. No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies. A total of seven fauna species of conservation importance recorded in present survey, including five avifauna species (Black-winged Stilt, Chinese Pond Heron, Little Egret, Wood Sandpiper and Greater Painted-Snipe) and two mammal species (Chinese Noctule and Lesser Bamboo Bat).	Common habitat in Hong Kong No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies. A total of 12 fauna species of conservation importance recorded in present survey, including four avifauna species (Eurasian Teal, Chinese Pond Heron, Great Egret and Little Egret), one odonate species (Dusk-hawker), one reptile species (Many-banded Krait), six mammal species (Least Horseshoe Bat, unknown Myotis sp., Chinese Noctule, Japanese Pipistrelle, unknown Vespertilionidae sp. 1 and unknown Vespertilionidae sp. 2)
Re-creatability	High	High
Fragmentation	Minor fragmentation by bridges and roads such as Kwu Tung Road and San Tin Highway. Surrounded by highly developed areas.	Low to moderate
Ecological linkage	The downstream section of this drainage channel occurs within WBA	S-SS-3, S-SS-4 functionally and structurally linked with adjacent wetland habitats (e.g. marsh and ponds) in Shek Wu Wai S-SS-5, downstream sections of S-SS-5a and S-SS-6, and S-SS-7 occur within WBA; a small downstream section of S-SS-5 also within WCA Downstream sections of S-SS-5, S-SS-5a and S-SS-6, and S-SS-7 occur within IBA
Potential value	Low to moderate	Low
Nursery / Breeding ground	Nursery behaviour of Greater Painted-Snipe was observed	No notable nursery and breeding behaviour
Age	N/A	N/A
Abundance / Richness of Wildlife	Low to moderate	Low
Ecological value	Moderate	Low to moderate

Note:

(1) San Tin Eastern Main Drainage Channel excluded.

Table 10.41 Ecological Evaluation of Wet Agricultural Land and Dry Agricultural Land within San Tin/Shek Wu Wai Area

Criteria	Wet Agricultural Land	Dry Agricultural Land
Naturalness	Low. A man-made habitat for the purpose of crop production.	Low. A man-made habitat for the purpose of crop production.
Size	Very small (approx. 0.71 ha)	Small (approx. 7.87 ha)
Diversity	Low flora and faunal diversity	Moderate floral and faunal diversity
Rarity	Common habitat in Hong Kong. A total of 11 avifauna species of conservation importance were recorded (in either dry or wet agricultural lands) in previous studies. No species of conservation importance was recorded in present survey.	Common habitat in Hong Kong. A total of 11 avifauna species of conservation importance were recorded (in either dry or wet agricultural lands) in previous studies. A total of 11 species of conservation importance recorded in present survey, including six avifauna species (Chinese Pond Heron, Collared Crow, Common Greenshank, Great Egret, Grey Heron and Little Egret), one butterfly species (Metallic Cerulean) and four mammal species (unknown Myotis sp., Japanese Pipistrelle, unknown Vespertilionidae sp. 1 and unknown Vespertilionidae sp. 2)
Re-creatability	High	High
Fragmentation	High	High
Ecological linkage	No notable ecological linkage, though it is structurally and functionally connected with adjacent habitats, such as dry agricultural land and ponds to form an extensive matrix of habitats in Shek Wu Wai	No notable ecological linkage, though it is structurally and functionally connected with adjacent habitats, such as marsh/reed and ponds to form an extensive matrix of habitats in Shek Wu Wai
Potential value	Low	Low to moderate
Nursery / Breeding ground	No notable nursery / breeding behaviour observed	No notable nursery / breeding behaviour observed
Age	N/A	N/A
Abundance / Richness of Wildlife	Low	Moderate
Ecological value	Low	Low to moderate

Table 10.42 Ecological Evaluation of Woodland, Mixed Woodland and Plantation within the San Tin/Shek Wu Wai Area

Criteria	Woodland	Mixed Woodland	Plantation
Naturalness	Moderate	Low to moderate	Low
Size	Small (approx. 2.47 ha)	Moderate (approx. 47.63 ha)	Moderate (approx. 33.36 ha)
Diversity	Moderate floral and low faunal diversity	Moderate to high floral and moderate faunal diversity	Low floral and faunal diversity
Rarity	Common habitat in Hong Kong. No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies. Two mammal species of conservation importance (Japanese Pipistrelle and unknown Vespertilionidae sp. 2) were recorded in present survey.	Common habitat in Hong Kong. No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies. A total of seven species of conservation importance were recorded in present survey, including one flora species (Aquilaria sinensis), three avifauna species (Black Kite, Collared Crow and Grey Heron) and three mammal species (Japanese Pipistrelle, Lesser Bamboo Bat and Pallas’s Squirrel).	A common habitat in Hong Kong No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies. A total of two species of conservation importance, including one avifauna (Greater Coucal) and one butterfly species (Small Three-ring) were recorded in present survey.
Re-creatability	Low to moderate. Re-creatable if time is given for natural succession.	Moderate. Re-creatable if time is given for natural succession.	High
Fragmentation	High	Moderate. Small areas of mixed woodland scattered on knolls.	Moderate. Some larger areas west to Shek Wu Wai.
Ecological linkage	No notable ecological linkage	No notable ecological linkage	A small knoll of plantation within the WBA northeast of Shek Wu Wai
Potential value	Low	Low to moderate	Low
Nursery / Breeding ground	No notable nursery / breeding behaviour observed	No notable nursery/ breeding behaviour observed	No notable nursery/ breeding behaviour observed
Age	N/A	N/A	N/A
Abundance / Richness of Wildlife	Low to moderate	Low to moderate	Low to moderate
Ecological value	Low to moderate	Low to moderate	Low

Table 10.43 Ecological Evaluation of Shrubland and Grassland within the San Tin/Shek Wu Wai Area

Criteria	Shrubland	Grassland
Naturalness	Moderate to high	Moderate to high
Size	Moderate (approx. 27.74 ha)	Moderate (approx. 25.14ha)
Diversity	Moderate to high floral and low to moderate faunal diversity	Moderate to high floral and moderate faunal diversity
Rarity	Common habitat in Hong Kong No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies. No species of conservation importance was recorded in present survey.	Common habitat in Hong Kong No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies. A total of nine species of conservation importance recorded in present survey, including two avifauna species (Grey Heron and Lesser Coucal), six butterfly species (Spotted Angle, Swallowtail, Small Cabbage White, Peacock Royal, Small Three-ring and Danaid Eggfly), and one mammal species (Japanese Pipistrelle).
Re-creatability	Moderate	Moderate
Fragmentation	Moderate	Moderate
Ecological linkage	No notable ecological linkage	No notable ecological linkage
Potential value	Low to moderate	Low to moderate
Nursery / Breeding ground	No record of nursery or breeding ground	No record of nursery or breeding ground
Age	N/A	N/A
Abundance / Richness of Wildlife	Low to moderate	Low to moderate
Ecological value	Low to Moderate	Low to moderate – for both hillside grassland and low-lying grassland

Table 10.44 Ecological Evaluation of Village/Orchard and Developed Area/Wasteland within the San Tin/Shek Wu Wai Area

Criteria	Village/Orchard	Developed Area/Wasteland
Naturalness	Low	Low
Size	Small (approx. 16.82 ha)	Very large (approx. 218.87 ha)
Diversity	Moderate floral (consisting of native ruderal and exotic species) and low to moderate faunal diversity.	Moderate to high floral (consisting of native ruderal and exotic species) and moderate faunal diversity
Rarity	A very common habitat in Hong Kong. No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies. A total of six species of conservation importance recorded in present survey, including three avifauna species (Chinese Pond Heron, Collared Crow and Little Egret), three mammal species (Japanese Pipistrelle, Lesser Bamboo Bat and Pallas’s Squirrel).	Very common habitat in Hong Kong No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies. A total of ten species of conservation importance were recorded in present survey, including four avifauna species (Black Kite, Chinese Pond Heron, Greater Coucal and Little Egret), one butterfly species (Metallic Cerulean) and five mammal species (Chinese Noctule, Japanese Pispistrelle, unknown Vespertilionidae sp. 1, Lesser Bamboo Bat and Pallas’s Squirrel).
Re-creatability	High	High
Fragmentation	Moderate to High	Low
Ecological linkage	No notable ecological linkage	Some parts occur within WCA, WBA and IBA
Potential value	Low	Low
Nursery / Breeding ground	No notable nursery and breeding behaviour	No record of nursery or breeding ground
Age	N/A	N/A
Abundance / Richness of Wildlife	Moderate	Moderate
Ecological value	Low to Moderate	Low

Table 10.45 Species of Conservation Importance Recorded within the San Tin/Shek Wu Wai Area

Species	Recorded Habitat in Previous Studies ⁽¹⁾	Recorded Habitat in Present Survey ^(1)(11)	Protection Status	Distribution in Hong Kong ⁽²⁾	Rarity ⁽²⁾
Flora
Incense Tree (Aquilaria sinensis)	-	MWL	Cap. 586 ⁽³⁾; Vulnerable ⁽⁸⁾; Cat 2 & 3 (Near Threatened) ⁽⁴⁾; Category ll ⁽⁴⁾; Vulnerable ⁽⁴⁾; Near Threatened ⁽⁴⁾; Vulnerable ⁽⁹⁾	Common in Hong Kong	-
Avifauna
Asian Barred Owlet (Glaucidium cuculoides)	-	MA	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; Cap.586 ⁽³⁾; Class II ⁽⁶⁾	Widely distributed in woodland of the north and central New Territories.	Locally common resident.
Besra (Accipiter virgatus)	DAL/WAL*	-	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; Cap. 586 ⁽³⁾; Class II ⁽⁶⁾	Found in Tai Po Kau, Deep Bay area, Chek Lap Kok, Cheung Chau, Soko Islands.	Common resident and migrant.
Black Kite (Milvus migrans) ⁽⁵⁾	DAL/WAL*	PO, MWL, DA, IF	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; Cap.586 ⁽³⁾; (RC) ⁽³⁾; Class II ⁽⁶⁾	Widely distributed in Hong Kong.	Common resident and winter visitor.
Black-winged Stilt (Himantopus himantopus) ⁽⁵⁾	-	WC	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; RC⁽³⁾	Found in Deep Bay area, Long Valley, Kam Tin.	Common migrant and winter visitor.
Chinese Pond Heron (Ardeola bacchus) ⁽⁵⁾	DAL/WAL*	PO, WC, DAL, V/O, DA, IF	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; PRC (RC)⁽³⁾	Widely distributed in Hong Kong.	Common resident.
Collared Crow (Corvus torquatus) ⁽⁵⁾	DAL/WAL*	PO, DAL, MWL, V/O, IF	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; LC ⁽³⁾; Near Threatened ⁽⁸⁾; Vulnerable ⁽⁹⁾	Found in Inner Deep Bay area, Nam Chung, Kei Ling Ha, Tai Mei Tuk, Pok Fu Lam, Chek Lap Kok, Shuen Wan, Lam Tsuen.	Locally common resident.
Common Greenshank (Tringa nebularia) ⁽⁵⁾	DAL/WAL*	DAL	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; RC ⁽³⁾	Found in Deep Bay area.	Abundant winter visitor and migrant.
Common Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus)	-	IF	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; Cap.586 ⁽³⁾; Class II ⁽⁶⁾	Widely distributed in Hong Kong.	Common autumn migrant and winter visitor.
Common Goshawk (Accipiter trivirgatus)	-	IF	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; Cap.586 ⁽³⁾; RC ⁽³⁾; Rare ⁽⁷⁾; Near Threatened ⁽⁸⁾	Found in Deep Bay area.	Abundant passage migrant and winter visitor.
Crested Serpent Eagle (Spilornis cheela)	DAL/WAL*	IF	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; Cap.586 ⁽³⁾; (LC) ⁽³⁾; Class II ⁽⁶⁾; Vulnerable ⁽⁷⁾; Near Threatened ⁽⁸⁾	Widely distributed in shrublands on hillsides throughout Hong Kong.	Common resident.
Eurasian Spoonbill ⁽⁵⁾ (Platalea leucorodia)	-	IF	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; Cap.586 ⁽³⁾; RC ⁽³⁾; Class II ⁽⁶⁾; Vulnerable ⁽⁷⁾; Near Threatened ⁽⁸⁾	Found in Deep Bay area.	Uncommon winter visitor.
Eurasian Teal (Anas crecca) ⁽⁵⁾	DAL/WAL*	WC	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; RC⁽³⁾	Found in Deep Bay area, Shuen Wan, Tai Lam Chung Reservoir, Victoria Harbour, urban parks.	Common winter visitor.
Great Egret (Ardea alba) ⁽⁵⁾	DAL/WAL*	PO, WC, DAL	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; PRC (RC)⁽³⁾	Widely distributed in Hong Kong.	Common resident, migrant and winter visitor.
Greater Coucal (Centropus sinensis)	DAL/WAL*	PO, PL, DA	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; Class II ⁽⁶⁾; Vulnerable ⁽⁷⁾	Widely distributed in Hong Kong.	Common resident.
Greater Painted-snipe (Rostratula benghalensis) ⁽⁵⁾	-	WC	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; LC⁽³⁾	Found in Ha Tsuen, Lok Ma Chau, Kam Tin, Long Valley, Hong Kong Wetland Park.	Locally common resident.
Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea) ⁽⁵⁾	-	PO, DAL, MWL, GL	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; PRC⁽³⁾	Found in Deep Bay area, Starling Inlet, Kowloon Park, Cape D'Aguilar.	Common winter visitor.
Intermediate Egret (Egretta intermedia)⁽⁵⁾	-	PO	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; RC⁽³⁾	Found in Deep Bay area, Tai Long Wan, Starling Inlet, Tai O, Cape D'Aguilar.	Resident and passage migrant.
Lesser Coucal (Centropus bengalensis)	-	GL	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; Class II ⁽⁶⁾; Vulnerable ⁽⁷⁾	Widely distributed in Hong Kong.	Uncommon resident.
Little Egret (Egretta garzetta)⁽⁵⁾	DAL/WAL*	PO, WC, DAL, V/O, DA	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; PRC (RC) ⁽³⁾	Widely distributed in coastal area throughout Hong Kong.	Common resident.
Little Grebe (Tachybaptus ruficollis)⁽⁵⁾	-	PO	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; LC ⁽³⁾	Found in Deep Bay area.	Common resident.
Red-throated Pipit (Anthus cervinus)	DAL/WAL*	-	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; LC ⁽³⁾	Widely distributed in dry agricultural areas throughout Hong Kong.	Common passage migrant and winter visitor.
Tufted Duck (Aythya fuligula)	-	PO	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; LC ⁽³⁾	Found in Deep Bay area, Nam Chung, Starling Inlet.	Abundant winter visitor.
Wood Sandpiper (Tringa glareola) ⁽⁵⁾	-	WC	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; LC⁽³⁾	Widely distributed in wetland area throughout Hong Kong.	Common migrant and winter visitor.
Butterfly
Spotted Angle (Caprona alida)	-	GL	LC⁽³⁾	Lantau South Country Park, Nam Chung, Lung Kwu Tan, Pat Sin Lang	Very rare
Swallowtail (Papilio xuthus)	-	GL	-	Kap Lung, Ma On Shan, Tai Tam, Sha Lo Wan, Kat O, Lung Kwu Tan, Wu Kau Tang, Lung Kwu Chau	Rare
Small Cabbage White (Pieris rapae crucivora)	-	GL	-	Shek Mun Kap, Fan Lau, Ngong Ping, Kam Tin, Ho Chung, Luk Keng, Tuen Mun Ash Lagoon	Rare
Peacock Royal (Tajuria cippus)	-	GL	LC⁽³⁾	Ma On Shan, Wu Kau Tang, Tai Po Kau, Mount Nicholson, Victoria Peak, Cloudy Hill	Rare
Metallic Cerulean (Jamides alecto)	-	MA, PO, DAL, DA	-	Victoria Peak, Fung Yuen, Chuen Lung, Mui Wo	Very rare
Small Three-ring (Ypthima norma)	-	PL, GL	Species of conservation concern⁽²⁾; LC⁽³⁾	Pak Tam Chung, Ngau Kwo Lo, Kai Shan	Very rare
Danaid Eggfly (Hypolimnas misippus)	-	MA, GL	LC⁽³⁾	Ngau Ngak Shan, Lung Kwu Tan, Hong Kong Wetland Park, Mount Parker, Cloudy Hill, Lin Ma Hang	Uncommon
Odonate
Dusk-hawker (Gynacantha sp.)	-	WC	LC⁽³⁾	-	-
Herpetofauna
Many-banded Krait (Bungarus multicinctus multicinctus)	-	WC	PRC⁽³⁾; Vulnerable ⁽⁷⁾; Endangered ⁽⁸⁾	Common and widely distributed in Hong Kong.	-
Mammal
Least Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus pusillus)	-	WC	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; PRC (RC)⁽³⁾	Widely distributed in countryside areas throughout Hong Kong	-
Myotis spp.	-	WC, DAL	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾	-	-
Chinese Noctule (Nyctalus plancyi)	-	MA, WC, DA	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; PRC (RC) ⁽³⁾	Fairly widely distributed in countryside areas throughout Hong Kong.	-
Japanese Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus abramus)	-	MA, WC, DAL, WL, MWL, GL, V/O, DA	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾	Widely distributed throughout Hong Kong.	-
Unknown Vespertilionidae sp. 1	-	WC, DAL, DA	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾	-	-
Unknown Vespertilionidae sp. 2	-	WC, DAL, WL	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾	-	-
Lesser Bamboo Bat (Tylonycteris fulvida)	-	WC, MWL, V/O, DA	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; (LC) ⁽³⁾; Rare⁽⁹⁾	Fairly widely distributed in countryside areas throughout Hong Kong.	-
Pallas’s Squirrel (Callosciurus erythraeus)	-	MWL, V/O, DA	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾	Fairly widely distributed, with the styani subspecies found in the New Territories (e.g. Tai Lam, Shing Mun and Tai Po Kau), and the thai subspecies found on the Hong Kong Island (e.g. Tai Tam and Pok Fu Lam)	-

Notes:

(1) Habitats: MA=Marsh/Reed; PO=Pond; WC=Watercourse; WAL=Wet Agricultural Land; DAL=Dry Agricultural Land; WL=Woodland; MWL=Mixed Woodland; PL=Plantation; SL=Shrubland; GL=Grassland; V/O=Village/Orchard; DA=Developed Area/Wasteland; IF=In Flight. (* indicates that the type of agricultural land was not specified in the previous study (KFBG, 2022))

(2) Distribution in Hong Kong and Rarity follows:

Flora: Wu and Lee (2000); Xing and Chau (2000); Siu (2000).

Fauna: AFCD (2011); AFCD (2022); Karsen et al. (1998); Shek (2006a); Reels (2019).

(3) Cap. 96: Protected under the Forests and Countryside Ordinance (Cap. 96).

Cap. 170: Protected under Wild Animals Protection Ordinance (Cap. 170).

Cap. 586: Protection of Endangered Species of Animals and Plants Ordinance (Cap.586).

Fellowes et al. (2002): LC=Local Concern; RC=Regional Concern; PRC=Potential Regional Concern. Letters in parentheses indicate that the assessment is on the basis of restrictedness in nesting and/or roosting sites rather than in general occurrence.

(5) Wetland-dependent species (including wetland-dependent species and waterbirds).

(6) The List of Endangered and Protected Species of China.

(7) Zheng and Wang (1998); Zhao (1998)

(8) Jiang et al. (2016).

(9) IUCN (2022).

(10) Wang (1998).

10.6.6 Kwu Tung/Chau Tau Area

Table 10.46 Ecological Evaluation of Pond and Watercourse within Kwu Tung/Chau Tau Area

Criteria	Pond	Watercourse (S-KC-1 to S-KC-11 and Sheung Yue River)
Naturalness	Low. A stormwater storage pond maintained by DSD near Chau Tau Tsuen and an abandoned fishpond within LVHSH Priority Site	Low to moderate for S-KC-10 and S-KC-11 Low for S-KC-1 to S-KC-9 and Sheung Yue River
Size	Small (approx. 1.09 ha)	Small (approx. 3.65 ha, 8.1 km in total) S-KC-1 (approx. 1.3km) S-KC-2 (approx. 0.5km) S-KC-3a, 3b, 3c (approx. 0.2 km, 1.4 km, 0.2 km) S-KC-4 (approx. 0.3 km) S-KC-5 (approx. 0.2 km) S-KC-6 (approx. 0.6 km) S-KC-7 (approx. 1 km) S-KC-8 (approx. 1 km) S-KC-9 (approx. 0.2 km) S-KC-10 (approx. 0.2 km) S-KC-11 (approx. 0.6 km) Sheung Yue River (approx. 0.4 km)
Diversity	Low to moderate floral and low faunal diversity	Moderate to high floral and moderate faunal diversity
Rarity	Uncommon. Mainly restricted to northwestern New Territories An amphibian species of conservation importance (Chinese Bullfrog) was recorded in previous studies. A total of three avifauna species of conservation importance recorded in present survey, including Chinese Pond Heron, Grey Heron and Little Egret.	Common habitat in Hong Kong A total of two species of conservation importance including a reptile and a freshwater crab species were recorded in previous studies A total of 11 fauna species of conservation importance were recorded in present survey, including eight avifauna species (Ashy Drongo, Black-winged Stilt, Chinese Pond Heron, Collared Crow, Common Greenshank, Great Egret, Grey Heron and Little Egret), one odonate (Blue Chaser), one reptile species (Indo-Chinese Rat Snake) and one mammal species (Japanese Pipistrelle)
Re-creatability	High	Moderate to High
Fragmentation	High	Moderate
Ecological linkage	Part of the pond at Chau Tau Tsuen occurs within WBA	Downstream of S-KC-1 to S-KC-3 and Sheung Yue River partially within LVHSH Priority Site; Short section of watercourse S-KC-4 and S-KC-9 near Chau Tau occurs in WBA
Potential value	Low to moderate	Low
Nursery / Breeding ground	No notable nursery and breeding behaviour	No notable nursery and breeding behaviour
Age	N/A	N/A
Abundance / Richness of Wildlife	Low to moderate	Low to moderate for Sheung Yue River Low for the other minor watercourses
Ecological value	Low	Low to moderate for Sheung Yue River Low for the other minor watercourses

Table 10.47 Ecological Evaluation of Dry Agricultural Land, Woodland and Mixed Woodland within Kwu Tung/Chau Tau Area

Criteria	Dry Agricultural Land	Woodland	Mixed Woodland
Naturalness	Low. A man-made habitat for the purpose of crop production.	Moderate	Low to moderate
Size	Small (approx. 2.03 ha)	Small (approx. 3.82 ha)	Small (approx. 13.00 ha)
Diversity	Low to moderate floral and faunal diversity	Moderate to high floral and low faunal diversity	Moderate to high floral and low faunal diversity
Rarity	Common habitat in Hong Kong. A total of four species of conservation importance, including three avifauna (previously recorded as in “wet agricultural land”) and an amphibian species of conservation importance were recorded in previous studies. A total of five species of conservation importance recorded in present survey, including three avifauna species (Chinese Pond Heron, Greater Coucal and Red-billed Starling), one butterfly species (Small Cabbage White), one amphibian species (Chinese Bullfrog).	Common habitat in Hong Kong. Two floral species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies. A total of two species of conservation importance was recorded in both previous studies and present survey, including flora species (Aquilaria sinensis and Gnetum luofuense).	Common habitat in Hong Kong. No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies. A total of two species of conservation importance including a floral species (Aquilaria sinensis) and an avifauna species (Greater Coucal) were recorded in present survey.
Re-creatability	High	Low to moderate. Re-creatable if time is given for natural succession.	Moderate. Re-creatable if time is given for natural succession.
Fragmentation	Low to moderate	Moderate	Moderate
Ecological linkage	A small patch in Kwu Tung occurs within LVHSH Priority Site and a small patch in Chau Tau Tsuen occurs within WBA	Some of the woodlands fall within “CA” on Hadden Hill and LVHSH Priority Site	Small mixed woodlands occur within “CA” on Hadden Hill
Potential value	Low to moderate	Moderate	Moderate
Nursery / Breeding ground	No notable nursery / breeding behaviour observed	No notable nursery / breeding behaviour observed	No notable nursery / breeding behaviour observed
Age	N/A	N/A	N/A
Abundance / Richness of Wildlife	Low to moderate	Low to moderate	Low to moderate
Ecological value	Low to moderate	Low to moderate	Low to moderate

Table 10.48 Ecological Evaluation of Plantation, Shrubland and Grassland within Kwu Tung/Chau Tau Area

Criteria	Plantation	Shrubland	Grassland
Naturalness	Low	Moderate to high	Moderate to high
Size	Small (approx. 7.32 ha)	Small (approx. 20.56 ha)	Moderate (approx. 59.59 ha)
Diversity	Moderate to high floral and faunal diversity	Moderate to high floral and low faunal diversity	Moderate floral and faunal diversity
Rarity	A common habitat in Hong Kong An amphibian species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies. A total of two species of conservation importance were recorded in present survey, including one flora species (Aquilaria sinensis) and one butterfly species (Danaid Eggfly).	Common habitat in Hong Kong No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies. A total of four species of conservation importance recorded in present survey including a floral species (Aquilaria sinensis), an avifauna (Greater Coucal) and two mammal species (Pallas’s Squirrel and Red Muntjac).	Common habitat in Hong Kong No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies. A total of five species of conservation importance recorded in present survey, including one flora (Brainea insignis) and four avifauna species (Chinese Pond Heron, Great Egret, Greater Coucal and Little Egret).
Re-creatability	High	Moderate	Moderate
Fragmentation	Moderate	High	Moderate
Ecological linkage	No notable ecological linkage	Small areas occur within “CA” on Hadden Hill	Hillside grassland partially falls within “CA” on Hadden Hill A few patches of low-lying grassland occur partially within LVHSH Priority Site in Kwu Tung, WBA in Chau Tau
Potential value	Low	Low to moderate	Low to moderate
Nursery / Breeding ground	No notable nursery / breeding behaviour observed	No record of nursery or breeding ground	No record of nursery or breeding ground
Age	N/A	N/A	N/A
Abundance / Richness of Wildlife	Low to moderate	Low to moderate	Low to moderate
Ecological value	Low	Low	Low to moderate – for both hillside grassland and low-lying grassland

Table 10.49 Ecological Evaluation of Village/Orchard and Developed Area/Wasteland within Kwu Tung/Chau Tau Area

Criteria	Village / Orchard	Developed Area / Wasteland
Naturalness	Low	Low
Size	Moderate (approx. 18.14 ha)	Large (approx. 178.91 ha)
Diversity	Moderate floral (consisting of native ruderal and exotic species) and moderate faunal diversity.	Moderate to high floral (consisting of native ruderal and exotic species) and moderate faunal diversity
Rarity	A very common habitat in Hong Kong. A total of three species of conservation importance, including an avifauna, an amphibian and a mammal species, were recorded in previous studies. A total of two species of conservation importance recorded in present survey, including two avifauna species (Chinese Pond Heron and Little Egret).	Very common habitat in Hong Kong A mammal species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies. A total of 13 species of conservation importance recorded in present survey, including four avifauna species (Black Kite, Eastern Buzzard, Greater Coucal and Little Egret), one butterfly species (Danaid Eggfly), one amphibian species (Spotted Narrow-mouthed Frog) and seven mammal species (Chinese Noctule, Japanese Pipistrelle, Lesser Bamboo Bat, Pallas’s Squirrel, Myotis sp., unknown Vespertilionidae sp. 1 and unknown Vespertilionidae sp. 2).
Re-creatability	High	High
Fragmentation	Moderate to High	Low
Ecological linkage	Some parts occur in LVHSH Priority Site in Kwu Tung and in WBA in Chau Tau	Some parts occur in LVHSH Priority Site and IBA in Kwu Tung and in WBA near Chau Tau
Potential value	Low	Low
Nursery / Breeding ground	No notable nursery and breeding behaviour	No record of nursery or breeding ground
Age	N/A	N/A
Abundance / Richness of Wildlife	Moderate	Moderate
Ecological value	Low to Moderate	Low

Table 10.50 Species of Conservation Importance Recorded within the Kwu Tung/Chau Tau Area

Species	Recorded Habitat in Previous Studies ⁽¹⁾	Recorded Habitat in Present Survey ^(1)(11)	Protection Status	Distribution in Hong Kong ⁽²⁾	Rarity ⁽²⁾
Flora
Incense Tree (Aquilaria sinensis)	WL	WL, MWL, PL, SL	Cap. 586 ⁽³⁾; Vulnerable ⁽⁴⁾; Cat 2 & 3 (Near Threatened) ⁽⁴⁾; Category ll ⁽⁴⁾; Vulnerable ⁽⁴⁾; Near Threatened ⁽⁴⁾; Vulnerable ⁽⁹⁾	Common in Hong Kong	-
Luofushan Joint-Fir (Gnetum luofuense)	WL	WL	Near Threatened ⁽⁹⁾	Common in Hong Kong	-
Cycad-fern (Brainea insignis)	-	GL	Cat 2 (Vulnerable)⁽⁴⁾; Category ll ⁽⁴⁾; Vulnerable ⁽⁴⁾	Restricted; common in Hong Kong	-
Avifauna
Ashy Drongo (Dicrurus leucophaeus)	-	WC	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; LC⁽³⁾	Found in Shing Mun, Tai Po Kau.	Uncommon winter visitor.
Black Kite (Milvus migrans) ⁽⁵⁾	-	DA, IF	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; Cap.586 ⁽³⁾; (RC) ⁽³⁾; Class II ⁽⁶⁾	Widely distributed in Hong Kong.	Common resident and winter visitor.
Black-winged Stilt (Himantopus himantopus) ⁽⁵⁾	-	WC	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; RC⁽³⁾	Found in Deep Bay area, Long Valley, Kam Tin.	Common migrant and winter visitor.
Chinese Pond Heron (Ardeola bacchus) ⁽⁵⁾	DAL	PO, WC, DAL, GL, V/O	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; PRC (RC)⁽³⁾	Widely distributed in Hong Kong.	Common resident.
Collared Crow (Corvus torquatus) ⁽⁵⁾	-	WC	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; LC ⁽³⁾; Near Threatened ⁽⁸⁾; Vulnerable ⁽⁹⁾	Found in Inner Deep Bay area, Nam Chung, Kei Ling Ha, Tai Mei Tuk, Pok Fu Lam, Chek Lap Kok, Shuen Wan, Lam Tsuen.	Locally common resident.
Common Greenshank (Tringa nebularia) ⁽⁵⁾	-	WC	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; RC ⁽³⁾	Found in Deep Bay area.	Abundant winter visitor and migrant.
Eastern Buzzard (Buteo japonicus) ⁽⁵⁾	-	DA	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; Cap.586 ⁽³⁾; Class II ⁽⁶⁾	Widely distributed in Hong Kong.	Common winter visitor.
Great Egret (Ardea alba) ⁽⁵⁾	-	WC, GL	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; PRC (RC)⁽³⁾	Widely distributed in Hong Kong.	Common resident, migrant and winter visitor.
Greater Coucal (Centropus sinensis)	V/O	DAL, MWL, SL, GL, DA	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; Class II ⁽⁶⁾; Vulnerable ⁽⁷⁾	Widely distributed in Hong Kong.	Common resident.
Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea) ⁽⁵⁾	-	PO, WC, IF	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; PRC⁽³⁾	Found in Deep Bay area, Starling Inlet, Kowloon Park, Cape D'Aguilar.	Common winter visitor.
Little Egret (Egretta garzetta)⁽⁵⁾	DAL	PO, WC, GL, V/O, DA, IF	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; PRC (RC) ⁽³⁾	Widely distributed in coastal area throughout Hong Kong.	Common resident.
Red-billed Starling (Spodiopsar sericeus)⁽⁵⁾	-	DAL	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; GC ⁽³⁾	Widely distributed in Hong Kong.	Abundant winter visitor.
Wood Sandpiper (Tringa glareola) ⁽⁵⁾	DAL	-	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; LC⁽³⁾	Widely distributed in wetland area throughout Hong Kong.	Common migrant and winter visitor.
Butterfly
Small Cabbage White (Pieris rapae crucivora)	-	DAL	-	Shek Mun Kap, Fan Lau, Ngong Ping, Kam Tin, Ho Chung, Luk Keng, Tuen Mun Ash Lagoon	Rare
Danaid Eggfly (Hypolimnas misippus)	-	PL, DA	LC⁽³⁾	Ngau Ngak Shan, Lung Kwu Tan, Hong Kong Wetland Park, Mount Parker, Cloudy Hill, Lin Ma Hang	Uncommon
Odonate
Blue Chaser (Potamarcha congener)	-	WC	LC⁽³⁾	Found in small weedy ponds, puddles and marshes. Widely distributed in the New Territories; Scattered	-
Herpetofauna
Chinese Bullfrog (Hoplobatrachus rugulosus)	PO, DAL, V/O	DAL	PRC ⁽³⁾; Class II ⁽⁶⁾; Endangered ⁽⁸⁾	Widely distributed in Hong Kong	-
Spotted Narrow-mouthed Frog (Kalophrynus interlineatus)	PL	DA	Near threatened ⁽⁸⁾	Widely distributed from low to moderate altitudes in northern and central New Territories.	-
Indo-Chinese Rat Snake (Ptyas korros)	WC	WC	PRC⁽³⁾; Endangered ⁽⁷⁾; Vulnerable ⁽⁸⁾; Near Threatened ⁽⁹⁾	Widely distributed throughout Hong Kong	-
Mammal
Chinese Noctule (Nyctalus plancyi)	-	DA	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; PRC (RC) ⁽³⁾	Fairly widely distributed in countryside areas throughout Hong Kong.	-
Japanese Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus abramus)	V/O, DA	WC, DA	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾	Widely distributed throughout Hong Kong.	-
Lesser Bamboo Bat (Tylonycteris fulvida)	-	DA	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; (LC) ⁽³⁾; Rare ⁽¹⁰⁾	Fairly widely distributed in countryside areas throughout Hong Kong.	-
Myotis spp.	-	DA	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾	-	-
Unknown Vespertilionidae sp. 1	-	DA	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾	-	-
Unknown Vespertilionidae sp. 2	-	DA	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾	-	-
Pallas’s Squirrel (Callosciurus erythraeus)	-	SL, DA	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾	Fairly widely distributed, with the styani subspecies found in the New Territories (e.g. Tai Lam, Shing Mun and Tai Po Kau), and the thai subspecies found on the Hong Kong Island (e.g. Tai Tam and Pok Fu Lam)	-
Red Muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak)	-	SL	PRC⁽³⁾; Near Threatened ⁽⁸⁾	Very widely distributed in countryside areas throughout Hong Kong	-
Aquatic Communities
Somanniathelphusa zanklon	WC	-	GC ⁽³⁾; Endangered ⁽⁹⁾	Endemic	-

Notes:

(1) Habitats: PO=Pond; WC=Watercourse; DAL=Dry Agricultural Land; MWL=Mixed Woodland; PL=Plantation; SL=Shrubland; GL=Grassland; V/O=Village/Orchard; DA=Developed Area/Wasteland; IF=In Flight.

(2) Distribution in Hong Kong and Rarity follows:
Flora: Wu and Lee (2000); Xing and Chau (2000); Siu (2000).
Fauna: AFCD (2011); AFCD (2022); Karsen et al. (1998); Shek (2006a); Reels (2019).

(3) Cap. 96: Protected under the Forests and Countryside Ordinance (Cap. 96).

Cap. 170: Protected under Wild Animals Protection Ordinance (Cap. 170).

Cap. 586: Protection of Endangered Species of Animals and Plants Ordinance (Cap.586).

(5) Wetland-dependent species (including wetland-dependent species and waterbirds).

(6) The List of Endangered and Protected Species of China.

(7) Zheng and Wang (1998); Zhao (1998)

(8) Jiang et al. (2016).

(9) IUCN (2022).

(10) Wang (1998).

10.6.7 Tai Shu Ha Area

Table 10.51 Ecological Evaluation of Marsh/Reed and Pond within Tai Shu Ha Area

Criteria	Marsh/Reed	Pond
Naturalness	Low-moderate. Succeeded form man-made habitat, e.g. abandoned pond.	Low. An artificial habitat that is currently abandoned.
Size	Very small (approx. 0.11 ha)	Very small (approx. 0.19 ha)
Diversity	Low floral and faunal diversity	Low floral and faunal diversity
Rarity	An uncommon habitat in Hong Kong. No species of conservation importance was recorded in both previous studies and present survey.	An uncommon habitat in Hong Kong. Mainly restricted to northwestern New Territories. No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies. A total of two species of conservation importance were recorded in present study, including one avifauna species (Chinese Pond Heron) and one odonate species (Scarlet Basker).
Re-creatability	Low-moderate	High
Fragmentation	High	High
Ecological linkage	Part of the marsh/reed occurs in the “CA”. .	One of the ponds was adjacent to a marsh/reed habitat in “CA”
Potential value	Low due to the small size	Low due to the isolation between ponds
Nursery / Breeding ground	No notable nursery and breeding behaviour	No notable nursery and breeding behaviour
Age	N/A	N/A
Abundance / Richness of Wildlife	Low	Low
Ecological value	Low	Low

Table 10.52 Ecological Evaluation of Watercourse, Seasonally Wet Grassland and Dry Agricultural Land within Tai Shu Ha Area

Criteria	Watercourse (S-TSH-1 to S-TSH-4)	Seasonally Wet Grassland	Dry Agricultural Land
Naturalness	Moderate. Generally natural and some parts are modified.	Moderate	Low. An artificial habitat.
Size	Small (approx. 1.15 ha, 2.4 km in length) S-TSH-1 (approx. 0.9 km) S-TSH-2 (approx. 0.2 km) S-TSH-3 (approx. 0.8 km) S-TSH-4 (approx. 0.5 km)	Very small (approx. 0.02 ha)	Small (approx. 0.61 ha)
Diversity	Low floral and faunal diversity	Very low floral and faunal diversity	Low floral and faunal diversity
Rarity	Common habitat in Hong Kong. No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies. A total of four species of conservation importance were recorded in present study, including one odonate species (Giant Hooktail), one amphibian species (Lesser Spiny Frog) and two freshwater crab species (Somanniathelphusa zanklon and Cryptopotamon anacoluthon).	An uncommon habitat in Hong Kong. No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies. One mammal species of conservation importance was recorded (Lesser Bamboo Bat) in present study.	Common habitat in Hong Kong. No species of conservation importance was recorded in both previous studies and present survey.
Re-creatability	Moderate	Moderate	High
Fragmentation	Low	High. Only one isolated small patch of this habitat recorded within Tai Shu Ha area.	High
Ecological linkage	Majority of watercourses occur in either “CA” or TLCP.	Not linked with other high valued habitats	Part of the dry agricultural land occurs in the “CA”.
Potential value	Moderate as majority of the watercourses is protected within “CA” and TLCP	Low	Low
Nursery / Breeding ground	S-TSH-1 serves as a breeding ground for Lesser Spiny Frog No notable nursery and breeding behaviour in other watercourses	No notable nursery and breeding behaviour	No notable nursery / breeding behaviour observed
Age	N/A	N/A	N/A
Abundance / Richness of Wildlife	Low	Low	Low
Ecological value	Low-moderate – S-TSH-1, S-TSH-3 and S-TSH-4 Low – S-TSH-2	Low	Low

Table 10.53 Ecological Evaluation of Mixed Woodland, Plantation and Grassland within Tai Shu Ha Area

Criteria	Mixed Woodland	Plantation	Grassland
Naturalness	Moderate	Low. A man-made habitat.	Moderate
Size	Small (approx. 2.51 ha)	Moderate (approx. 71.49 ha)	Small (approx. 10.30 ha)
Diversity	Low floral and faunal diversity	Low to moderate floral and faunal diversity	Low floral and faunal diversity
Rarity	Common habitat in Hong Kong. No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies. A total of two species of conservation importance, including a floral species (Gnetum luofuense) and a mammal species (Pallas’s Squirrel), were recorded in present survey.	Common habitat in Hong Kong. No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies. A total of 20 species of conservation importance were recorded in present study, including two floral species (Gnetum luofuense and Brainea insignis), four avifauna species (Collared Scops Owl, Rufous-capped Babbler, Chinese Grosbeak and Besra), a butterfly (Tiny Grass Blue), two amphibian species (Short-legged Toad and Lesser Spiny Frog) and 11 mammal species (Red Muntjac, Small Indian Civet, East Asian Porcupine, Pallas’s Squirrel, Chinese Noctule, Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bat, Japanese Pipistrelle, Least Horseshoe Bat, Lesser Bamboo Bat and two unknown Vespertilionidae species).	Common habitat in Hong Kong. No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies. Two avifauna of conservation importance (Chinese Francolin and Little Egret) and a butterfly species of conservation importance (Metallic Cerulean) were recorded in present survey.
Re-creatability	Moderate. Re-creatable if time is given for natural succession.	High	Moderate
Fragmentation	Moderate. Small areas of mixed woodland scattered across Tai Sha Ha area.	Low	Moderate
Ecological linkage	Part of the mixed woodlands occur in “CA” and TLCP.	Majority of plantation occurs in the either “CA” or TLCP.	Most of the grasslands occur in the “CA”.
Potential value	Moderate	Moderate as majority of plantation is protected within “CA” or TLCP and long-term regeneration of native species is possible if time is given	Low to moderate
Nursery / Breeding ground	No notable nursery and breeding behaviour	No notable nursery and breeding behaviour	No notable nursery and breeding behaviour
Age	N/A	N/A for the overall plantation, but plantation within the works area was established three years ago (i.e. in 2019)	N/A
Abundance / Richness of Wildlife	Low	Low to moderate	Low to moderate
Ecological value	Low to moderate	Low to moderate	Low

Table 10.54 Ecological Evaluation of Village/Orchard and Developed Area/Wasteland within Tai Shu Ha Area

Criteria	Village/Orchard	Developed Area/Wasteland
Naturalness	Low. An artificial habitat.	Low. An artificial habitat.
Size	Small (approx. 0.94 ha)	Small (approx. 9.28 ha)
Diversity	Low to moderate floral and low faunal diversity	Low floral and faunal diversity
Rarity	A very common habitat in Hong Kong. No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies. A total of four species of conservation importance were recorded in present study, including one floral species (Aralia chinensis), two avifauna species (Greater Coucal and Little Egret) and one mammal species (Pallas’s Squirrel).	A very common habitat in Hong Kong. No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies. A total of eight species of conservation importance were recorded in present study, including eight bat species (Chinese Noctule, Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bat, Japanese Pipistrelle, Least Horseshoe Bat, Lesser Bamboo Bat, one unknown Myotis species and two unknown Vespertilionidae species)
Re-creatability	High	High
Fragmentation	High	Low
Ecological linkage	Part of the village/orchard occurs in the “CA”	Some parts occur in the “CA” and TLCP.
Potential value	Low	Low
Nursery / Breeding ground	No notable nursery / breeding behaviour observed	No notable nursery and breeding behaviour
Age	N/A	N/A
Abundance / Richness of Wildlife	Low	Low
Ecological value	Low	Low

Table 10.55 Species of Conservation Importance Recorded within the Tai Shu Ha Area

Species	Recorded Habitat in Previous Studies ⁽¹⁾	Recorded Habitat in Present Survey ^(1)(11)	Protection Status	Distribution in Hong Kong ⁽²⁾	Rarity ⁽²⁾
Flora
Aralia chinensis	-	V/O	Vulnerable ⁽⁹⁾	Common in Hong Kong	-
Cycad-fern (Brainea insignis)	-	PL	Cat 2 (Vulnerable)⁽⁴⁾; Cat II ⁽⁴⁾; Vulnerable ⁽⁴⁾	Restricted; common in Hong Kong	-
Luofushan Joint-Fir (Gnetum luofuense)	-	MWL, PL	Near Threatened ⁽⁹⁾	Common in Hong Kong	-
Avifauna
Besra (Accipiter virgatus)	-	PL	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; Cap. 586 ⁽³⁾; Class II ⁽⁶⁾	Found in Tai Po Kau, Deep Bay area, Chek Lap Kok, Cheung Chau, Soko Islands.	Common resident and migrant.
Black Kite (Milvus migrans) ⁽⁵⁾	-	IF	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; Cap.586 ⁽³⁾; (RC) ⁽³⁾; Class II ⁽⁶⁾	Widely distributed in Hong Kong.	Common resident and winter visitor.
Chinese Francolin (Francolinus pintadeanus)	-	GL	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; Near Threatened⁽⁸⁾	Widely distributed in grassland throughout Hong Kong	Common resident.
Chinese Grosbeak (Eophona migratoria)	-	PL	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; (LC)⁽³⁾	Found in Kam Tin, Nam Chung, Shek Kong, Deep Bay area, Ho Chung, Lam Tsuen, Hok Tau, Island House and Kowloon Park.	Common winter visitor.
Chinese Pond Heron (Ardeola bacchus) ⁽⁵⁾	-	PO	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; PRC (RC)⁽³⁾	Widely distributed in Hong Kong.	Common resident.
Collared Scops Owl (Otus lettia)	-	PL	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; Class II ⁽⁶⁾	Widely distributed in shrubland throughout Hong Kong.	Common resident.
Greater Coucal (Centropus sinensis)	-	V/O	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; Class II ⁽⁶⁾; Vulnerable ⁽⁷⁾	Widely distributed in Hong Kong.	Common resident.
Little Egret (Egretta garzetta)⁽⁵⁾	-	GL, V/O, IF	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; PRC (RC) ⁽³⁾	Widely distributed in coastal area throughout Hong Kong.	Common resident.
Rufous-capped Babbler (Stachyridopsis ruficeps)	-	PL	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; LC ⁽³⁾	Found in Shing Mun, Tai Po Kau, Tai Mei Tuk, Ng Tung Chai, Fo Tan, Tai Mo Shan, The Peak, Kadoorie Agricultural Research Centre.	Common resident.
Butterfly
Metallic Cerulean (Jamides alecto)	-	GL	-	Victoria Peak, Fung Yuen, Chuen Lung, Mui Wo	Very rare
Tiny Grass Blue (Zizula hylax)	-	PL	Species of conservation concern⁽²⁾	Lung Kwu Tan, Fung Yuen, Sha Lo Wan	Very rare
Odonate
Giant Hooktail (Megalogomphus sommeri)	-	WC	LC⁽³⁾	Found in clean, shaded, and fast-flowing sandy streams in woodlands. Mainly occurs in the central and northeast New Territories; Scattered	-
Scarlet Basker (Urothemis signata signata)	-	PO	LC⁽³⁾	Common in areas with abandoned fish ponds throughout Hong Kong; Scattered	-
Herpetofauna
Short-Legged Toad (Megophrys brachykolos)	-	PL	PGC⁽³⁾; Vulnerable ⁽⁸⁾; Endangered ⁽⁹⁾	Widely distributed in upland forest streams throughout Hong Kong	-
Lesser Spiny Frog (Quasipaa exilispinosa)	-	WC, PL	PGC⁽³⁾; Vulnerable ⁽⁸⁾	Widely distributed in upland forest streams throughout Hong Kong	-
Mammal
Least Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus pusillus)	-	PL, DA	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; PRC (RC)⁽³⁾	Widely distributed in countryside areas throughout Hong Kong	-
Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros armiger)	-	PL, DA	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; (LC) ⁽³⁾	Widely distributed in countryside areas throughout Hong Kong.	-
Chinese Noctule (Nyctalus plancyi)	-	PL, DA	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; PRC (RC) ⁽³⁾	Fairly widely distributed in countryside areas throughout Hong Kong.	-
Japanese Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus abramus)	-	PL, DA	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾	Widely distributed throughout Hong Kong.	-
Lesser Bamboo Bat (Tylonycteris fulvida)	-	SWG, PL, DA	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; (LC) ⁽³⁾; Rare ⁽¹⁰⁾	Fairly widely distributed in countryside areas throughout Hong Kong.	-
Myotis spp.	-	DA	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾	-	-
Unknown Vespertilionidae sp. 1	-	PL, DA	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾	-	-
Unknown Vespertilionidae sp. 2	-	PL, DA	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾	-	-
Pallas’s Squirrel (Callosciurus erythraeus)	-	MWL, PL, V/O	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾	Fairly widely distributed, with the styani subspecies found in the New Territories (e.g. Tai Lam, Shing Mun and Tai Po Kau), and the thai subspecies found on the Hong Kong Island (e.g. Tai Tam and Pok Fu Lam)	-
East Asian Porcupine (Hystrix brachyura)	-	PL	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾; PGC⁽³⁾	Very widely distributed in countryside areas throughout Hong Kong, except for Lantau Island	-
Small Indian Civet (Viverricula indica)	-	PL	Cap.170 ⁽³⁾;Class II ⁽⁶⁾; Vulnerable ⁽⁸⁾	Very widely distributed in countryside areas throughout Hong Kong, except for Lantau Island	-
Red Muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak)	-	PL	PRC⁽³⁾; Near Threatened ⁽⁸⁾	Very widely distributed in countryside areas throughout Hong Kong	-
Aquatic Communities
Somanniathelphusa zanklon	-	WC	GC ⁽³⁾; Endangered ⁽⁹⁾	Endemic	-
Stream Crab (Cryptopotamon anacoluthon)	-	WC	PGC ⁽³⁾; Vulnerable ⁽⁹⁾	Common; Endemic	-

Notes:

(1) Habitats: PO=Pond; WC=Watercourse; MA=Marsh/Reed; SWG=Seasonally Wet Grassland; DAL=Dry Agricultural Land; MWL=Mixed Woodland; PL=Plantation; GL=Grassland; V/O=Village/Orchard; DA=Developed Area/Wasteland; IF=In Flight.

(2) Distribution in Hong Kong and Rarity follows:
Flora: Wu and Lee (2000); Xing and Chau (2000); Siu (2000).
Fauna: AFCD (2011); AFCD (2022); Karsen et al. (1998); Shek (2006a); Reels (2019); Dudgeon (2003).

(3) Cap. 96: Protected under the Forests and Countryside Ordinance (Cap. 96).

Cap. 170: Protected under Wild Animals Protection Ordinance (Cap. 170).

Cap. 586: Protection of Endangered Species of Animals and Plants Ordinance (Cap.586).

(5) Wetland-dependent species (including wetland-dependent species and waterbirds).

(6) The List of Endangered and Protected Species of China.

(7) Zheng and Wang (1998); Zhao (1998)

(8) Jiang et al. (2016).

(9) IUCN (2022).

(10) Wang (1998).

Table 10.56 Summary of Ecological Value of Habitats within the Assessment Area

Habitat Type⁽¹⁾	Area
Habitat Type⁽¹⁾	KSRPH	SPAUT	NTMPW	SATSWW	KTUCT	TSH
MA	N/A	· Moderate to High for the middle and southern compartments of Sha Po Marsh · Moderate for the brackish marsh/reed along S-SA-6 and S-SA-6a · Low to moderate for the northern compartment of Sha Po Marsh, YLBFEW and other marsh/reed	Low	· Moderate for the three marsh/ reed with higher coverage and diversity of wetland plants · Low to moderate for other marsh/reed	N/A	Low
WRCW	· Moderate for WRCW Parcel J · Low to moderate for WRCW Parcels C and I	· Moderate for Parcels A, B, B1, D and M · Low to Moderate for Parcels E and F	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
PO	Low	· Moderate for the active fishponds south of Cheung Chun San Tsuen near Au Tau and and west of Mo Fan Heung in Pok Wai · Low to moderate for the inactive and abandoned fishponds south of Cheung Chun San Tsuen near Au Tau, ponds within and next to YLBFEW west of Nam San Wai Road · Low for other ponds	· Low to moderate for ponds west of San Tin Highway · Low for other ponds	· Moderate for the contiguous ponds north of San Tin Highway · Low for other ponds	Low	Low
WC	· Low to Moderate	· Moderate to High for KTMDC · Moderate for S-SA-3 and Meander S-SA-6 · Low to Moderate for other watercourses	· Low to Moderate for NTMDC · Low for other water-courses	· Moderate for STEMDC · Low to Moderate for other water-courses	· Low to Moderate for Sheung Yue River · Low for other water-courses	· Low to Moderate for S-TSH-1 · Low for the other water-courses
SWG	N/A	Low	N/A	N/A	N/A	Low
WAL	N/A	N/A	N/A	Low	N/A	N/A
DAL	Low to Moderate	Low	Low	Low to Moderate	Low to Moderate	Low
WL	N/A	Moderate	Moderate	Low to Moderate	Low to Moderate	N/A
MWL	Low to Moderate	Low to Moderate	Low to Moderate	Low to Moderate	Low to Moderate	Low to Moderate
PL	· Low to Moderate for plantation west of Tsing Long Highway · Low for the remaining plantations	· Low to moderate for the plantation utilized by Ko Po Road Ardeid Night Roost, hillside plantation within “CA” and LTCP on Kai Kung Leng · Low for remaining plantations	· Low to moderate for hillside plantation on Kai Kung Leng · Low for remaining plantations	Low	Low	Low to Moderate
SL	Low to Moderate	Low	· Low to Moderate for hillside shrubland on Kai Kung Leng · Low for shrubland in Ngau Tam Mei	Low to Moderate	Low	N/A
GL	· Low to Moderate for hillside grassland · Low for low-lying grasslands	· Moderate for hillside grassland · Low for low-lying grasslands	· Low to Moderate for hillside grassland · Low for low-lying grasslands	Low to Moderate	Low to Moderate	Low
VO	Low	Low	Low to Moderate	Low to Moderate	Low to Moderate	Low
DA	Low	· Moderate for Pok Wai Public School · Low for other developed area/wasteland	Low	Low	Low	Low

Note:

(1) Habitats: MA=Marsh/Reed; WRCW=West Rail Compensatory Wetland; PO=Pond; WC=Watercourse; SWG=Seasonally Wet Grassland; WAL=Wet Agricultural Land; DAL=Dry Agricultural Land; WL=Woodland; MWL=Mixed Woodland; SL=Shrubland; PL=Plantation; GL=Grassland; V/O=Village/Orchard; DA=Developed Area/Wasteland; N/A=No this habitat in this area.

10.7 Identification of Potential Ecological Impacts

10.7.1.1 The following sections identified the potential ecological impacts resulting from the construction and operation of the Project. Cumulative impacts with other planned and committed projects were also addressed. The approach adopted has taken the major planned and committed projects in Section 2.9 into consideration, based on the expectation that the future environmental conditions of the areas would change to a certain degree, if not substantially, even in the absence of the Project.

10.7.1.2 Same as the previous sections, the identification of potential ecological impacts was divided into six major areas due to their geographical arrangement, differences in ecological characteristics, expected changes in the environmental conditions in future and distribution of works elements related to the Project.

10.7.2 Kam Sheung Road/Pat Heung Area

Proposed Works Elements under the Project

10.7.2.1 According to Section 2.3.1, there are three key works elements and their associated works sites and works areas (hereinafter referred collectively as works site/area) in KSRPH Area:

· Construction of Kam Sheung Road (KSR)(NOL) Station and its overrun tunnels;

· Enabling works for potential southern extension to the south of KSR(NOL) Station; and

· Underground railway alignment.

Key Identified Impacts

10.7.2.2 The major potential direct impacts on ecological resources in construction phase would be direct habitat loss and bird collision, while the potential indirect impacts to the surrounding habitats, recognized sites of conservation importance, ecologically sensitive areas and the associated wildlife would include disturbance impacts (in various forms e.g. increased noise, dust, glare and human activities), obstruction to flight paths of breeding and roosting ardeids, impacts on water quality and hydrology, groundwater drawdown, ground-borne noise and vibration. Details are discussed in the sections below.

Construction Phase – Direct Impact

No Direct Impact on Recognized Sites of Conservation Importance and Ecologically Sensitive Areas

10.7.2.3 Recognized sites of conservation importance within KSRPH area include TLCP and “CA”. A large proportion of the works site/area of the proposed works elements would be bounded by Kam Ho Road and Kam Po Road or other developed areas and separated from these recognized sites of conservation importance, and thus no direct impact is anticipated on TLCP and “CA”.

10.7.2.4 Ecologically sensitive areas in KSRPH area include WRCW (Parcels C, I and J), Kam Po Road Egretry and ANR. Given that the works site/area is largely limited to developed area and separated from WRCW and Kam Po Road Egretry, no direct impact is anticipated on these ecologically sensitive receivers.

Direct Loss of Terrestrial Habitats and Impacts on the Associated Fauna

10.7.2.5 Under the ecological assessment, the direct permanent loss of habitats is defined as the footprint area of the two aboveground structures of KSR(NOL) Station (including the service buildings with an entrance building canopy), its overrun tunnels and the enabling works for potential southern extension to the south of KSR(NOL) Station. Temporary habitat loss would arise from the temporary works sites (e.g. on-site construction activities) and works areas (e.g. site office and material storage), which would be reinstated upon the completion of construction. Permanent loss resulted from KSR (NOL) Station and the enabling works mostly fall within developed area/wasteland habitat. Temporary loss arising from works area and works site would be on watercourse, developed area/wasteland and village/orchard habitats. A summary of permanent and temporary terrestrial habitat loss is presented in Table 10.57 below.

Table 10.57 Direct Loss of Habitats within Kam Sheung Road/Pat Heung Area

Habitats⁽¹⁾	Approximate Size (ha)
Habitats⁽¹⁾	WC	DA	V/O	Sub-total ⁽²⁾
Permanent Loss
KSR(NOL) Station	-	1.42	-	1.42
Total Permanent Loss (ha)	-	1.42	-	1.42
Temporary Loss
KSR(NOL) Station	0.15	2.50	-	2.65
Overrun Tunnels and Enabling Works	0.14	4.56	0.01	4.71
Total Temporary Loss (ha)	0.29	7.06	0.01	7.36

Notes:

(1) Habitats: WC=Watercourse; DA=Developed Area/Wasteland; V/O=Village/Orchard

(2) The size and percentage included in this table is subject to rounding adjustments. Any discrepancies between total and sums of individual numbers listed therein are due to rounding.

10.7.2.6 The ecological values of developed area/wasteland and village/orchard were considered as low, while watercourse as low to moderate. The affected habitats have been subject to constant disturbance from the surrounding land uses, such as the operation of existing TML and PHD, residential areas and local roads, and supported scarce wildlife in terms of diversity and abundance. The impact from the loss of these habitats and on the associated wildlife would be minor.

10.7.2.7 A grout block would be constructed at the modified watercourse S-KP-1 near the works site/area of KSR(NOL) Station during dry season for TBM breakthrough. While Kam Po Road Egretry and ANR is located downstream of the proposed works, only low abundance of resident and migratory avifauna species of conservation importance was recorded in or in vicinity of the temporarily affected channel section, it is expected that the construction works would not result in loss of or disturbances to the foraging grounds of these birds. Only a few bat species of conservation importance were recorded at the affected channel section along Kam Po Road. As bats are highly mobile and habitats of the similar kind are readily available nearby, thus no direct impact to these species is anticipated.

Bird Collision

10.7.2.8 The works site/area around KSR(NOL) Station may lead to injury or mortality of the commuting birds especially breeding or roosting ardeids to and from the southeast and southwest directions given the proximity to the Kam Po Road Egretry and ANR. Temporary construction structures or building facades with materials that are excessively transparent or reflective (i.e. glass, windows) or difficult to see (e.g. cables, wires) would be of particular concern.

10.7.2.9 It was observed that a number of cranes were operating in the construction site of Grand Mayfair (i.e. south of the Kam Po Road Egretry and ANR) over the course of survey and that the ardeids demonstrated adaptability and maneuverability within the existing urbanized area in general, ecological impact arising from bird collision would be minor, if unmitigated. With the implementation of appropriate mitigation measures (e.g. using non-transparent or non-glaring materials and providing suitable lighting) (Section 10.9 refers), no significant ecological impact is anticipated.

Construction Phase – Indirect Impacts

Potential Impacts due to Aboveground Construction Works

Disturbance Impact on Recognized Sites of Conservation Importance and Ecologically Sensitive Areas

10.7.2.10 Although the works site/area would be largely restricted to developed area, disturbances in various forms including noise, glare, dust, vibration and other human activities created by the construction works could pose indirect impacts on the surrounding areas, especially the nearby recognized sites of conservation importance and ecologically sensitive areas.

10.7.2.11 Recognized sites of conservation importance in KSRPH area include TLCP and “CA”, which are located west of the works site/area. The works site/area around KSR(NOL) Station and “CA” are divided by Tsing Long Highway with frequent vehicle traffic and high-rise residential buildings of Grand Mayfair (which will have been constructed by the time of NOL construction), the disturbance impacts resulted from the works site/area on the “CA” would be limited.

10.7.2.12 Some parts of the works site south of Tung Wui Road down to the tip of PHD, though in close proximity to TLCP and “CA”, are kept apart from TLCP and “CA” by Kam Ho Road, the TML and PHD. Besides, both TLCP, “CA” and the natural grassland, shrubland and mixed woodland habitats are subject to constant disturbances from nearby Tsing Long Highway, Kam Ho Road, the TML viaduct and other adjacent developed areas. Moreover, the grassland within “CA” is also a burial ground, which was susceptible to regular hill fires and vegetation clearance around the graves and associated footpaths. As such, the indirect impact on TLCP, “CA” and also the natural habitats due to increased disturbance from NOL construction would be minor.

10.7.2.13 The ecologically sensitive areas in KSRPH area such as WRCW (Parcels C, I and J), Kam Po Road Egretry and ANR are located largely on the periphery of the works site/area. The nature of the works near these ecologically sensitive areas would be relatively small in scale, considering that the belt of works site, which is also currently a works site for another project, at approximately 60 m west of Kam Po Road Egretry and ANR would only involve road construction, utilities laying and reprovision of bicycle parking area. During the NOL construction, a grout block would be constructed during dry season at a short section of the southern bank of S-KP-1 (at approximately 175 m away from the Kam Po Road Egretry and ANR) to facilitate TBM breakthrough. Although Powered Mechanical Equipment (PME) (e.g. drill rig) would be used for the grouting works, the scale and size of works would be limited and screening would also be provided by the channelised river bank. The works site/area adjacent to the existing KSR (TML) Station would include cut and cover works to form retrieval shaft for TBM which would generate higher construction disturbance. However, these works sites are separated from the WRCW (Parcels C, J and I) by roads including Kam Po Road, Kam Ho Road, and built-up areas (e.g. MTR Kam Tin Building, Kat Hing Garden and Grand Mayfair). In addition, WRCW Parcels C and J, as well as Kam Po Road Egretry and ANR, are subject to certain extent of existing disturbance of the TML viaduct.

10.7.2.14 Ardeids in Hong Kong generally breed between March and August, when they are particularly sensitive to human activities and disturbances. The construction activities and disturbances may startle the breeding parent birds, which may then desert the nests and nestlings, leaving them exposed to predators and adverse weather; the fledglings may attempt to leave their nests prematurely with high chance of mortality due to starvation, predation or injury from falling onto the ground. On the other hand, roosting ardeids occupy the roost year-round. If construction activities and disturbance continue until after sunset, the ardeids returning to the ANR during sunset may be discouraged from using the area and displaced to alternative roosting sites nearby, potentially costing them higher energy expenditure and lowering habitat quality. Nonetheless, the breeding and roosting ardeid colonies at Kam Po Road was first discovered and likely established in 2021, despite the constant operational disturbances from TML viaduct and other ongoing developments in the area. It is probable that these ardeid colonies are relatively adaptable to disturbances in urbanized habitats. The indirect impact on these WRCW parcels, Kam Po Road Egretry and ANR due to the additional disturbances from the construction works of NOL is expected to be low to moderate, if unmitigated.

10.7.2.15 The upper tributary of Kam Tin River, S-KP-1, is a highly modified watercourse running through extensive developed or built-up areas and receiving polluted discharge from some of these areas, and also bounded by roads (e.g. Kam Po Road and Kam Ho Road), rendering this watercourse subject to constant disturbances. While wetland-dependent avifauna species of conservation importance were recorded, wildlife usage observed in this watercourse was low. As such, the indirect impact from construction disturbances at KSR and the proposed grout block on this man-made wetland habitats are anticipated to be minor.

Disturbances and Obstruction to Breeding and Roosting Ardeid Flight Paths

10.7.2.16 The works site/area around KSR(NOL) Station may be in potential conflict with the flight paths due to the proximity to the Kam Po Road Egretry and ANR.

10.7.2.17 Approximately 9.2 % of breeding ardeids (utilizing flight paths 7 and 8) and approximately 4.2 % roosting ardeids (utilizing flight paths 8 and 9) were observed commuting to and from the southeastern direction, intersecting with the works site/area around KSR(NOL) Station (Figure Nos. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/335 and 336 refer). The ardeids may adopt a higher flight height or alternative flight paths (e.g. along modified watercourses Ho Pui Channel and S-KP-1) to avoid the construction activities and aboveground structures. As mentioned in Section 10.7.2.9, the construction works would be largely at ground level and up to 29.5 m, similar to the height of KSR(TML) Station. Given the flight heights of these southeastern flying ardeids ranged between 0 and 30 m with the presence of KSR(TML) Station, it is anticipated that the potential adjustments in flight paths thus the impact on the ardeids would be low to moderate.

10.7.2.18 Approximately 5.9 % breeding ardeids (utilizing flight path 9) and 24.1 % roosting ardeids (utilizing flight path 10) commuted to and from the southwest direction, coinciding with a narrow strip of works site which involves mostly minor at-grade works (e.g. roadworks construction and utilities laying). Hence the disturbance generated from this works site would be of minor impact to the commuting ardeids.

Impact on Water Quality and Hydrology of Modified Watercourse

10.7.2.19 The grout block for TBM breakthrough at S-KP-1 will be constructed during dry season, when water flow would be low and restricted in the dry weather flow. Temporary concrete cofferdam walls would be installed to fence off the works site to contain any potential construction runoff from discharging to the dry weather flow and further downstream. Ho Pui Channel is a highly modified upper tributary of S-KP-1, thus hydrologically connected to KTMDC and eventually the Deep Bay. The short section of Ho Pui Channel along Kam Po Road near existing PHD would be temporarily decked over thus no disruption on the hydrodynamics. Potential impacts on water quality, e.g. increase in sedimentation, would be prevented with precautionary measures in place. The impact on the water quality and hydrology of these watercourses and their downstream sections is anticipated to be minor.

Potential Impacts due to Underground Tunnelling Construction Works

Hydrological Disruptions due to Groundwater Drawdown

10.7.2.20 The underground section between KSR(NOL) Station and AUT Station would be carried out by tunnel boring method. According to the available geological profile, the tunnel excavation will be mostly within soil layer above rock masses. The precast concrete segmental linings adopted in tunnel boring method are watertight and utilize hydrophilic strips between segments, the full circumference of tunnel is designed with a waterproofing system to prevent groundwater leakage into the tunnel.

10.7.2.21 Majority of the underground tunnel alignment within KSRPH area will pass through wetlands including WRCW Parcel C and J and also modified watercourse S-KP-1. While the water regime of WRCW should be self-sustaining and some areas of WCRW Parcels were created with either impervious hardpans from former paddy soils in Kam Tin or artificial liners. During tunnel excavation, the water tables may be lowered, or surface waters drained if no precautionary measures (e.g. probe drilling, pre-grouting) in place, leading to drying out the wetlands and deteriorating the quality of these wetland habitats. The associated wildlife (e.g. waterbirds and wetland-dependent birds) would also be affected. While it is a standard engineering practices to install waterproofing system and hydraulic cut-off to avoid groundwater infiltration into excavation zone, low to moderate impact on the WRCW Parcels would be anticipated if no precautionary measures are adopted as necessary.

10.7.2.22 Modified watercourse S-KP-1 has concrete-lined channel bed and bank with limited grasscrete paving, which prevents water from leaking away from the channel thus into the tunnel. Impact due to groundwater drawdown on this watercourse would be unlikely.

Ground-borne Noise and Vibration

10.7.2.23 Ground-borne noise arises mainly from powered mechanical equipment (PME) operation for TBM operation for tunnelling. The alignment tunnel under the WRCW Parcel J would be in a depth of around 10 m below local ground, where the ground-borne noise and vibration transmitting from the underground tunneling works through the ground may potentially disrupt the breeding and roosting ardeids at Kam Po Road Egretry and ANR in Parcel J, resulting in a series of adverse impacts as discussed in Section 10.7.2.14. Although there are no criteria to access the acceptability of ground-borne noise and vibration level to wildlife, reference was made to Section 5 Ground-borne Noise Impact Assessment that the construction ground-borne noise impacts arising from the operation of TBM and PME would comply with noise criteria and no adverse cumulative construction ground-borne noise impacts were predicted. In addition, any potential impact due to ground-borne noise and vibration generated from TBM operation would be temporary in nature. Therefore, the indirect impacts caused by ground-borne noise and vibration on the egretry and ANR would be minor.

10.7.2.24 The TBM section across S-KP-1 would be around 40 m wide, which is a relatively short section comparing to the whole course of S-KP-1. Waterbirds of conservation importance and other common resident birds were recorded in the modified watercourse S-KP-1 in low abundance. Given the high mobility of avifauna and that other watercourse habitat is available in relatively short distance, they would easily displace to other areas. Besides, there are existing vibration disturbance from train passing by on TML viaducts through the pillars and also heavy vehicles along Kam Po Road and Kam Ho Road. Impact due to TBM operation on S-KP-1 is not expected to exceed the current disturbance generated from these traffic activities. Thus, the potential impact on S-KP-1 and the associated wildlife would be minor.

Operation Phase – Direct Impact

Direct Injury / Mortality to Wildlife and Bird Collision

10.7.2.25 The NOL alignment will be underground and the only aboveground structures in KSRPH area will be KSR(NOL) Station.

10.7.2.26 Various housing sites and development projects around KSR(NOL) Station would have been operating before the operation of KSR(NOL) Station. It is likely that the breeding ardeids (utilizing flight paths 7 and 8) and roosting ardeids (utilizing flight paths 8 and 9) that commuted between the southeast of KSR(NOL) Station and Kam Po Road would either fly above KSR(NOL) Station at higher flight heights or detour along the watercourse S-KP-1 due to the presence of high-rise residential buildings situating between northeast and southwest of the KSR(NOL) Station.

10.7.2.27 The KSR(NOL) Station would consist of two aboveground structures, separated by Tung Wui Road. North of Tung Wui Road will be a complex formed by two service buildings (each around 30 m tall and 17 m long) and an entrance building canopy in the middle (around 10 m tall and 27 m long); south of Tung Wui Road will be a standalone service building (around 25 m tall and 21 m long). While the dimensions of the service buildings are similar to the existing KSR(TML) Station, buildings with transparent or highly reflective glass panels may potentially cause bird collision thus injury/mortality to birds. The chance of collision will be greater if the reflective surfaces are near dense areas of trees or shrubs. Since that the aboveground structures of KSR(NOL) Station will be considerably shorter than the adjacent development and comparable to the KSR(TML) Station, the risk of commuting ardeids colliding into these structures would be low to moderate, if unmitigated.

Operation Phase – Indirect Impacts

Disturbance to Habitats, Recognised Sites of Conservation Importance and Ecologically Sensitive Areas

10.7.2.28 Various housing sites and development projects around KSR(NOL) Station would have been operating before the operation of KSR(NOL) Station, resulting in increase in vehicles and traffic, human activities and disturbance (e.g. noise, lighting, glare and dust). It is expected that the adjacent habitats and ecologically sensitive areas (i.e. WRCW and watercourse S-KP-1) near KSR(NOL) Station would be subject to considerable human and traffic disturbances. Although the operation of KSR(NOL) Station would also bring in noise, glare and increased human activities to the area, the level of disturbance would be relatively minor comparing with surrounding developments, considering that the NOL would be entirely underground, and the aboveground structures including KSR(NOL) Station and service building are much smaller and shorter than the planned residential buildings nearby. The recognized sites of conservation importance in KSRPH Area i.e. “CA” and TLCP are approximately 375 m and 250 m away from the aboveground structures respectively and separated by the abovementioned developments, roads and highway. The disturbance impacts due to the operation of aboveground structures would be insignificant. On the other hand, the operation of NOL (including KSR(NOL) Station) would help divert road traffic, potentially reducing the number of vehicle fleets and roadside air and noise pollution. As such, the overall change in disturbance impacts due to operation of KSR(NOL) Station is considered minor.

10.7.2.29 Since the overrun tunnels of the KSR(NOL) Station will be underground, any operation disturbance impact on the TLCP, “CA” and the natural habitats would be unlikely.

Disturbance to Breeding and Roosting Ardeids

10.7.2.30 Kam Po Road Egretry and ANR is located around 210 m northwest of the KSR(NOL) Station. Disturbance impacts arising from the operation of the Station on the egretry and ANR is anticipated. Nevertheless, the breeding and roosting ardeids would have already experienced considerable level of human disturbance from the operating TML, existing residential premises as well as the future housing and development projects around KSR(NOL) Station. As such, similar to Section 10.7.2.31, the operation disturbance from the KSR (NOL) Station is anticipated to have minor impacts on the breeding and roosting ardeids at Kam Po Road.

Disturbances and Obstruction to Breeding and Roosting Ardeid Flight Paths

10.7.2.31 As discussed in Sections 10.7.2.26, by the time NOL operates, there will be high-rise buildings surrounding the KSR(NOL) Station. As the KSR(NOL) Station will be much shorter than the surrounding buildings, the commuting breeding and roosting ardeids are anticipated to adjust their flight paths e.g. concentrating above the KSR(NOL) Station with a greater height, along the watercourse S-KP-1 and Ho Pui Channel. Given the KSR(NOL) Station will be of similar height of the existing KSR(TML) Station, disturbance and obstruction to the flight paths of breeding and roosting ardeids would be minor. Nevertheless, mitigation measures e.g. coating with anti-bird-collision film on glass panels and landscape design as far as practicable are proposed in Section 10.9 for adoption during the detailed design of the KSR(NOL) Station to further minimize the potential impacts.

Cumulative Impacts

10.7.2.32 The construction of the Project is anticipated to commence tentatively in 2025 for completion in 2034. A full list of concurrent projects is detailed in Section 2.9. According to Section 2.9 and the best available information, the following projects in vicinity are likely to be constructed/operated concurrently with the Project in KSRPH area:

· Kam Tin South Public Housing Development;

· Grand Mayfair;

· Kam Sheung Road Package 2 Property Development; and

· Tuen Ma Line.

10.7.2.33 By the time the construction works of this Project commences, intake in Grand Mayfair would have taken place; the construction of Transitional Housing Project at Lot 2160 would be close to completion, if not completed; Kam Tin South Public Housing Development would be undergoing for completion by Q1 2027 and 2030/2031 respectively.

10.7.2.34 Majority of the above committed and planned concurrent projects are located in developed area or man-made habitats. No adverse direct ecological impact is anticipated on the loss of habitats arising from these projects. Cumulative impacts in terms of disturbance impacts (e.g. noise and glare) to the surrounding areas especially the recognized sites of conservation importance and ecologically sensitive areas, and obstruction of bird flight paths would be of higher concern.

10.7.2.35 The construction works for KSR(NOL) Station would be mostly at ground level with buildings up to around 30 m, similar to the height of existing KSR(TML) Station. The KSR(NOL) Station will be situated among the multi-story residential buildings in both construction and operation phases. As described in Section 10.7.2.17 and Section 10.7.2.26, approximately 9.2% breeding ardeids and approximately 4.2 % roosting ardeids to and from the southeast direction are expected to adjust their flight paths by detouring above the KSR(NOL) Station at greater heights or along Ho Pui Channel with more open area, etc. Considering the similarity in size and height of the station building structures and their location amid the multi-story residential buildings, the cumulative impacts brought by KSR(NOL) Station are considered minor.

10.7.2.36 TML was operating long before the construction of this Project and appropriate mitigation measures such as multi-plenum system for minimisation of rail noise and vibration were in place to control any adverse disturbance impacts from the operation of TML. Cumulative ecological indirect impacts during construction and operation phases of the underground NOL are expected to be low to moderate. With the implementation of the above mitigation measures, the indirect impacts arising from this Project and subsequently the cumulative impacts would be lowered.

Table 10.58 Summary of Potential Impacts and Mitigation Measures Requirements in Kam Sheung Road/Pat Heung Area

Kam Sheung Road/Pat Heung Area
	Impact	Ecologically Sensitive Receiver	Unmitigated Level of Impact	Mitigation Measures Required (Y/N) ⁽¹⁾
Construction Phase	Direct Impacts
	Direct Impact on Recognized Sites of Conservation Importance and Ecologically Sensitive Areas	TLCP and “CA”	No impact is anticipated	N.A.
	Direct Loss of Terrestrial Habitats and Impacts on the Associated Fauna	Developed Area/Wasteland	Minor	N
		Watercourse	Minor	N
		Village/Orchard	Minor	N
		Associated fauna	No impact is anticipated	N.A.
	Bird Collision		Minor	N
	Indirect Impacts
	Potential Impacts due to Aboveground Construction Works
	Disturbance Impact on Recognized Sites of Conservation Importance and Ecologically Sensitive Areas	TLCP	Minor	N
		“CA”	Minor	N
		WRCW Parcels C, I and J	Low to moderate	Y
		Kam Po Road Egretry and ANR	Low to moderate	Y
		S-KP-1 (Upper tributary of Kam Tin River)	Minor	N
	Disturbances and Obstruction to Breeding and Roosting Ardeid Flight Paths	Breeding ardeids (utilizing flight paths 7 and 8) and roosting ardeids (utilizing flight paths 8 and 9) at Kam Po Road	Low to moderate	Y
		Breeding ardeids (utilizing flight path 9) and roosting ardeids (utilizing flight path 10) at Kam Po Road	Minor	N
	Impact on Water Quality and Hydrology of Modified Watercourse	Ho Pui Channel and S-KP-1	Minor	N
	Potential Impacts due to Underground Tunnelling Construction Works
	Hydrological Disruptions due to Groundwater Drawdown	WCRW Parcels C and J	Low to moderate	Y
	Hydrological Disruptions due to Groundwater Drawdown	S-KP-1	No impact is anticipated	N.A.
	Ground-borne Noise and Vibration	Kam Po Road Egretry and ANR in WRCW Parcel J	Minor	N
	Ground-borne Noise and Vibration	S-KP-1 and associated fauna	Minor	N
Operation Phase	Direct Impacts
	Direct Injury / Mortality to Wildlife and Bird Collision		Low to moderate	Y
	Indirect Impacts
	Disturbance to Habitats, Sites of Conservation Importance and Ecologically Sensitive Areas		Minor	N
	Disturbance to Breeding and Roosting Ardeids		Minor due to KSR(NOL) Station	N
	Disturbances and Obstruction to Breeding and Roosting Ardeid Flight Paths		Minor – due to KSR(NOL) Station	N
	Cumulative Impacts
	Concurrent Projects: · Kam Tin South Public Housing Development; · Grand Mayfair; · Kam Sheung Road Package 2 Property Development; and · Tuen Ma Line		Minor disturbance impacts (e.g. noise and glare) on recognized sites of conservation importance, the associated natural habitats and wildlife	N
			Minor on obstruction of bird flight paths	N

Note:

(1) General good site practices and erection of site hoarding will be implemented in works sites/areas.

10.7.3 Sha Po/Au Tau Area

Proposed Works Elements under the Project

10.7.3.1 There are five works elements and their associated works areas/sites in SPAUT Area:

· Shui Mei Road Ancillary Building (EAP/EEP/VB) (SMA);

· Au Tau (AUT) Station and a temporary CLP Substation adjoining San Tam Road;

· Pok Wai Ancillary Building (EAP/EEP/VB) (PWA); and

· NOL underground alignment tunnel.

Key Identified Impacts

10.7.3.2 The major potential direct impacts on ecological resources in construction phase would cause direct habitat loss and loss of a bat roost, while the potential indirect impacts to the surrounding habitats, recognized sites of conservation importance, ecologically sensitive areas and the associated wildlife would include disturbance impacts (in various forms, e.g. increased noise, dust, glare and human activities), obstruction to flight paths of roosting ardeids, impacts on water quality and hydrology, groundwater drawdown, ground-borne noise and vibration. Details are discussed in the sections below.

Construction Phase – Direct Impact

No Aboveground Direct Impact on Recognized Sites of Conservation Importance

10.7.3.3 None of the works site/area of the proposed aboveground works elements (i.e. SMA, AUT Station and PWA) encroaches onto any of the recognized sites of conservation importance present in SPAUT area, namely LTCP, “CA”, WCA and WBA. The boundary of the works site/area of PWA was designed to avoid the adjacent “CA” as far as possible. A small area of the works site of PWA falls within a “CA” zone where contains existing temporary structures, and only demolition of existing temporary structures will be conducted in this area. The other recognized sites of conservation importance are also located distance away from the works site/area. Tunneling works of the NOL alignment through the “CA” in flat developed area in Mo Fan Heung and approximately 115 m west of LTCP on Kai Kung Leng will be conducted entirely underground. No aboveground direct impact on the recognized sites of conservation importance would be resulted from both aboveground and underground works.

Direct Impacts on Ecologically Sensitive Areas

10.7.3.4 Ecologically sensitive areas including Sha Po Marsh, Yuen Long Bypass Floodway Engineered Wetland (YLBFEW), fishponds, Kam Tin River and two ANRs (i.e. Ko Po Road ANR and Sha Po ANR) were identified in SPAUT area. Two watercourses would be impacted directly, including a tributary of Kam Tin River (i.e. S-SA-6a) partially within the works sites of SMA; and a short section of a minor watercourse S-SA-2 adjacent to the northern compartment of Sha Po Marsh partially within the works site of AUT Station. In general, the directly impacted watercourse sections are relatively small in scale and situated at the margin of ecologically sensitive areas, the overall direct impacts are considered minor. Further discussion on impact of direct habitat loss is provided in below Sections.

10.7.3.5 Active and inactive fishponds at Cheung Chun San Tsuen were recorded near SMA, and the boundary of works site/area was designed to avoid these fishponds. Ko Po Road ANR is located on the western bank of KTMDC and approximately 600 m away from SMA while Sha Po ANR is at least 300 m away. Direct impact on fishponds and roosting sites of ardeid is not anticipated.

Direct Loss of Bat Roost

10.7.3.6 A day-roost of Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bats was recorded in one of the structures in the deserted Pok Wai Public School, which coincides with the proposed location of PWA. According to the Fire Services Department’s requirement, the maximum distance between each emergency access point (EAP) shall not exceeding 1 km (Section 2.4.31 refers). An EAP will therefore be unavoidably provided at the deserted Pok Wai Public School.

10.7.3.7 The construction of PWA would result in direct loss of the day-roost of Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bats and such ecological impact is considered low to moderate. Nonetheless, the species are widely distributed in countryside areas throughout Hong Kong (AFCD, 2022) and often roosts in a variety of cave-like structures such as water tunnels, abandoned mine caves and buildings (AFCD, 2005; Shek, 2006; LCSD, 2010; KFBG, 2023). Considering the high mobility and adaptability of this species, it is anticipated that the affected population would be able to utilise other potential alternative roosts such as other abandoned structures and cave-like structures in the vicinity. Mitigation measures such as provision of a bat shelter are detailed in Section 10.9.

Direct Loss of Terrestrial Habitats and Impacts on the Associated Species of Conservation Importance

10.7.3.8 The direct permanent loss of habitats in SPAUT area would result from the construction of the aboveground structures of SMA, PWA and AUT Station. Temporary habitat loss would arise from the temporary works sites (e.g. on-site construction activities) and works areas (e.g. site office and material storage) of the aboveground structures and the temporary CLP Substation, which would be reinstated upon the completion of construction. Large proportion of permanent habitat loss would be within developed area/wasteland habitat and small areas in marsh/reed and watercourse habitats. The watercourses within the works sites/areas of the aboveground structures would be converted to culvert and therefore would be considered as permanent loss. Temporary loss arising from the works area and works site include the same habitats mentioned above as well as village/orchard. A summary of permanent and temporary terrestrial habitat loss is presented in Table 10.59 below.

Table 10.59 Direct Loss of Habitats within Sha Po/Au Tau Area

Habitats ⁽¹⁾	Approximate Size (ha)
Habitats ⁽¹⁾	MA	WC	V/O	DA	Sub-total ⁽²⁾
Permanent Loss
SMA	0.12	< 0.01	-	0.11	0.23
AUT Station	-	-	-	1.02	1.02
PWA	-	-	-	0.23	0.23
Total Permanent Loss (ha)	0.12	< 0.01	-	1.36	1.48
Temporary Loss
SMA ⁽³⁾	0.14	<0.01	0.13	0.40	0.67
AUT Station and Temporary CLP Substation	-	0.01	-	2.60	2.61
PWA	-	-	-	0.53	0.53
Total Temporary Loss (ha)	0.14	0.01	0.13	3.53	3.81

Notes:

(1) Habitats: MA=Marsh/Reed; WC=Watercourse; V/O=Village/Orchard; DA=Developed Area/Wasteland

(2) The size included in this table is subject to rounding adjustments. Any discrepancies between total and sums of individual numbers listed therein are due to rounding.

(3) Part of the works site of SMA will be occupied by a road works area by others thus is not considered as direct habitat loss under the Project.

10.7.3.1 The western half of the works site of SMA coincides with a road works area by others. The existing habitats in this western half will be converted to developed area/wasteland. The road works area may also cut off the hydrological linkage of the brackish marsh and the remaining tip of S-SA-6a from the downstream tidal influx potentially. Under the Project, SMA would result in 0.23 ha permanent loss of marsh/reed, watercourse S-SA-6a and developed area/wasteland. Temporary loss (0.67 ha) would also include village/orchard habitat in addition to these habitats. Among the 0.12 ha permanent loss and 0.14 ha temporary loss of marsh/reed, 0.09 ha and 0.07 ha belonged to brackish marsh of moderate ecological value while the remaining was other marsh/reed of low to moderate ecological value. Thus a total of 0.16 ha (0.09 ha permanent and 0.07 ha temporary) of brackish marsh of moderate ecological value would be lost. Considering that brackish marsh is an uncommon habitat in Hong Kong, such ecological impact is considered low to moderate and will be mitigated by compensation (Refer to Section 10.9.6 for details). Ecological impact due to the loss of S-SA-6a of low to moderate ecological value is considered minor due to the small area affected and anticipated impact by the road works area.

10.7.3.2 AUT Station will consist of three separate aboveground structures, including a station building cum service buildings and two ventilation buildings at the north and south. These structures will be situated entirely within developed area/wasteland (1.02 ha permanent loss). The total area of temporary loss resulting from AUT Station and CLP Substation construction would be 2.61 ha. The southern end of the works site would affect a short section of watercourse S-SA-2 at the margin of the northern compartment of Sha Po Marsh of low to moderate ecological value temporarily. Given the structural linkage of S-SA-2 with the northern compartment of Sha Po Marsh, the ecological impact is considered low to moderate, if unmitigated. Mitigation measures e.g. temporary diversion of water flow and control of construction runoff would be required.

10.7.3.3 The PWA was carefully designed to avoid encroachment onto the adjacent woodland and limited to a permanent (0.23 ha) and temporary (0.53 ha) loss of habitat in developed area/wasteland habitat only. However, the ecological value of the developed area/wasteland habitat of Pok Wai Public School is considered to be moderate due to its usage as a day-roost for the Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bats.

10.7.3.4 The evaluations of ecological impacts arising from direct habitat loss within SPAUT Area are further elaborated in Table 10.74 to Table 10.79.

10.7.3.5 A number of fauna species of conservation importance were recorded within or in close proximity to the works site/area in SPAUT Area, including three avifauna (i.e. Chinese Pond Heron, Greater Coucal and Yellow-breasted Bunting), two butterflies (i.e. Swallowtail and Peacock Royal) and one bat (i.e. Japanese Pipistrelle) within or near the works site of SMA; and two bats (i.e. Japanese Pipistrelle and Unknown Vespertilionidae Sp.1) near the works site of AUT Station. All of these fauna species of conservation importance are highly mobile and did not demonstrate any notable behaviour (e.g. egg laying, breeding and nesting). Alternative habitats are also available in the vicinity for these species to utilize. Thus, no direct impact to these species is anticipated.

10.7.3.6 A cluster of locally rare native herbs, Persicaria orientalis, a floral species of conservation importance, were recorded in the marsh/reed which would be lost permanently due to SMA. The direct impact on this floral species of conservation importance would be moderate, if unmitigated. Considering that the adjacent concurrent project, i.e. Park Yoho Phases 2 and 3 Development, would affect the remaining part of the marsh/reed and in-situ preservation is not possible, suitable mitigation measure (e.g. transplantation or compensation) would be required.

10.7.3.7 With the day-roost of Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bats observed in one of the structures (Section 10.7.3.7 refers), the demolition of Pok Wai Public School may result in potential direct injury and mortality of the roosting bats during daytime, when they are relatively less active. Mitigation measures to mitigate such potential impact on the roosting bats and loss of roosting site e.g. provision of bat exclusion device before commencement of demolition of Pok Wai Public School and provision of bat shelter are detailed in Section 10.9.

Bird Collision

10.7.3.8 During construction phase, temporary construction structures that are using transparent / reflective materials (e.g. noise barrier) or difficult to see (e.g. cables, wires) may result in potential collision of the commuting birds (e.g. ardeids). Given that Ko Po Road ANR is around 600 m away from the nearest work site of SMA, it is unlikely that the commuting ardeids would be affected by SMA. Sha Po ANR is 300 m, 160 m and 30 m away from SMA, the temporary CLP substation and the materials (e.g. precast/tunnel segment units) storage site to the southwest of the temporary CLP substation respectively. Neither of the work sites/works area is located along or near the major flight paths of the roosting ardeids in Sha Po ANR thus potential collision is also unlikely. Thus, no ecological impact arising from bird collision is anticipated. Nonetheless, good practices (i.e. avoidance of night-time activities) would be adopted for the materials storage site in proximity to Sha Po ANR.

Construction Phase – Indirect Impact

Potential Impacts due to Aboveground Construction Works

Habitat Fragmentation

10.7.3.9 The works site of SMA consists of fragmented and small pieces of marsh/reed thus habitat fragmentation due to construction of SMA is considered insignificant. Given that the proposed works sites/areas of AUT Station and PWA would take place near the margin of northern compartment of Sha Po Marsh and outside the woodland edge respectively, there would also be no habitat fragmentation impact on these two areas.

Disturbance Impact on Recognized Sites of Conservation Importance and Ecologically Sensitive Areas

10.7.3.10 During construction phase, disturbances in various forms including noise, glare, dust, vibration and other human activities created by the construction works could pose indirect impacts on the surrounding areas, especially the recognized sites of conservation importance and ecologically sensitive areas.

10.7.3.11 Ecologically sensitive areas in the vicinity of SMA include active and inactive fishponds within AFCD Au Tau Fisheries Office in the west and some inactive and abandoned fishponds in the south. The active and inactive fishponds within AFCD Au Tau Fisheries Office are exposed to certain disturbance from the fisheries management operation and human presence. Relatively low diversity and abundance of wildlife were recorded in the current survey and the ecological value of these fishponds is considered low. The two isolated inactive fishponds in the south of SMA were also of low ecological value due to its small size, fragmented nature and exposure to anthropogenic disturbance from the adjacent village houses and village access at Cheung Chun San Tsuen. No species of conservation importance were recorded, and usage of wildlife was also very low, the disturbance impact on these ponds would be minor. A contiguous block of inactive/abandoned fishponds is situated at further south of the works site of SMA. Mammal species of conservation importance including Leopard Cat, Pallas’s Squirrel were recorded and small flocks of Great Cormorant and ducks were observed roosting at the trees on the bund of one of the inactive fishponds in some of the winter months. The abandoned fishponds are sheltered by the fruit trees and dense ruderal herbs along the pond bunds, and also surrounded by the village houses and a densely vegetated abandoned meander. With more than 130 m distance from the works site, it is anticipated that disturbance impact on these inactive/abandoned ponds would be minor. Nevertheless, mitigation measures in Section 10.9 should still be implemented to further minimize any potential adverse ecological impacts.

10.7.3.12 A number of tributaries of Kam Tin River are present in proximity to the works site of SMA, including the modified watercourse S-SA-5, abandoned meander S-SA-6 and KTMDC. The modified watercourse S-SA-5, located at the east of SMA, runs along built-up areas and roads with constant traffic and pedestrian flow. Limited wildlife usage was observed in S-SA-5 thus the ecological impact due to the construction of SMA would be insignificant.

10.7.3.13 The abandoned meander S-SA-6 and the adjoining brackish marsh at the southwest of the SMA recorded low to moderate diversity and abundance of waterbirds, in particular during high tide in dry season. Since the construction of SMA would span across the dry season thus overwintering period of waterbirds, with the proximity between S-SA-6 and the works site, disturbance impact on the S-SA-6 and the associated wildlife would be low to moderate, if unmitigated. With mitigation measures e.g. hoarding/screening erection in place, such disturbance impact is anticipated to be minor. KTMDC is located southwest of the works site. Moderate diversity and abundance of waterbirds were recorded and usually peaked in dry season. Waterbirds occurring in KTMDC were observed to be habituated to the existing disturbance from roads, TML viaduct and residential areas on both sides of KTMDC. It is anticipated that KTMDC would be screened from the construction disturbance of SMA, by the meander, marsh/reed, village houses and trees in between, thus indirect impact on KTMDC from SMA would be insignificant. Mitigation measures in Section 10.9 should be implemented to minimize any potential adverse ecological impacts as much as practicable.

10.7.3.14 The YLBFEW is located at 215 m northwest from the nearest works site, which is for segment storage. Considering the distance in between and the usage of the works site, indirect disturbance impact on the YLBFEW would be insignificant.

10.7.3.15 The southern end of the AUT Station works site/area would be situated adjacent to the northern compartment of Sha Po Marsh, which is not actively managed like its middle and southern counterparts. All three compartments are exposed to various degrees of disturbances from the frequent traffic along San Tam Road and San Tin Highway, which also generate disturbances such as noise, dust, and glare. The northern compartment, which is much smaller in size, is separated from the other two contiguous compartments by a local road with frequent traffic of trucks leading to the brownfield sites at the east. This small triangular marsh area was therefore bounded by roads on its three sides. The diversity and abundance of wildlife recorded in this compartment were significantly lower than in the other two compartments.

10.7.3.16 The middle compartment at the south is at least 75 m from the works site of AUT Station. Its northern edge was drier and dominated by ruderal herbs. Due the close proximity to the local road, the marsh/reed habitat experienced a comparatively higher disturbance level on the edge. The core part of the middle and southern compartments were dominated by tall and dense Phragmites australis with no public access, providing a relatively closed and sheltered habitat that is less disturbance-sensitive than other habitat types. Only sporadic large waterbirds, which are more sensitive to disturbance, were observed in the limited open water area further south or in the southern compartment. Given the existing disturbance level at Sha Po Marsh and the low abundance of sensitive large waterbirds recorded, the construction disturbance impacts from AUT Station on Sha Po Marsh is expected to be low to moderate, if unmitigated. Mitigation measures as discussed in Section 10.9 should be implemented to minimize any potential adverse ecological impacts as much as practicable.

10.7.3.17 The works site/area of PWA is immediately outside a woodland zoned as “CA”. The woodland is relatively young scattered with graves and occasional footpaths, which indicates the woodland is subject to certain level of disturbances. Given that the works site/area is adjacent to the “CA”, indirect impact is anticipated to be low to moderate, if unmitigated. Precautionary measures and good site practices (refer Section 10.9) should be strictly followed to minimize disturbance impacts on the “CA” and woodland. LTCP is located at approximately 230 m east of PWA. Given that the disturbance arising from the works site would be screened by the wooded habitats between PWA and LTCP, the potential indirect impact on LTCP is anticipated to be minor. Three terrestrial mammal species of conservation importance, namely Small Asian Mongoose, Small Indian Civet and East Asian Porcupine, were captured by camera traps at the woodland near the works site. Considering the high mobility of these mammals and alternative habitats readily available in the vicinity, the indirect impact would be low to moderate, if unmitigated. Mitigation measures (e.g. control of site working hours) as discussed in Section 10.9 should be implemented to minimize potential adverse ecological impacts to these nocturnal mammals.

Disturbance Impact on Roosting Ardeids and Their Flight Paths

10.7.3.18 As discussed in Section 10.7.3.16, considering the nearest works sites of SMA and the temporary substation would be away from the Ko Po Road ANR and Sha Po ANR, and also the nature of nearby works site which will be used for materials (e.g. precast / tunnel segment units) storage only, potential disturbance on the roosting sites is anticipated to be minor. None of the observed flight paths utilized by the roosting ardeids would conflict with the works sites/areas in SPAUT Area, no adverse ecological impact would be anticipated. Nonetheless, good practices (i.e. avoidance of night-time activities) would be adopted for the materials storage site in proximity to Sha Po ANR.

Impacts on Water Quality, Hydrodynamics Properties and Hydrology of Wetland Habitats

10.7.3.19 The works sites/areas of SMA and AUT Station would be situated near wetland habitats, e.g. marsh/reed and watercourses, which may result in potential impacts on water quality, hydrodynamics properties and hydrology (e.g. deterioration of water quality, increase in suspended solids and potential contaminants, and potential change in hydrodynamics). Construction site runoff (e.g. runoff and erosion of exposed bare soil and earth) and construction discharge may potentially affect the water quality as well. The works sites of SMA and AUT Station would occupy a short upper section of S-SA-6a and S-SA-2 respectively, near the brackish marsh and Sha Po Marsh, and hydrologically connected to KTMDC. These wetlands are important habitats for various wetland-dependent fauna e.g. waterbirds and odonate. Ecological impact due to deterioration on water quality, hydrodynamics and hydrology would be low to moderate, if unmitigated.

10.7.3.20 Water would be temporarily diverted during construction phase to maintain water flow. In general, construction works and dewatering works involving watercourses or other wetland types (e.g. ponds and marsh/reed) would be undertaken during dry season, where practicable. Guidelines in DSD Practice Note No. 3/2021 and ETWB TCW No. 5/2005 set out for the protection of natural rivers and streams from adverse impacts arising from construction works should be followed. In addition, with the implementation of appropriate mitigation measures, unacceptable impacts on water quality are not expected (Section 10.9 refers). Therefore, adverse ecological impacts due to the potential water quality deterioration during the construction are not anticipated.

Potential Impacts due to Underground Tunnelling Construction Works

Hydrological Disruptions due to Groundwater Drawdown

10.7.3.21 Majority of the underground alignment tunnel will be carried out by TBM method, except the AUT Station section where cut and cover method will be used. The underground works would pass through several wetland habitats including the WRCW Parcels, active and inactive fishponds, Sha Po Marsh, and small plots of marsh/reed and ponds. Inflow of water into the underground tunnel and drawdown of water table from underground tunneling works might occur, if not properly controlled. This could potentially affect the hydrology of these wetlands, by depleting the groundwater sources, drying out the wetlands and subsequently degrading the wetland habitats for the wetland-dependent species.

10.7.3.22 However, it is of standard engineering practices to provide waterproofing system and hydraulic cut-off whenever deep excavation is required to avoid the ingress of groundwater into excavation zone that the chance of water table drawdown would be unlikely. Precautionary measures such as pre-grouting and recharge well would be deployed to further control any potential drawdown during excavation, if found necessary.

Ground-borne Noise and Vibration

10.7.3.23 The underground construction works could generate ground-borne noise and vibration disturbance that would affect the aboveground habitats and associated wildlife, especially habitats and wildlife in the ecologically sensitive resources e.g. Sha Po Marsh and fishponds, and within “CA” or near LTCP which are both the recognized sites of conservation importance. The underground works would be located approximately 10 m below the local ground level in the lowland area. The geological condition along the underground tunnel is mainly soft in nature as the tunnel would be laid largely below alluvium. The soft geology would provide significant damping of vibrations and hence considerably reduce the transmission of ground-borne noise and vibrations. The underground works under the hillside of Kai Kung Leng within “CA” of this area, which is at least 60 m away from LTCP would be located at least 10 to 40 m below the surface. In addition, any potential impact due to ground-borne noise and vibration generated from TBM operation would be temporary in nature. Indirect impact to the aboveground habitats and associated wildlife is anticipated to be minor.

Operation Phase – Direct Impact

Direct Injury / Mortality to Wildlife and Bird Collision

10.7.3.24 The NOL alignment would be entirely underground in SPAUT area, except the AUT Station and the two ancillary buildings (ABs) namely SMA and PWA.

10.7.3.25 The two ABs will be approximately 14 m tall, similar to a typical three-story village house. No flight paths identified in the SPAUT area that would be in potential conflict with the aboveground structures of the Project. As discussed in earlier sections, the commuting ardeids have maneuverability between the existing buildings and structures in the area, flying underneath the TML viaduct between the piers and trees. Considering the wide range of commuting paths currently utilized by ardeids and their adaptability, potential injury and bird collision is anticipated to be insignificant.

10.7.3.26 While there was no major flight path observed around the AUT Station and the buildings would be only around 16 m and 22 m tall, it is aware that transparent or highly reflective glass panels may potentially cause bird collision thus injury/mortality to birds. Precautionary measures such as coating anti-bird collision film on the transparent/reflective panels as discussed in Section 10.9 would be in place to minimize any potential bird injury and collision.

Operation Phase – Indirect Impact

Disturbance to Adjacent Habitats and Associated Wildlife

10.7.3.27 The operation of NOL could result in disturbance to the adjacent recognized sites of conservation importance (i.e. “CA”), ecologically sensitive areas (i.e. active and inactive fishponds, especially the contiguous block south of Cheung Chun San Tsuen, Kam Tin River), natural habitats (i.e. woodland) and associated wildlife in vicinity to the permanent aboveground structures. The two ABs combined EAP/EEP and VB. The EAP/EEP will serve as fire escapes from the tunnel for emergency access and egress. VB will be the air exchange route for the railway system in normal operation and essential components of the tunnel smoke control system in emergency mode. Thus only occasional disturbances e.g. increased noise and human activities would be anticipated during emergency use. In addition, given the nature of ABs, architectural lighting is not necessary and only minimum functional lighting would be provided. Potential operational disturbance impact from the two ABs would be minor.

10.7.3.28 The AUT Station would be in close proximity to the northern compartment of Sha Po Marsh. As discussed in earlier sections, the northern compartment and the northern edge of the middle compartment are exposed to disturbance due to traffic of the nearby roads and the operation of the brownfield sites, which is reflected in the relatively low abundance of large sensitive waterbirds recorded. While the operation of AUT Station would bring in noise, glare and increased human activities to the area, the level of disturbance would be relatively minor, considering that the NOL would be underground, and the height of the Station structures nearest to Sha Po Marsh will be about 16 m only, which is similar to the height of existing warehouses on the brownfield site. On the other hand, the Sha Po Housing Development, which is at the immediate east of AUT Station and Sha Po Marsh, would have had population intake already before the operation of AUT Station, resulting in increase in disturbance in the form of traffic, human activities, roadside air and noise emission, and glare etc. The operation of NOL and AUT Station would help divert traffic, potentially reducing the number of vehicle fleets and the associated roadside air and noise pollution. As such, the disturbance impacts due to operation of AUT Station on Sha Po Marsh is considered minor.

10.7.3.29 The WBA is separated from the aboveground structures by San Tin Highway and majority of the WBA near or along San Tin Highway is developed area/wasteland habitat, which has low ecological value and limited wildlife. Disturbance impacts on WBA during operation phase would be insignificant. Since WCA is bounded by WBA and further away from the Project footprint, no indirect impact on WCA is anticipated.

Change in Hydrodynamics Properties and Hydrology of Wetland Habitats

10.7.3.30 SMA and AUT Station would involve replacing short sections of watercourses S-SA-6a and S-SA-2 by box culvert or pipes. Since the water flow to downstream would be maintained, there would be no impact on the hydrodynamics properties and hydrology of the downstream tributaries (e.g. S-SA-6 and KTMDC) and the associated wetlands (e.g. the northern compartment of Sha Po Marsh).

Cumulative Impacts

10.7.3.31 According to Section 2.9 and best available information, the following projects in vicinity are likely to be constructed/operated concurrently with the Project in SPAUT area:

· Sha Po Public Housing Development;

· Park Yoho Phases 2 and 3 Development; and

· Kam Tin North Housing Development.

10.7.3.32 The construction works of NOL Project and Sha Po Public Housing Development are expected to commence in 2025, with completion in 2034 and 2031 respectively. At the time of operation of NOL, the Sha Po Public Housing Development, which is at the immediate east of AUT Station and Sha Po Marsh, would have had population intake already. Disturbance impacts arising from these projects may potentially be magnified. However, the footprint of the NOL Project and the concurrent project would be largely restricted within developed areas, and that appropriate mitigation measures would have been adopted to address disturbance impacts for the respective works, in addition to the minor disturbance arising from the aboveground structures of NOL (i.e. AUT Station), in comparison with the high-rise residential buildings of Sha Po Public Housing Development, the potential cumulative ecological indirect impacts during construction and operation phases of these projects are expected to be minor, with the recommended mitigation measures in place.

10.7.3.33 The programme of Kam Tin North Housing Development and Park Yoho Phases 2 and 3 Development are not available at the time of this EIA study. Depending on the schedule of construction works for these projects, the construction of SMA may occur concurrently with these projects. As discussed in earlier sections, the ABs are only two to three-storey high buildings in small scale which involve only limited area. With the implementation of mitigation measures (Section 10.9) to mitigate the potential ecological impacts, no unacceptable adverse cumulative impact is anticipated.

Table 10.60 Summary of Potential Impacts and Mitigation Measures Requirements in Sha Po/Au Tau Area

Sha Po/Au Tau Area
	Impact	Ecologically Sensitive Receiver	Unmitigated Level of Impact	Mitigation Measures Required (Y/N) ⁽¹⁾
Construction Phase	Direct Impacts
	Direct Impact on Recognized Sites of Conservation Importance	LTCP, “CA”, WCA and WBA	No impact is anticipated	N
	Direct Impacts on Ecologically Sensitive Areas	Sha Po Marsh	No impact is anticipated	N.A.
		S-SA-2	Low to moderate	Y
		S-SA-6a	minor	N
		Active fishponds at Cheung Chun San Tsuen	No impact is anticipated	N.A.
		Ko Po Road ANR	No impact is anticipated	N.A.
	Direct Loss of Bat Roost	Day-roost of the Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bats	Low to moderate	Y
	Direct Loss of Terrestrial Habitats and Impacts on the Associated Species of Conservation Importance	Brackish marsh along S-SA-6a	Low to moderate	Y
		Other marsh/reed	Minor	N
		S-SA-2	Minor	N
		S-SA-6a	Low to moderate	Y
		Village/orchard	Minor	N
		Faunal species of conservation importance (excluding the potential roosting of Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bats)	No impact is anticipated	N.A.
		Floral species of conservation importance (i.e. Persicaria orientalis)	Moderate	Y
	Bird Collision	-	No impact is anticipated	N
	Indirect Impacts
	Potential Impacts due to Aboveground Construction Works
	Habitat Fragmentation		Insignificant – due to the constructions of SMA and AUT Station	N
	Disturbance Impact on Recognized Sites of Conservation Importance and Ecologically Sensitive Areas	Active, inactive and abandoned fishponds in the west and south of SMA	Minor	N
		S-SA-5	Minor	N
		S-SA-6	Low to moderate	Y
		KTMDC	Insignificant – from SMA	N
		Sha Po Marsh	Low to moderate – from AUT Station	Y
		LTCP	Minor	N
		Sha Po Ardeid Night Roost	No impact is anticipated	N.A.
	Impacts on Water Quality, Hydrodynamics Properties and Hydrology of Wetland Habitats	S-SA-2 and 6a, and Marsh/reed	Low to moderate	Y
	Potential Impacts due to Underground Tunnelling Construction Works
	Hydrological Disruptions due to Groundwater Drawdown	WRCW Parcels	Insignificant	N
		Active and inactive fishponds
		Sha Po Marsh
		Marsh/reed and ponds
	Ground-borne Noise and Vibration	Aboveground habitats and associated wildlife	Minor	N
Operation Phase	Direct Impacts
	Direct Injury / Mortality to Wildlife and Bird Collision	Potential flight paths near AUT Station, SMA and PWA	Insignificant	N
	Indirect Impacts
	Disturbance on Sites of Conservation Importance, Ecologically Sensitive Areas, Adjacent Habitats and Associated Wildlife	Adjacent habitats	Minor - From SMA and PWA	N
		Adjacent habitats	Minor - From AUT Station	N
		Sha Po Marsh	Minor – from AUT Station	N
		WCA	No impact is anticipated	N.A.
		WBA	Insignificant	N
	Change in Hydrodynamics Properties and Hydrology of Wetland Habitats	S-SA-2, 6a and associated wetlands	No impact is anticipated	N.A.
	Cumulative Impacts
	· Kam Tin North Housing Development; · Park Yoho Phases 2 and 3 Development; · Sha Po Public Housing Development	-	Minor – for disturbance impacts (e.g. noise and glare) on recognized sites of conservation importance, the associated natural habitats and wildlife	N

Note:

(1) General good site practices and erection of site hoarding will be implemented in works sites/areas.

10.7.4 Ngau Tam Mei/Pok Wai Area

Proposed Works Elements under the Project

10.7.4.1 There are four works elements and their associated works areas/sites in NTMPW Area:

· Long Ha Tsuen Ancillary Building (EAP/EEP) (LHA);

· Ngau Tam Mei (NTM) Station;

· Ngau Tam Mei Depot (NTD); and

· NOL Alignment and bifurcation tunnels.

Key Identified Impacts

10.7.4.2 Potential direct and indirect impacts may arise during the construction phase; Indirect impacts in operation phase would be expected. Details are discussed in the sections below.

Construction Phase – Direct Impact

No Direct Impact on Recognized Sites of Conservation Importance

10.7.4.3 Recognized sites of conservation importance within NTMPW area include LTCP, “CA” and WBA. LTCP and “CA” are located at the southeast of NTMPW area while WCA and WBA are located at the west of San Tin Highway in NTMPW area. Although the proposed tunneling works would unavoidably be locally within LTCP, no aboveground works would be conducted at LTCP. A small area of the works site of LHA falls within a “CA” zone, and only demolition of existing temporary structures will be conducted in this area. Therefore, no direct impact on the recognized sites of conservation importance is anticipated.

No Direct Impact on Ecologically Sensitive Resources

10.7.4.4 Ecologically sensitive resources in NTMPW area include clusters of and isolated ponds, some of which were located on both sides of the NTMDC. The works site/area of NTM Station and NTD was refined to avoid encroachment onto these ponds, thus no direct impact on ecologically sensitive resources within NTMPW area is anticipated.

Direct Loss of Terrestrial Habitats and Associated Fauna

10.7.4.5 The direct permanent loss of habitats is defined as the footprint of the three aboveground structures including NTM Station, LHA, and NTD. Majority of the permanent loss resulted from the proposed aboveground structures fall within developed area/wasteland habitat and small areas in watercourse, village/orchard, and dry agricultural land. Temporary habitat loss would arise from the temporary works sites (e.g. on-site construction activities) and works areas (e.g. site office and material storage) to be occupied during construction phase. No direct loss of terrestrial habitats and associated fauna would be anticipated within or near LTCP. A summary of permanent and temporary terrestrial habitat loss is presented in Table 10.61.

Table 10.61 Direct Loss of Habitats within Ngau Tam Mei/Pok Wai Area

Habitats ⁽¹⁾	Approximate Size (ha)
Habitats ⁽¹⁾	WC	DA	PL	SL	GL	MWL	DAL	V/O	Sub-total ⁽²⁾
Permanent Loss
LHA	<0.01	0.1	-	-	-	-		-	0.1
NTM Station	-	0.81	-	-	-	-	0.08	0.12	1.01
NTD	0.05	11.30	-	-	-	-	-	0.22	11.57
Total Permanent Loss (ha)	0.05	12.21	-	-	-	-	0.08	0.34	12.68
Temporary Loss
LHA ⁽³⁾	0.02	0.92	0.02	-	0.01	-	-	0.13	1.10
NTM Station and NTD	0.10	3.75	0.01	0.20	0.20	0.04	0.78	0.56	5.64
Total Temporary Loss (ha)	0.12	4.67	0.03	0.20	0.21	0.04	0.78	0.69	6.74

Notes:

(1) Habitats: WC=Watercourse; DA=Developed Area/Wasteland; PL=Plantation; SL=Shrubland; GL=Grassland; MWL=Mixed Woodland; DAL= Dry Agricultural Land; V/O=Village/Orchard

(2) The size included in this table is subject to rounding adjustments. Any discrepancies between total and sums of individual numbers listed therein are due to rounding.

(3) Part of the LHA work site would encroach onto the adjacent conservation area and woodland habitat, and only demolition of existing temporary structures will be conducted within these areas.

10.7.4.6 The habitat loss associated with the construction works of NTM Station, NTD, and LHA would be largely restricted to developed area/wasteland which mostly comprised brownfield, warehouse and open storage. One bat species of conservation importance (e.g. Chinese Noctule) was recorded above the works site of NTD but it is highly mobile and commonly found in Hong Kong. The ecological value of developed area/wasteland is also considered low. The direct impact to the developed area is therefore anticipated to be insignificant.

10.7.4.7 The loss of mixed woodland at the northeast and south of NTD would be temporary due to the construction works of NTD. This mixed woodland was relatively young as the canopy and which consisted of exotic trees e.g. Acacia confusa, Melia azedarach, native trees e.g. Macaranga tanarius var. tomentosa and Bambusa spp. etc. The affected portion of the mixed woodland was small in size and close to the existing structures such as brownfield area. The habitat was subject to constant disturbance and only supported scare wildlife with no species of conservation importance recorded, the ecological values of the affected portion of mixed woodland is considered as low to moderate. The temporary loss of mixed woodland is anticipated to be minor. No ecological mitigation measures would be required.

10.7.4.8 Temporary direct loss of grassland located at works site and works area of NTM Station and NTD is anticipated. The affected area of grassland were succeed from abandoned fishpond that supported low species diversity of common herbs. Moreover, part of the affected grassland were owned by the same landlord of adjoining fishponds, bird control measures (e.g. anti-bird wires, bird netting nets) were applied. No species of conservation importance were recorded. The ecological value of the affected grassland is considered as low. Given the small size and the temporary nature of the construction works of NTM Station and NTD, the direct impacts are anticipated to be minor.

10.7.4.9 A short upper section of watercourse S-NP-9 identified within the works site of LHA would be converted into box culverts or pipes to maintain the flow. S-NP-9 is a seasonal watercourse supported low species diversity and no species of conservation importance recorded. The impacted section is located near village/orchard and developed area/wasteland (e.g. open storage area, brownfield) habitats which was subject to constant disturbance, the ecological value of impacted section of S-NP-9 is considered as low. The direct impact of this watercourse section is therefore anticipated to be minor.

10.7.4.10 A minor watercourse S-NP-5a and its upper section S-NP-5 would be impacted by the construction works of NTD, permanent loss of these watercourses is anticipated. These modified watercourses located within brownfield area subject to human disturbance (e.g. pollution from the adjacent open storage areas and littering), hence watercourse supported low species diversity and no species of conservation importance recorded. The ecological values of the impacted watercourse is considered as low. The loss of these watercourses is anticipated to be minor.

Direct Impacts on Fauna Species of Conservation Importance

10.7.4.11 Four bat (i.e. Chinese Noctule, Japanese Pipistrelle, Unknown Vespertilionidae Sp.1, Lesser Bamboo Bat), two bird (i.e. Chinese Pond Heron, Greater Coucal), two butterfly (i.e. Small Cabbage White, Common Birdwing) and one dragonfly (i.e. Blue Chaser) species of conservation importance were recorded within the works site/area of NTM Station and NTD, and LHA in dry agricultural land and developed area/wasteland. Direct impact on these species of conservation importance arising from the construction activities is anticipated. Given these species of conservation importance recorded are commonly found in Hong Kong or highly mobile. No sign of their breeding or roosting behaviour within Project site were recorded. No direct impact on these species of conservation importance is anticipated.

Habitat Fragmentation

10.7.4.12 As the aboveground works site/area of NTM Station, NTD, and LHA were largely located at restricted to developed area/wasteland or village/orchard (over 80%), other, impacted habitats (e.g. shrubland, grassland, etc.) have already been fragmented by existing development including residential areas, roads, container yards, vehicle repair yards, warehouses, open field and wasteland, etc. Besides, only limited numbers of fauna were recorded and no significant wildlife corridor was observed within the works site/area. No significant ecological impact arising from obstruction to wildlife corridor and habitat fragmentation are anticipated.

Bird Collision

10.7.4.13 The works site/area of NTM Station and NTD may cause injury or mortality of the commuting birds near larger channels (e.g. NTMDC). Temporary construction structures or building facades with materials that are excessively transparent or reflective (i.e. glass, windows) or difficult to see (e.g. cables, wires) would be of particular concern. Considering no significant flight paths were recorded at the vicinity of NTM Station and NTD, as well as the construction of these aboveground structures are temporary, thus, no significant ecological impact arising from bird collision is anticipated.

Construction Phase – Indirect Impact

Potential Impacts due to Aboveground Construction Works

Disturbance Impacts on Recognized Sites of Conservation Importance and Ecologically Sensitive Area

10.7.4.14 Although the works site/area would be largely restricted to developed area, disturbances in various forms including noise, glare, dust and other human activities result from the construction works could pose indirect impacts on the surrounding areas especially the nearby recognized sites of conservation importance and ecologically sensitive areas.

10.7.4.15 LTCP and “CA” area are located away (at least 170m) from the southern part of the works site/area for NTD while LHA is situated at the margin of a “CA” zone and located at least 170m from WBA on the other side of San Tin Highway. Given the consideration of the distance and construction works would be conducted temporary in nature, no significant ecological impacts on LTCP and WBA arising from the construction works of NTD and LHA would be anticipated. The disturbance impacts on the “CA” zone associated with the construction of LHA is anticipated. The proposed works site was found to be a developed area and orchard with limited vegetation, it is anticipated disturbance impacts on the adjacent wooded areas within “CA” may arise from the constructions works of LHA. Given the small size and the temporary nature of the construction works of LHA, the disturbance impacts on “CA” are anticipated to be minor. With the implementation of precautionary measures (e.g. good site practice, site hoarding), no unacceptable ecological impacts are anticipated.

10.7.4.16 Ecologically sensitive areas in the vicinity of NTM Station and NTD include fishponds located on both sides of the NTMDC. The active fishponds at the north of NTMDC were distanced (at least 150m) from the works site/area of NTM Station, no significant impacts are anticipated on these fishponds. However, disturbance impacts on active and abandoned fishponds located at south of NTMDC along Chun Sin Road are anticipated. The active fishponds are exposed to certain disturbances from human presence and fisheries management operation. Low diversity and abundance of wildlife and no species of conservation importance were recorded, the ecological value of these fishponds is considered as low. Besides, the abandoned fishponds located in the west of NTM Station were also of low ecological value due the existing disturbance from the surrounding land uses (i.e. open storage, other brownfield operation). No species of conservation importance were recorded, and low in species diversity and abundance. The disturbance impacts on ecologically sensitive areas are therefore anticipated to be minor. With the appropriate mitigation measures (Section 10.9 refers), the impact would be considered as insignificant.

Disturbance Impacts on Terrestrial Habitat, Vegetation and Fauna

10.7.4.17 Disturbance such as noise and dust from the construction activities and increase in traffic to the works site/area of NTM Station, NTD, and LHA, as well as general increase in human presence during the construction phase of the Project may lead to habitat quality deterioration in nearby habitats and displacement of fauna inhabiting within.

10.7.4.18 Habitats recorded in close vicinity to NTM Station and NTD are largely developed area/wasteland, village/orchard, mixed woodland at the knolls. Considering that a large area of adjoining habitats was man-made and the mixed woodland near Ching Yau Road and brownfields was subject to exiting human activities, disturbance impacts arising from NTM Station and NTD is anticipated to be minor.

10.7.4.19 Besides, area of woodland surrounding the LHA would be potentially affected by the construction disturbance. Given the small scale and temporary construction works at LHA, and the existing disturbance from village/orchard and brownfields at Long Ha, the indirect impact from LHA is anticipated to be minor. With the precautionary measures (Section 10.9 refers), no unacceptable disturbance impacts are anticipated.

10.7.4.20 Disturbance impacts during the construction phase of the Project may lead to displacement of fauna inhabiting within nearby habitats. Given that most of the species recorded are generally common and widespread, as well as the existing disturbance (e.g. noise and dust) from the nearby land uses, the disturbance impact from the Project on nearby habitats and associated vegetation and fauna is anticipated to be minor.

Impacts on Resident and Migratory Birds, Egrets and Herons

10.7.4.21 A total of eight bird species of conservation importance were recorded at NTMDC and the wetland habitats (e.g. marsh/reed and pond) within NTMPW area. Site runoff may lead to temporary deterioration of water quality and an increase in local suspended solids in adjoining watercourses and wetland habitats, which in turn could lead to a deterioration in the quality of foraging grounds for birds, especially waders. Additionally, the northern tip of the NTM Station and NTD worksite is located approximately 15 m from a short section of NTMDC. Waterbirds foraging in this area may be displaced to other areas due to increased disturbance from human activities. However, given that similar habitats are recorded in close proximity (e.g. wetland habitats recorded at the west and east of Ngau Tam Mei), as well as no water quality deterioration would be anticipated on the upstream section of NTMDC, thus the impacts on resident and migratory birds, including egrets and herons are anticipated to be minor. With the precautionary measures (Section 10.9 refers), no unacceptable impacts on resident and migratory birds, egrets and herons are anticipated.

Impacts on Water Quality in Nearby Watercourses and Wetland

10.7.4.22 As the minor watercourses S-NP-5 within works site of NTM Station and NTD, and which hydrologically connect to NTMDC, would not be removed but will be converted to box/pipe culvert. The potential site runoff and discharge from the construction, may lead to temporary water quality issues and an increase in local suspended solids. Additionally, the downstream of S-NP-9, would be affected indirectly by the site runoff from the constructions works of LHA. Given that these two watercourses have been subject to regular human disturbances from adjacent land uses e.g. pollution from nearby open storage areas and littering, thus the water quality impact to nearby watercourses arising from the construction works of NTM Station, NTD and LHA would be anticipated to be minor, if uncontrolled. However, potential impacts on water quality, e.g. increase in sedimentation, would be prevented with precautionary measures in place. Hence, the impact on the water quality in these watercourses is anticipated to be insignificant.

10.7.4.23 In addition, impacts on water quality in wetland habitats would be anticipated, as clusters of isolated ponds and marsh/reed adjoin NTM Station and NTD. Potential water quality impacts (e.g. deterioration of water quality, increase in suspended solids and potential contaminants) are anticipated to arise from construction activities of NTM Station and NTD. Site runoff may lead to temporary water quality deterioration and an increase in local suspended solids. Given that the wetland habitats recorded adjoining the works site/area within NTMPW area were mainly fishponds, which have been subject to constant human disturbances from nearby land uses. The impacts on water quality and hydrology of wetland habitats are anticipated to be insignificant. With the implementation of precautionary measures, no water quality impact on wetland habitats would be anticipated within NTMPW area.

Potential Impacts due to Underground Tunnelling Construction Works

Disturbance Impacts on Recognized Sites of Conservation Importance

10.7.4.24 The adoption of underground tunnelling scheme for NOL has avoided aboveground encroachment on recognized sites of conservation importance, shadow effects over natural habitats, habitat fragmentation and obstruction of wildlife corridors. Conventional tunnelling (i.e. cut-and-cover, drill-and-blast method and mined tunnelling) and bored tunnelling methods would be adopted for the underground construction works. The underground construction works for the underground NOL alignment would be running through LTCP and “CA” at Kai Kung Leng. Hydrological disruptions and disturbance impacts (i.e. ground-borne noise and vibration) arising from the tunnelling works (i.e. conventional tunnelling and bored tunnelling methods) on recognized sites of conservation importance would be anticipated. The impacts are discussed in Sections 10.7.4.25 and 10.7.4.26 below.

Hydrological Disruptions due to Groundwater Drawdown

10.7.4.25 The underground NOL alignment runs under the NTMDC, abandoned meander S-NP-2, a minor watercourse S-NP-5, and wetlands habitats in Ngau Tam Mei. The tunnelling works for the underground alignment could have potential water quality impacts on these habitats due to groundwater drawdown in any soil and aquifer layers. Potential groundwater drawdown could result in different degrees of settlement on aboveground habitats, especially the encroached habitats including woodland in LTCP and “CA”, as well as dewatering of surface water features (e.g. watercourse and wetland). However, these watercourses/wetlands are highly modified and have concrete-lined bed and banks, which prevents water from leaking away from the channel and into the railway tunnel. In addition, as described in Section 6.6, no unacceptable impact in relation to the groundwater drawdown due to underground construction works would be anticipated. With the implementation of appropriate precautionary measures (e.g. pre-grouting) as discussed in Section 10.9, hydrological impact due to groundwater drawdown would be expected to be minor.

Ground-borne Noise and Vibration

10.7.4.26 The excavation works for NOL alignment tunnel could have potential disturbance impact to the aboveground habitats, especially habitats and wildlife within LTCP and “CA” due to ground-borne noise and vibration, which would arise mainly from excavation of underground tunnel by powered mechanical equipment (PME) operation (i.e. hydraulic breaker or rock drill) for rock breaking/drilling and TBM operation. As discussed in Section 2.6.11, the anticipated geological conditions along the alignment and radius of the tunnel alignment are critical in the selection of the construction methods. The NOL will be predominantly in tunnels, which will be primarily constructed by Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM), with short sections of D&B, mined and cut-and-cover tunnels for crossover and connecting tracks between PWA and LHA, and NTD connecting portal (Table 2.8 refers). Comparing with cut-and-cover method, tunnel constructed by TBM could significantly reduce noise and vibration disruption to aboveground habitats, while conventional tunneling method (i.e. drill-and-blast method and mined tunnelling) would also have limited noise and vibration disruption to aboveground habitats due to limited blasting activity (i.e. not more than 2 blasts in one day) and the use of PME with lower vibration source (Table 5.5 refers). As mentioned in Section 2.4.7, underground tunnels to accommodate the scissor crossover and a section of about 1.1km long rock tunnel for connecting mainline and NTD, which runs under Kai Kung Leng to the tunnel portal next to Ching Yau Road, will be constructed by conventional tunneling method with due consideration of the required excavation profiles of opening to suit local geological ground conditions and radius of the connection tunnels. As the drill and blast tunnel within LTCP will be located at more than 75m below the surface, adverse ground-borne noise and vibration disturbance to LTCP is not anticipated. In addition, based on the working progress of the TBM and conventional tunnelling works at NTMPW area, any potential impact due to ground-borne noise and vibration generated from the tunnelling works are expected to be temporary in nature. It should be noted that no percussive piling would be required in LTCP and no noise exceedances were predicted according to the findings of ground-borne construction noise impact assessment (Table 5.7 and Table 5.8 refers). Indirect impact to wildlife above the tunnelling works is expected to be minimal. Thus, the ground-borne noise and vibration impact on recognized sites of conservation importance and aboveground habitats arising from the Project is anticipated to be negligible and transient.

Operation Phase – Direct Impact

No Additional Habitat Loss and Habitat Fragmentation

10.7.4.27 There would be no additional habitat loss during the operation phase of the Project. Thus, no direct impact on the recognized sites of conservation importance (i.e. LTCP and “CA”) and natural habitats within NTMPW area is anticipated. No habitat fragmentation is expected during operation phase.

Direct Injury/Mortality to Wildlife and Bird Collision

10.7.4.28 During the operation phase, the proposed aboveground structures including NTM Station, NTD, and LHA may impose a risk of direct injury/mortality to wildlife and bird collision. The building facades of these aboveground structures with materials that are excessively transparent or reflective (i.e. glass, windows) or difficult to see (e.g. cables, wires) would be of particular concern. However, as mentioned in the previous section, no significant flight paths were recorded at the vicinity of NTM Station and NTD, thus the direct impacts to wildlife and bird collision would be anticipated to be minor. Besides, with the implementation of appropriate mitigation measures (e.g. using non-transparent or non-glaring materials and providing suitable lighting) as proposed in Section 10.9, no significant ecological impact arising from direct injury/mortality to wildlife and bird collision is anticipated in this Project.

Operation Phase – Indirect Impact

Disturbance on Adjacent Habitats and Associated Wildlife

10.7.4.29 Disturbance from NTM Station and the NTD such as noise, glare, vibration, as well as general increase in human presence during the operation phase of the NOL would be expected and may lead to habitat quality deterioration in nearby recognized sites of conservation importance (i.e. LTCP and “CA”), natural habitats and displacement of fauna inhabiting within. Given that the surrounding environment would be highly urbanized with existing anthropogenic disturbance, as well as the recognized sites of conservation importance are located at least 180 m from the NTM Station and NTD. Additionally, minimal disturbance from the operation of the LHA is anticipated, as it would only be used occasionally in emergency cases. Therefore, the disturbance impact from the operation of NOL on adjacent habitats and associated wildlife is anticipated to be minor.

10.7.4.30 When trains operate in tunnels that are located in close proximity to the local ground level, there is a possibility that vibrations associated with train passbys will be transmitted through the ground. Ground-borne noise levels have been predicted using a conservative approach based on the maximum operation capacity of railway system. All of the predicted ground-borne noise levels at the noise sensitive receivers are below the criteria (Section 5 refers), generally as a result of deep underground alignment. It is therefore envisaged that the operation of the Project would not have adverse disturbance impacts (e.g. vibration) to the sensitive habitats aboveground e.g. within LTCP and associated wildlife.

10.7.4.31 No major bird flight paths were identified in NTMPW area. In addition, given that the height of aboveground structures would be mostly at ground level and up to about 30 m and transitional housing would be built at the west of NTM Station, the potential obstruction on commuting birds arising from the Project in NTMPW area is anticipated to be insignificant.

Cumulative Impact

10.7.4.32 There is a concurrent project in the NTMPW area, namely the Proposed Fresh Water Trunk Main under Ngau Tam Mei Water Treatment Works Extension. The program for this project is not available at the time of this EIA study. The location of this project would be mainly along San Tin Highway and Ching Yau Road; a short section of the construction site for this project may overlap with the worksite of LHA. The worksite of LHA and this concurrent project are located closely to recognized sites of conservation importance (e.g., LTCP, "CA"). However, since the LHA only involves limited area and consists of small-scale, two to three-story buildings, the disturbance impacts on recognized sites of conservation importance, associated natural habitats, and wildlife would be minor. Implementation of mitigation measures (Section 10.9) to mitigate potential ecological impacts is anticipated to result in no unacceptable adverse cumulative impact.

Table 10.62 Summary of Potential Impacts and Mitigation Measures Requirements in Ngau Tam Mei/Pok Wai Area

Ngau Tam Mei/Pok Wai Area
	Impact	Ecologically Sensitive Receiver	Unmitigated Level of Impact	Mitigation Measures Required (Y/N) ⁽¹⁾
Construction Phase	Direct Impacts
	Direct Impact on Recognized Sites of Conservation Importance and Ecologically Sensitive Areas	LTCP	No impact is anticipated	N.A.
		“CA”	No impact is anticipated	N.A.
		WBA	No impact is anticipated	N.A.
		WCA	No impact is anticipated	N.A.
	Direct Impact on Ecologically Sensitive Resources	Fishponds	No impact is anticipated	N.A.
	Direct Loss of Terrestrial Habitats and Associated Fauna	Watercourse	Minor	N
		Developed Area/Wasteland	Insignificant	N
		Plantation	Minor	N
		Shrubland
		Grassland
		Mixed Woodland
		Dry Agricultural Land
		Village/orchard
	Direct Impacts on Fauna Species of Conservation Importance		No impact is anticipated	N.A.
	Habitat Fragmentation		Insignificant	N
	Bird Collision		Insignificant	N
	Indirect Impacts
	Potential Impacts due to Aboveground Construction Works
	Disturbance Impact on Recognized Sites of Conservation Importance	TLCP	Minor	N
		“CA”	Minor	N
		WBA	Insignificant	N
	Disturbance Impact on Ecologically Sensitive Area	Ponds	Insignificant	N
	Disturbance Impacts on Terrestrial Habitat, Vegetation and Fauna		Minor – due to NTM Station and NTD	N
			Minor – due to LHA	N
	Impacts on Resident and Migratory Birds, Egrets and Herons		Minor	N
	Impacts on Water Quality in Nearby Watercourses and Wetland	On S-NP-5 and S-NP-9	Insignificant	N
	Impacts on Water Quality in Nearby Watercourses and Wetland	On other wetland habitats e.g. ponds	Insignificant	N
	Potential Impacts due to Underground Tunnelling Construction Works
	Hydrological Disruptions due to Groundwater Drawdown		Minor	N
	Ground-borne Noise and Vibration	LTCP	Minor	N
	Ground-borne Noise and Vibration	“CA”	Minor	N
Operation Phase	Direct Impacts
	Additional Habitat Loss and Habitat Fragmentation		No impact is anticipated	N.A.
	Direct Injury / Mortality to Wildlife and Bird Collision		Minor	N
	Indirect Impacts
	Disturbance on Adjacent Habitats and Associated Wildlife		Minor	N
	Obstruction to Commuting Bird Flight Paths		Insignificant	N
	Cumulative Impacts
	Concurrent Project: • Proposed Fresh Water Trunk Main under Ngau Tam Mei Water Treatment Works Extension	-	Minor – for disturbance impacts (e.g. noise and glare) on recognized sites of conservation importance, the associated natural habitats and wildlife	N

Note:

(1) General good site practices and erection of site hoarding will be implemented in works sites/areas.

10.7.5 San Tin/Shek Wu Wai Area

Key Works Elements under the Project

10.7.5.1 There are five works elements and their associated works areas/sites in SATSWW Area:

· San Tin (SAT) Station;

· Enabling works for potential bifurcation to LMC Loop and Huanggang Port to the north of SAT Station;

· San Tin Ancillary Building (EEP/VB) (SNA);

· Ka Lung Road Ancillary Building (EEP/EAP) (KLA); and

· Underground railway corridor.

Key Identified Impacts

10.7.5.2 Potential direct impacts including loss of ecologically sensitive resources, loss of terrestrial habitats, impact on associated wildlife, direct impact to species of conservation importance, and indirect impacts including disturbance (e.g. in terms of increased noise, dust, glare and general human presence) may arise during the construction phase. Direct impact including direct injury/mortality to wildlife, bird collision, and indirect impact such as disturbance to adjacent habitats and associated wildlife in operation phase would be expected. Details are discussed in the sections below.

Construction Phase – Direct Impact

No Direct Impact on Recognized Sites of Conservation Importance

10.7.5.3 Recognized sites of conservation importance include WCA and WBA are located at the northwest of the works sites/areas of SAT Station, SNA, KLA and NOL alignment, separated by San Tin Highway. The proposed works sites/areas have avoided all recognized sites of conservation importance thus no direct impacts would be expected.

Direct Loss of Ecologically Sensitive Resources

10.7.5.4 Ecologically sensitive resources including IBA, Mai Po Village Egretry and Mai Po Lung Village Egretry are located at the northwest of the works sites/areas of SAT Station, SNA, KLA and NOL alignment, separated by San Tin Highway thus no direct impacts would occur. Other ecologically sensitive resources including the Shek Wu Wai agricultural land, amid the mosaic of marsh/reed, ponds, agricultural area, and watercourse S-SS-4a and S-SS4b located to the northeast of the SAT Station and adjacent to SNA would be lost directly due to the construction of SAT Station, SNA as well as the associated works and utilities provision. S-SS-4a and S-SS-4b were the tributaries of S-SS-4, which are functionally and structurally linked with the adjacent wetland habitats. However, these relatively fragmented habitats have been subject to regular disturbance from human activities (e.g. agricultural activities, vegetation management, village settlement). The overall direct impacts on these ecologically sensitive resources are considered minor.

Direct Loss of Terrestrial Habitats and Associated Wildlife

10.7.5.5 Under the ecological assessment, the direct permanent loss of habitats is defined as the footprint area of the SAT Station (including ventilation buildings, and four entrance buildings), SNA and KLA. Temporary habitat loss would arise from the works site and works area, which would be temporarily occupied by the MTRC and handed over to the Civil Engineering and Development Department (CEDD) for San Tin Lok Ma Chau Development Node (STLMC DN) upon the completion of NOL construction. Permanent loss resulted from SAT Station and ABs mostly fall within developed area/wasteland habitat (over 50%), and small area of wet and dry agricultural land, marsh/reed, village/orchard and watercourse would also be impacted. Temporary loss arising from works area and works site included developed area/wasteland, mixed woodland, plantation, shrubland, low-lying grassland, wet and dry agricultural land, marsh/reed, pond and village/orchard. A summary of permanent and temporary terrestrial habitat loss is presented in Table 10.63 below.

Table 10.63 Direct Loss of Habitats within San Tin/Shek Wu Wai Area

Habitats ⁽¹⁾	Approximate Size (ha)
Habitats ⁽¹⁾	MA	PO	WC	MWL	PL	SL	GL	WAL	DAL	V/O	DA	Sub-total ⁽²⁾
Permanent Loss
SAT Station	0.04	-	<0.01	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1.01	1.05
SNA	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	0.05	0.17	0.05	-	0.27
KLA	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	0.13	0.13
Total Permanent Loss (ha)	0.04	-	<0.01	-	-	-	-	0.05	0.17	0.05	1.14	1.45
Temporary Loss ⁽³⁾
SAT Station and SNA ⁽⁴⁾	0.99	0.54	0.26	0.72	-	0.21	0.66	0.26	2.49	0.88	12.98	19.99
KLA	-	-	-	<0.01	0.02	-	-	-	-	-	1.83	1.85
Total Temporary Loss (ha)	0.99	0.54	0.26	0.72	0.02	0.21	0.66	0.26	2.49	0.88	14.81	21.84

Notes:

(1) Habitats: MA=Marsh/Reed; PO=Pond; WC=Watercourse; MWL=Mixed Woodland; PL=Plantation; SL=Shrubland; GL=Grassland; WAL=Wet Agricultural Land; DAL=Dry Agricultural Land; V/O=Village/Orchard; DA=Developed Area/Wasteland

(2) The size in this table is subject to rounding adjustments. Any discrepancies between total and sums of individual numbers listed therein are due to rounding.

(3) Temporary loss arising from the Project would be accounted to the permanent loss of STLMC DN.

(4) SAT Station and SNA share the same works site/area.

10.7.5.6 The ecological value of developed area and wet agricultural land were considered as low while dry agricultural land and village/orchard as low to moderate. The direct loss of habitats for the construction of SAT Station and SNA is anticipated to be minor, as these habitats have been subject to constant disturbance from surrounding land uses (e.g. workshops and storage areas), human activities (e.g. agricultural activities and village settlement), as well as small area and man-made in nature.

10.7.5.7 The works site/area of SAT Station and SNA would encroach onto S-SS-4, S-SS-4a and S-SS-4b. These watercourses are functionally and structurally linked between agricultural lands and ponds. The bank and the substratum of these watercourses were modified as sloping shotcrete, supporting limited vegetation, and no notable nursery and breeding behaviour were observed. The ecological value is considered as low to moderate. These minor watercourses would be converted to culvert and therefore consider as permanent loss.

10.7.5.8 Loss of pond, dry agricultural land and low-lying grassland arising from NOL in temporary works site/area of SAT Station and SNA is anticipated. The overall ecological impact of the loss of these habitats is considered to be minor, as the areas to be lost are fragmented and scattered and were not found support significant population of species of conservation importance, as well as frequently disturbed by human activities (e.g. agricultural activities and operations of workshops). Among the 1.00 ha temporary loss of marsh/reed, 0.17 ha belonged to marsh/reed of low to moderate ecological value and 0.86 ha to that of moderate ecological value. The ecological impact due to the loss of the former would be minor but the impact arising from the latter would be low to moderate, if unmitigated. With the adoption of appropriate mitigation i.e. compensation for the direct loss of marsh/reed of moderate ecological value (refer to Section 10.9), such ecological impact is anticipated to be minor.

10.7.5.9 Mixed woodland, shrubland and grassland located would be temporarily lost by the construction works of SAT station and SNA. These habitats have been subject to regular human disturbances at the peripheries, and which have been disturbed due to presence of graves and footpath leading to these graves, resulting in low to moderate ecological values. The temporary loss arising from the construction works of SAT Station and SNA on these habitats are anticipated to be minor.

10.7.5.10 Besides, small area of mixed woodland and plantation margin located at the works site of KLA would be lost due to the construction site access to KLA. Given the affected mixed woodland and plantation are very small in area and were subject to human disturbances from surrounding land uses (e.g. vehicle repair yards, graves, traffic, etc.). The temporary loss of these habitats arising from the proposed works of KLA are therefore anticipated to be minor.

10.7.5.11 As the construction works under STLMC DN would commence upon the completion of NOL works at the temporary works sites/areas in SATSWW area, temporarily lost habitats would be accounted into the permanent loss in STLMC DN. The direct loss of habitat and associated wildlife arising from NOL is therefore anticipated to be minor.

Direct Impact on Species of Conservation Importance

10.7.5.12 Eight avifauna (i.e. Chinese Pond Heron, Collard Crow, Eurasian Teal, Great Egret, Greater Coucal, Little Egret, Asian Barred Owlet, Common Greenshank), two bat (i.e. Chinese Noctule, Japanese Pipistrelle) and two butterfly (i.e. Danaid Eggfly and Metallic Cerulean) species of conservation importance were recorded within the footprint of NOL in SATSWW area. Faunal species of conservation importance recorded are commonly found in Hong Kong or highly mobile, as well as no sign of their breeding or roosting behaviour within the works site/area. Besides, fauna distributed within the works site/area of SATSWW area are expected to disperse to other areas with similar suitable habitats with less disturbance. No direct impact is anticipated on the species of conservation importance.

Bird Collision

10.7.5.13 The works site/area may cause injury or mortality of the commuting birds where temporary construction structures or building facades with materials that are excessively transparent or reflective (i.e. glass, windows) or difficult to see (e.g. cables, wires) are present. Given that the flight line result, about 10% of breeding ardeids flew from Mai Po Village Egretry and Mai Po Lung Village Egretry across the San Tin Highway towards southeast (i.e. the direction to works sites/areas) and that the nearest distance from the egretries was at least 175 m from works area/sites, bird collision would be unlikely and no significant ecological impact arising from bird collision is anticipated.

Construction Phase – Indirect Impact

Potential Impacts due to Aboveground Construction Works

Disturbance Impacts on Recognized Sites of Conservation Importance, Ecologically Sensitive Areas and Terrestrial Habitats

10.7.5.14 NOL construction would commence before construction works under STLMC DN and the works site/area of NOL within SATSWW area would be largely restricted to developed area, disturbance in various forms including noise, glare, dust and other human activities created by the construction works would potentially pose indirect impacts on the surrounding areas, including some nearby recognized sites of conservation importance, ecologically sensitive resources, and relatively natural terrestrial habitats (e.g. woodland and shrubland) on Tam Mei Hill and isolated knolls.

10.7.5.15 The WCA, WBA, IBA, Mai Po Village Egrerty, and Mai Po Lung Village Egretry are located at the opposite side of Castle Peak Road, San Tin Highway and Kwu Tung Road with frequent vehicle traffic. It is expected that the increase in magnitude of disturbance resulted from the construction activities of the NOL Project on these recognized sites of conservation importance, ecologically sensitive areas (i.e. nursery ground of Greater Painted-snipe identified in STEMDC adjacent Kwu Tung Road), and the natural terrestrial habitats (e.g. woodland at southwestern side) would be low. Given the disturbance impacts arise from the NOL construction works for aboveground structures in SATSWW area are located within formed land and temporary in nature, the impacts to recognized sites of conservation importance and ecologically sensitive areas are anticipated to be low to moderate. Impact to the relatively natural terrestrial habitats is also expected to be low to moderate and mitigation measures as provided in Section 10.9 (e.g. placing of site hoarding, temporary noise barriers and spraying of haul roads etc.) should be adopted. With implementation of the recommended mitigation measures, the disturbance impact on sites of conservation importance and ecologically sensitively areas is therefore anticipated to be minor.

Disturbance Impacts on Vegetation and Fauna

10.7.5.16 Disturbance, such as ground-borne noise, vibration and dust, from the increase in traffic, glare from the works site/area as well as general increase in human presence during the construction phase of the Project may lead to displacement of fauna inhabiting within, and also nursery behaviour of Greater Painted-snipe recorded in STEMDC. Considering the distance between the constructions site of KLA and STEMDC is about 100 m and most of the species recorded are generally common and widespread in Hong Kong, the disturbance impact is anticipated to be low to moderate. With the appropriate mitigation measures as provided in Section 10.9, the disturbance impacts from the works on nearby habitats and associated vegetation and fauna is expected to be minor.

Disturbance and Obstruction of Flight Path to Breeding Ardeids

10.7.5.17 The construction of SAT Station, SNA and KLA may create a barrier across fight paths used by ardeids on a regular basis, when flying between foraging areas and/or roost sites. The height of the proposed aboveground structures in SATSWW area ranging from about 5 m to 30 m above ground, while the distance of Mai Po Village Egretry and Mai Po Lung Village Egretry are over 900 m from the proposed aboveground structures. According to the survey findings, the ardeids showed a range of flight heights below 25 m, with about 80% of ardeids flying at about 10 to 15 m. Majority of ardeids flew towards the fishponds in Deep Bay area while only about 10% ardeids found to fly towards southeast direction. Based on the flight paths, the height of the four aboveground structures, and distance between the works site/area and egretries, indirect impacts are considered to be minor.

Impacts on Water Quality, Hydrodynamics Properties and Hydrology of Watercourse

10.7.5.18 There is a fallback plan for KLA drainage discharging to STEMDC in the event that STLMC DN public drainage in SATSWW area is not ready by the time of NOL completion, storm water would be discharged to STEMDC. Potential water quality and hydrology impacts (e.g. deterioration of water quality, increase in suspended solids and potential contaminants, and potential change in hydrodynamics) are expected to be arose from the operation of NOL, thus affecting the aquatic ecosystem of STEMDC and nursery location of Greater Painted-snipe. Given that STEMDC was subject to constant maintenance and human disturbance (e.g. run-off from nearby workshops and vehicle repair yards), as well as temporary in nature. The water quality impact arising from the construction of NOL is anticipated to be low to moderate. With the implementation of mitigation measures (e.g. good site practice etc.) as provided in Section 10.9, the impacts on water quality are therefore anticipated to be minor.

Potential Impacts due to Underground Tunnelling Construction Works

Hydrological Disruptions due to Groundwater Drawdown

10.7.5.19 The proposed NOL Alignment would be running underground beneath STEMDC. The major concern of the hydrological impact on STEMDC is the potential drawdown in any soil and aquifer layers. Any potential drawdown could result in different degrees of settlement and dewatering of surface water features. Given the STEMDC is constructed with vertical concrete banks and concrete bottom, as well as subject to tidal influence, the hydrological disruptions on STEMDC is anticipated to be minor. Precautionary measures including good site management practices as provided in Practice Note for Professional Persons on Construction Site Drainage, Environmental Protection Department, 1994 (ProPECC PN 1/94) as well as standard measures in handling groundwater discharges/seepage from underground tunnelling works should be adopted to minimise the potential water quality impact. With the selection of proper construction methods and/or sequences, and adoption of appropriate mitigation measures, no unacceptable impact in relation to the groundwater drawdown would be expected.

Ground-borne Noise and Vibration

10.7.5.20 The underground constructions work for NOL railway corridor, station and facilities could have potential disturbance impact to the aboveground ecological habitats and associated wildlife due to ground-borne noise and vibration with in SATSWW area. Ground-borne noise and vibration arise from the underground tunnelling works. Given Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) would be adopted for tunneling works which significantly reduce noise, vibration and disruption to aboveground habitats, as well as its temporary in nature. The impact is therefore anticipated to be minor.

Operation Phase – Direct Impact

Direct Injury/Mortality to Wildlife and Bird Collision

10.7.5.21 During the operation phase, the proposed aboveground structures include SAT Station, SNA and KLA may impose a risk of direct injury/mortality to wildlife and bird collision. The building facades of these aboveground structures with materials that are excessively transparent or reflective (i.e. glass, windows) or difficult to see (e.g. cables, wires), as well as the height of the building would be of particular concern. It is expected that the tallest height of SAT Station, SNA and KLA would be about 30 m. The surrounding areas would have been developed under the STLMC DN and likely of lower ecological value and wildlife usage. Besides, no prominent flight path of avifauna and other wildlife corridor was identified. Therefore, no significant ecological impact arising from direct injury/mortality to wildlife and bird collision is anticipated, with the implementation of precautionary measures (e.g. using non-transparent or non-glazing materials) as proposed in Section 10.9.

Operation Phase – Indirect Impact

10.7.5.22 The operation of the NOL would result in the potential decrease in local vehicles, but the increase of human activities and railway operation, which may cause increased disturbance (e.g. noise, lighting and glare) on the adjacent habitats and associated fauna. The nature of the proposed ancillary buildings (i.e. SNA and KLA) would only be used sporadically and for emergency, and the impact due to the increased human presence brought by SAT Station exits is expected to be minor in the future urbanized setting of STLMC ND. No significant ecological impact is anticipated to arise from the operation of the Project.

Obstruction of Ardeid Flight line

10.7.5.23 The potential obstruction of ardeid flight line during operation phase is anticipated to be similar to the construction phase, as described in Section 10.7.5.17. While the aboveground structures of SAT Station, SNA and KLA potentially obstruct or disrupt the flight lines. Given that the height of above ground structures, the potential flight line obstruction arising from the Project in SATSWW area on the roosting ardeids is anticipated to be minor.

Water Quality Impact

10.7.5.24 There is a fallback plan for KLA drainage discharging to STEMDC in the event that STLMC DN public drainage in SATSWW area is not ready by the time of NOL completion, sewage would be discharged to STEM DC. Potential water quality and hydrology impacts (e.g. deterioration of water quality, increase in suspended solids and potential contaminants, and potential change in hydrodynamics) are expected to be arose from the operation of NOL, thus to affect the aquatic ecosystem of STEMDC and breeding location of Greater Painted-snipe. Given that STEMDC was subject to constant maintenance and human disturbance (e.g. run-off from nearby workshops and vehicle repair yards), as well as temporary in nature. The water quality impact arising from the operation of NOL is anticipated to be minor.

Cumulative Impact

10.7.5.25 Majority of the SATSWW area would overlap with a concurrent project, namely STLMC DN. Based on the available information, the project area of STLMC DN would cover nearly the entire SATSWW area. The construction works of the Project and STLMC DN are both anticipated to commence tentatively in 2025 for completion in 2034. Thus, construction phase of the concurrent project would overlap with that of NOL.

10.7.5.26 However, the STLMC DN development area would have been converted into construction site upon commencement of site formation. Most of the existing habitats identified within the STLMC DN project area (including the NOL works site/area) would have been transformed into construction site of lower ecological value in the early stage of NOL construction works.

10.7.5.27 Furthermore, some relatively natural habitats (i.e. mixed woodland, plantation, shrubland and grassland) at Tam Mei Hill and other isolated knolls located near STLMC DN and SATSWW area, would be affected by disturbance such as noise, glare and dust from the construction and operation of NOL and the concurrent project. Given these habitats were mostly considered to be of low ecological value, the cumulative ecological impact is therefore anticipated to be minor.

Table 10.64 Summary of Potential Impacts and Mitigation Measures Requirements in San Tin/Shek Wu Wai Area

San Tin/Shek Wu Wai Area
	Impact	Ecologically Sensitive Receiver	Unmitigated Level of Impact	Mitigation Measures Required (Y/N) ⁽¹⁾
Construction Phase	Direct Impacts
	Direct Impact on Recognized Sites of Conservation Importance	WCA	No impact is anticipated	N.A.
		WBA	No impact is anticipated	N.A.
	Direct Loss of Ecologically Sensitive Resources	Shek Wu Wai agricultural land	minor	N
		Marsh/reed
		Ponds
		Agricultural area
		S-SS-4a
		S-SS4b
	Direct Loss of Terrestrial Habitats and Associated Wildlife	Marsh/reed of moderate ecological value	Low to moderate	Y
		Marsh/reed of low ecological value	Minor	N
		Pond
		Watercourse
		Mixed woodland
		Plantation
		Shrubland
		Grassland
		Wet agricultural land
		Dry agricultural land
		Village/orchard
		Developed area/wasteland
	Direct Impact on Species of Conservation Importance	Faunal species of conservation importance	No impact is anticipated	N
	Bird Collision		Insignificant	N
	Indirect Impacts
	Potential Impacts due to Aboveground Construction Works
	Disturbance Impacts on Recognized Sites of Conservation Importance, Ecologically Sensitive Areas and Terrestrial Habitats	Ecologically sensitive areas	Low to moderate	Y
		Natural terrestrial habitats	Low to moderate	Y
	Disturbance Impacts on Vegetation and Fauna		Low to moderate – due to the construction works of KLA	Y
	Disturbance and Obstruction of Flight Path to Breeding Ardeids	Potential flight paths	Minor	N
	Impacts on Water Quality, Hydrodynamics Properties and Hydrology of Watercourse	STEMDC	Low to moderate	Y
	Potential Impacts due to Underground Construction Works
	Hydrological Disruptions due to Groundwater Drawdown	STEMDC	Minor	N
	Ground-borne Noise and Vibration	Aboveground ecological habitats and associated wildlife	Minor	N
Operation Phase	Direct Impacts
	Direct Injury/Mortality to Wildlife and Bird Collision		Insignificant	N
	Indirect Impacts
	Obstruction of Ardeid Flight line		Minor	N
	Water Quality Impact	On STEMDC and breeding location of Greater Painted-snipe	Minor	N
	Cumulative Impacts
	San Tin/Lok Ma Chau Development Node	-	Minor – for disturbance impacts (e.g. noise and glare) on recognized sites of conservation importance, the associated natural habitats and wildlife	N

Note:

(1) General good site practices and erection of site hoarding will be implemented in works sites/areas.

10.7.6 Kwu Tung/Chau Tau Area

Proposed Works Elements under the Project

10.7.6.1 There are four works elements and their associated works areas/sites in KTUCT Area:

· Kwu Tung (KTU) (NOL) Station;

· Kwu Tung Road Ancillary Building (EAP/EEP) (KTA);

· Pak Shek Au Ancillary Building (EAP/EEP) (PAA); and

· NOL Alignment Tunnel.

Key Identified Impacts

10.7.6.2 Potential direct impacts including loss of terrestrial habitats, impact on associated wildlife, direct impact to species of conservation importance, and indirect impacts including disturbance (e.g. in terms of increased noise, dust, glare and general human presence) may arise during the construction phase. Direct impact including direct injury/mortality to wildlife, bird collision, and indirect impact such as disturbance to adjacent habitats and associated wildlife in operation phase would be expected. Details are discussed in the sections below.

Construction Phase – Direct Impact

No Direct Impact on Recognized Sites of Conservation Importance and Ecologically Sensitive Area

10.7.6.3 Three recognized sites of conservation importance within KTUCT Area include the LVHSH Priority Site, WBA near Chau Tau Tsuen and “CA” at Hadden Hill at the south of San Tin Highway, while an ecologically sensitive area within the KTUCT area is the IBA located southeast to Sheung Yue River. The works site/area of KTU (NOL) Station, PAA and KTA are mostly within man-made habitats, e.g. developed area/wasteland and village/orchard, with some distance from the recognized sites of conservation importance, while the works site/area of KTA was refined to avoid encroachment onto the “CA” at Hadden Hill. The KTU (NOL) Station and the associated works sites/areas would maintain considerable distance from the IBA southeast to Sheung Yue River. No direct impact on the recognized sites of conservation importance and ecological sensitive area would be anticipated. Given no record of breeding or roosting site of species of conservation importance within any of the works site/area, there would also be no direct impact.

Direct Loss of Terrestrial Habitats and Impacts on the Associated Fauna

10.7.6.4 Permanent direct loss of terrestrial habitats would be anticipated due to the construction of KTU(NOL) Station, KTA and PAA, while their associated works sites/areas would be considered as temporary loss as these areas will be reinstated after the construction phase (details refer to Table 10.65 below). Majority of the KTUCT area would be situated within the project area of two concurrent projects, i.e. Kwu Tung North New Development Area (KTN NDA) and San Tin/Lok Ma Chau Development Node (STLMC DN). The KTU(NOL) Station and part of PAA as well as their associated works sites/areas are within the KTN NDA, while the KTA and its associated works sites/areas would be located within the STLMC DN. At the time of the construction for NOL, a number of habitats (including some of the watercourses) or existing sensitive receivers (e.g. species of conservation importance recorded) within the works sites/areas would have been converted to construction site or displaced/translocated due to land resumption of these two developments.

10.7.6.5 The permanent habitat loss would be mostly of developed area/wasteland, as well as some areas that are currently of village/orchard, plantation and watercourse habitats that would have been converted to developed area at the time of construction for NOL. The modified watercourses S-KC-3a and S-KC-3b within KTU(NOL) Station would be converted to box culvert under KTN NDA project before the construction of NOL, while the modified watercourse S-KC-3c located immediate south to the KTU(NOL) Station would have been demolished under the KTU(EAL) Station on Lok Ma Chau Spur Line before the construction of NOL. Another watercourse (S-KC-6) identified within the works site/area of PAA would be permanently lost due to NOL and converted into box culverts or pipes.

10.7.6.6 Besides, temporary loss due to the works sites/areas within KTUCT area would be dominated by developed area/wasteland (over 65%), as well as village/orchard and plantation that would have been converted to developed area under concurrent projects by the time of construction for NOL. Besides, small areas of shrubland and mixed woodland within the works site/area of PAA will be temporarily lost, however they would be the thin edges of the shrubland and woodland next to the developed area and prone to roadside disturbance. No floral species of conservation importance was recorded within the habitats to be lost.

10.7.6.7 Given the direct loss would be mostly of developed or man-made habitats, the impact on associated wildlife due to direct loss of terrestrial habitat would be minor.

Table 10.65 Direct Loss of Habitats within Kwu Tung/Chau Tau Area

Habitats⁽¹⁾	Approximate Size (ha) ⁽²⁾
Habitats⁽¹⁾	WC	DA	PL	V/O	SL	MWL	Sub-total ⁽³⁾
Permanent Loss
KTU(NOL) Station	0.09 ⁽²⁾	0.60	0.13 ⁽²⁾	0.13 ⁽²⁾	-	-	0.95
KTA	-	0.27	-	-	-	-	0.27
PAA	-	0.17	-	0.12	-	-	0.29
Total Permanent Loss (ha)	0.09	1.04	0.13	0.25	-	-	1.51
Temporary Loss
KTU(NOL) Station	0.02 ⁽²⁾	4.34	0.06⁽²⁾	0.13⁽²⁾	-	-	4.55
KTA	-	1.76	-	-	-	-	1.76
PAA	0.10	2.74	-	0.52	0.10	0.03	3.49
Total Temporary Loss (ha)	0.12	8.84	0.06	0.65	0.10	0.03	9.80

Notes:

(1) Habitats: WC=Watercourse; DA=Developed Area/Wasteland; PL=Plantation; V/O=Village/Orchard; SL=Shrubland; MWL=Mixed Woodland

(2) The type of habitats and the calculation of areas were based on the conditions during the survey period of NOL although modification of habitats (i.e. conversion to developed area/wasteland habitat) would have been expected from the construction of two concurrent projects (KTN NDA and STLMC DN) at the construction phase for NOL.

(3) The size included in this table is subject to rounding adjustments. Any discrepancies between total and sums of individual numbers listed therein are due to rounding.

Direct Impact on Species of Conservation Importance

10.7.6.8 Seven faunal species of conservation importance (i.e. Black Kite, Little Egret, Chinese Noctule, Japanese Pipistrelle, Pallas’s Squirrel, Lesser Bamboo Bat and one unknown Vespertilionidae species) were recorded within the works site/area of KTU(NOL) Station in watercourse, plantation, village/orchard and developed area/wasteland habitats, no faunal species of conservation importance was recorded in other works sites/areas. Furthermore, the habitats would have been converted to developed area/wasteland at the time of the NOL construction due to the construction works of another two concurrent projects in the area. Given the prior disturbance, displacement of fauna inhabiting within may result before the construction phase of NOL. And the species of conservation importance recorded are common, widely distributed in Hong Kong and highly mobile. No sign of breeding or roosting behaviour was observed within the works site/area and alternative habitats will be available in the nearby area. Therefore, no direct impact on these species of conservation importance is anticipated.

Bird Collision

10.7.6.9 The works site/area may cause injury or mortality of the commuting birds where temporary construction structures or building facades with materials that are excessively transparent or reflective (i.e. glass, windows) or difficult to see (e.g. cables, wires) are present. Since no significant flight path was observed and most of the bird species recorded were common and highly adapted to the developed areas, the impact of potential bird collision would be minor.

Construction Phase – Indirect Impact

Potential Impacts due to Aboveground Construction Works

Disturbance Impacts on Recognized Sites of Conservation Importance and Ecologically Sensitive Area

10.7.6.10 Three recognized sites of conservation importance (LVHSH Priority Site, WBA and “CA”) and an ecologically sensitive area (IBA) were identified within the KTUCT area. Part of the KTUCT area falls within the LVHSH Priority Site east of KTU(NOL) Station and the WBA near Chau Tau Tsuen west of San Tin Highway, as well as a patch of “CA” at Hadden Hill near KTA at the south of San Tin Highway. A small area of IBA is located southeast of Sheung Yue River covering Long Valley (outside the current Assessment Area). Disturbance such as increase in noise, dust, glare, traffic, as well as general increase in human presence during the construction phase will indirectly affect these sites of conservation importance, ecologically sensitive area and habitats, along with the flora and fauna inhabiting within.

10.7.6.11 At the time of the construction for NOL, the surrounding environment would have been converted into developed area following the construction works for KTN NDA and STLMC DN. Given the highly disturbed and developed conditions of the surrounding environment, the disturbance impact arising from the construction for NOL on recognized sites of conservation importance and ecologically sensitive area would be minor.

Disturbance Impacts on Terrestrial Habitats, Vegetation and Other Fauna

10.7.6.12 Several patches of natural habitats including woodland near Hadden Hill, mixed woodlands, shrublands and grasslands at or near Pak Shek Au and Hadden Hill were identified within KTUCT area, while some of them are outside “CA” but relatively close to the works sites/areas such as KTA. Disturbance such as increase in noise, dust, glare, traffic, as well as general increase in human presence during the construction phase would indirectly affect these natural habitats, along with the flora and fauna inhabiting within. Impact to the natural habitats is expected to be low to moderate.

10.7.6.13 At the time of the construction for NOL, the surrounding environment would have been converted into developed area/wasteland habitat following the construction works for KTN NDA and STLMC DN. Given the highly disturbed and developed conditions of the surrounding environment, as well as the recommended mitigation measures as provided in Section 10.9 (e.g. placing of site hoarding and temporary noise barriers, etc.), the added disturbance impact from the construction for NOL on terrestrial habitats, vegetation and other fauna would be minor.

Disturbance Impacts on Species of Conservation Importance

10.7.6.14 Apart from the species of conservation importance within the works sites/areas being directly impacted, the species of conservation importance recorded in close vicinity to the works sites/areas would also be indirectly affected by several forms of disturbance such as increase in noise, dust, glare, traffic, as well as general increase in human presence during the construction phase. Since some of the recorded species of conservation importance are of higher mobility such as Chinese Pond Heron, Japanese Pipistrelle and two unknown Vespertilionidae species, they would be less susceptible to the disturbance and able to move to other readily available habitats in the vicinity. However, low abundance of a fauna species of conservation importance of lower mobility, Spotted Narrow-mouthed Frog, was recorded in close vicinity of the works site/area of KTU(NOL) Station and this species would be more susceptible to disturbance due to lower mobility. However, as this species was recorded within the project site of KTU (EAL) Station, this species might have been displaced or translocated already at the time of construction for NOL. Therefore, the disturbance impact on species of conservation importance would be minor.

Impact on Water Quality and Hydrology of Watercourse

10.7.6.15 Despite the watercourses including S-KC-3b and S-KC-6 will be directly impacted and removed in the construction phase, the construction activities may potentially result in construction site runoff which may discharge in other watercourses that are hydrologically connected to the watercourses within the works sites/areas, such as Sheung Yue River and S-KC-8. Potential water quality and hydrology impacts (e.g. deterioration of water quality, increase in suspended solids and potential contaminants, and potential change in hydrodynamics) are anticipated to arise from the construction phase. These hydrologically connected watercourses would turn out be indirectly impacted. Several waterbirds including some avifaunal species of conservation importance (e.g. Chinese Pond Heron and Little Egret) were recorded utilizing these watercourses as potential foraging ground, however the S-KC-8 and Sheung Yue River were not in good quality (with littering observed in S-KC-8 and located immediately next to the maintenance/enhancement works in Sheung Yue River). Given that, the impact on water quality and hydrology of watercourse is anticipated to be minor.

Potential Impacts due to Underground Tunnelling Construction Works

Hydrological Disruptions due to Groundwater Drawdown

10.7.6.16 The underground section between SAT and KTU(NOL) Station would be carried out by tunnel boring method. The proposed underground NOL Alignment would cross a few modified watercourses S-KC-3a, S-KC-3b (both of them to be converted to box culvert), S-KC-6 (to be converted to box culvert or pipe), and S-KC-8. The major concern of the hydrology impact on the watercourses is the potential drawdown in any soil and aquifer layers. Any potential drawdown could result in different degrees of settlement and dewatering of surface water features. Given that these watercourses are highly modified and have concrete-lined bed and banks, which prevents water from leaking away from the channel thus into the railway tunnel. The precast concrete segmental linings adopted in tunnel boring method are watertight and utilize hydrophilic strips between segments, the full circumference of tunnel is designed with a waterproofing system to prevent groundwater leakage into the tunnel. The potential hydrological impact due to groundwater drawdown would be minor. In addition to the implementation of precautionary measures (e.g. probe drilling, pre-grouting) as discussed in Section 10.9, hydrological impact due to groundwater drawdown would be expected to be insignificant.

Ground-borne Noise and Vibration

10.7.6.17 The excavation works for NOL underground railway corridor could have potential disturbance impact to aboveground ecological habitats and associated wildlife due to ground-borne noise and vibration. Ground-borne noise and vibration arise mainly from excavation of underground tunnel. In KTUCT area, TBM would be adopted for tunneling works which significantly reduce noise, vibration and disruption to aboveground habitats. Moreover, the aboveground environment will be mostly developed area and the tunneling works is expected to be temporary in nature. As assessed in Section 5, the ground-borne noise impacts were found to comply with noise criteria, therefore the indirect impacts to ecological habitats and associated wildlife due to ground-borne noise and vibration is anticipated to be insignificant.

Operation Phase – Direct Impact

Direct Injury/Mortality to Wildlife and Bird Collision

10.7.6.18 During the operation phase, the proposed aboveground structures, including KTU (NOL) Station (about 17 m in height), KTA (about 25 m in height) and PAA (about 17 m in height), may impose a risk of direct injury/mortality to wildlife and bird collision. During the operation phase of NOL, the surrounding environment would have been converted into developed area/wasteland habitat following the construction works for KTN NDA and STLMC DN. Besides, no prominent flight path of avifauna and other wildlife corridor was identified. Hence, the potential impact on direct injury/mortality to wildlife and bird collision during operation phase would be minor. With the implementation of precautionary measures (e.g. using non-transparent or non-glazing materials) as proposed in Section 10.9, the potential impact would be anticipated to be insignificant.

Operation Phase – Indirect Impact

Disturbance to Adjacent Habitats and Associated Wildlife

10.7.6.19 Disturbance such as noise, glare, as well as general increase in human presence during the operation phase of the NOL would be expected and may lead to habitat quality deterioration in nearby habitats and displacement of fauna inhabiting within. The surrounding environment would have been highly urbanized with existing degrees of anthropogenic disturbance at the time of NOL operation. Most of the railway would be underground, while the ancillary buildings (including KTA and PAA) will only be used sporadically and usually for emergency, the disturbance impact from the operation of NOL (including KTU(NOL) Station) on nearby habitats and associated vegetation and fauna is anticipated to be insignificant.

Cumulative Impact

10.7.6.20 Majority of the KTUCT area will be overlapped with two concurrent projects, i.e. KTN NDA and STLMC DN. The project of KTN NDA would cover the eastern part of the KTUCT area (including Pak Shek Au and the area surrounding the KTU(NOL) Station), while the STLMC DN would cover the western part of the KTUCT area (near Chau Tau Tsuen).

10.7.6.21 According to the Recommended Outline Development Plan (RODP) for KTN NDA in the EIA report of NENT NDA, most of the eastern part of the KTUCT area, except woodlands at Pak Shek Au and LVHSH Priority Site, shrublands north to Pak Shek Au and at Fung Kong Shan and grassland north to Pak Shek Au, would have been converted to developed area under KTN NDA, including the current village/orchard, plantation, pond, dry agricultural land and some other scattered grassland and shrubland (refers to Figure No. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/332 to 333). Most of the watercourses within the development areas were proposed to be either diverted or converted to box culverts. The construction works of the Project are anticipated to commence tentatively in 2025 and to complete in 2034. The construction of KTN NDA commenced in 2017 and is expected to complete in 2029.

10.7.6.22 Although the details of the development plan of STLMC DN is unavailable in current stage, it is expected that the western part of KTUCT area that overlapped with STLMC DN project boundary would be converted into developed area, while the natural habitats at the hillside would be conserved as far as possible (refers to Figure No. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/332). The construction of the STLMC DN project would commence in 2025 for completion in 2034, therefore this project programme would also overlap with that of NOL.

10.7.6.23 Construction phase of both concurrent projects would overlap with the construction phase of NOL, as such ecological impacts expected from the three ongoing projects are anticipated to be exacerbated. It is expected that the concurrent project of KTN NDA would have reached the later stage of its construction and the STLMC DN would have commenced at the time of the construction for NOL. As such, the surrounding environment would have been converted into developed area/wasteland habitat during and after site formation. Most of the directly impacted areas of NOL and the immediate surrounding areas would have been developed and likely of low ecological value. As the natural habitats (e.g. woodland, mixed woodland, shrubland and grassland on Hadden Hill and near Pak Shek Au) in the proximity to the works sites/areas have already experienced certain degrees of human disturbance from existing urbanized environment, the cumulative ecological impact is anticipated to be minor.

Table 10.66 Summary of Potential Impacts and Mitigation Measures Requirements in Kwu Tung/Chau Tau Area

Kwu Tung/Chau Tau Area
	Impact	Ecologically Sensitive Receiver	Unmitigated Level of Impact	Mitigation Measures Required (Y/N) ⁽¹⁾
Construction Phase	Direct Impacts
	Direct Impact on Recognized Sites of Conservation Importance and Ecologically Sensitive Areas	LVHSH Priority Site, WBA, “CA” and IBA	No impact is anticipated	N.A.
	Direct Loss of Terrestrial Habitats and Impacts on the Associated Fauna	Developed Area/Wasteland	Minor	N
		Watercourse
		Plantation
		Village/orchard
		Shrubland
		Mixed Woodland
	Direct Impact on Species of Conservation Importance		No impact is anticipated	N.A.
	Bird Collision		Minor	N
	Indirect Impacts
	Potential Impacts due to Aboveground Construction Works
	Disturbance Impact on Recognized Sites of Conservation Importance and Ecologically Sensitive Areas	LVHSH Priority Site	Minor	N
		WBA
		“CA”
		IBA
	Disturbance Impacts on Terrestrial Habitats, Vegetation and Other Fauna	Natural terrestrial habitats	Low to moderate	Y
		Artificial habitats	Minor	N
	Disturbance Impacts on Species of Conservation Importance		Minor	N
	Impact on Water Quality and Hydrology of Watercourse		Minor	N
	Potential Impacts due to Underground Tunnelling Construction Works
	Hydrological Disruptions due to Groundwater Drawdown		Minor	N
	Ground-borne Noise and Vibration		Insignificant	N
Operation Phase	Direct Impacts
	Direct Injury / Mortality to Wildlife and Bird Collision		Minor	N
	Indirect Impacts
	Disturbance to Adjacent Habitats and Associated Wildlife		Insignificant	N
	Cumulative Impacts
	Concurrent Projects: • KTN NDA • STLMC DN	-	Minor – for disturbance impacts (e.g. noise and glare) on recognized sites of conservation importance, the associated natural habitats and wildlife	N

Note:

(1) General good site practices and erection of site hoarding will be implemented in works sites/areas.

10.7.7 Tai Shu Ha Area

Proposed Works Element

10.7.7.1 The works area at Tai Shu Ha will be used to construct the temporary explosive magazine for overnight explosive storage. Prior to the use of the temporary explosive magazine, proposed works would include removal of the plants within the works area, paving the original plantation area, constructing of explosives stores, sandbag mounds, secure fence, CCTV system, guard house (standard container office), lightning protection system, pillar house for power supply, street fire hydrant water tanks, pump shelter and BS systems. During the construction of the Project, explosives transport will be scheduled with approximately six trips per day.

Key Identified Impacts

10.7.7.2 Potential direct impact on recognized site of conservation importance, temporary loss of terrestrial habitats and the associated wildlife as well as species of conservation importance; and indirect impacts including disturbance (e.g. in terms of construction noise, dust, glare, run-off, and general human presence) may arise during the construction phase, while major direct or indirect impacts in operation phase are not anticipated. Details are discussed in sections below.

Construction Phase – Direct Impact

Direct Impact of Terrestrial Habitats and Associated Wildlife in Recognized Site of Conservation Importance

10.7.7.3 No direct impact on the TLCP would be anticipated since the works area is outside the TLCP. Besides, temporary habitat loss in the “CA” would be anticipated as the works area is within the “CA”. However, the works area is situated within the former Explosives Magazine for the construction of two previous projects (i.e. Hong Kong Section of Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Express Rail Link and Liantang/Heung Yuen Wai Boundary Control Point). Majority of the works area is currently a small plantation area that had been reinstated for three years (completed in 2019) by restoration planting after decommissioning of the former explosive magazine.

10.7.7.4 Temporary habitat loss would be anticipated during the construction phase of the Project for the forming the overnight explosive storage (details of works refer to Section 10.7.7.1). Majority of the works area is currently plantation habitat (approx. 0.28 ha) while the rest of it is an existing road (0.12 ha) (details refers to the Table 10.67 below). The works area consisted of mostly young trees of common native tree or shrub species from the restoration planting after the decommissioning of the former explosive magazine. No floral species of conservation importance was recorded.

10.7.7.5 Furthermore, most of the fauna species recorded within the works area are common and no significant wildlife corridor was observed within the works area. Alternative wildlife corridor or inhabiting habitat would be available in the nearby extensive plantation. No significant habitat fragmentation would be expected. The works area will be reinstated with restoration planting after decommissioning the proposed explosive storage. Given the habitat loss would be relatively small in area and temporary, as well as the relatively minor works within the works area, the direct impact of terrestrial habitat and associated wildlife in recognized site of conservation importance would be minor.

Table 10.67 Direct Loss of Habitats within Tai Shu Ha Area

Habitats⁽¹⁾	Approximate Size (ha)
Habitats⁽¹⁾	DA	PL	Sub-total ⁽²⁾
Temporary Loss
Works Area	0.12	0.28	0.40
Total Temporary Loss (ha)	0.12	0.28	0.40

Notes:

(1) Habitats: DA=Developed Area/Wasteland; PL=Plantation

(2) The size and percentage included in this table is subject to rounding adjustments. Any discrepancies between total and sums of individual numbers listed therein are due to rounding.

Direct Impact on Species of Conservation Importance

10.7.7.6 Four faunal species of conservation importance (i.e. four bat species including Chinese Noctule, Japanese Pipistrelle, Lesser Bamboo Bat, Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bat) were recorded flying above/near the works area. These species were also widely recorded in Hong Kong and the plantation habitat with similar nature are readily available within the Tai Shu Ha area. Given these species of conservation importance recorded are highly mobile, as well as no sign of their breeding or roosting behaviour within the works area, direct impact on these species of conservation importance is anticipated to be insignificant.

Construction Phase – Indirect Impact

Disturbance Impact on Recognized Sites of Conservation Importance

10.7.7.7 Two recognized sites of conservation importance were identified within and adjacent to the works area, including “CA” and TLCP (approx. 210 m east of the works area). Disturbance resulted from the proposed works described in Section 10.7.7.1, such as noise, dust and runoff from site formation, increase in traffic transporting the explosives, glare from the storage area, as well as general increase in human presence during the construction phase, would indirectly affect these sites of conservation importance and habitats, as well as the flora and fauna inhabiting within. An existing road leading to the storage would be used by the vehicles transporting materials. Given the small size and relatively minor works within the works area, as well as its temporary in nature, the indirect impact is anticipated to be minor.

Disturbance Impact on Terrestrial Habitats, Vegetation and Fauna

10.7.7.8 Disturbance such as noise and dust from the increase in traffic transporting the explosives, glare from the storage area, as well as general increase in human presence during the construction phase of the Project may lead to habitat quality deterioration in nearby habitats and displacement of fauna inhabiting within. Most of the habitats are man-made in nature and have been experiencing certain degrees of disturbance (e.g. noise) from the nearby HKMEC International Model Aviation Centre. Besides, most of the species recorded are generally common, widespread and highly mobile, except for fauna species of conservation importance discussed in Section 10.7.7.6 as well as some fauna species of conservation importance recorded in close vicinity of the works area.

10.7.7.9 Three species of conservation importance, including two amphibian species Short-legged Toad and Lesser Spiny Frog and a freshwater crab species Cryptopotamon anacoluthon, were recorded in close vicinity of the works area and they are of lower mobility therefore more susceptible to the disturbance.

10.7.7.10 The disturbance impact from the minor works on nearby habitats and associated vegetation and fauna is anticipated to be insignificant, but minor on the less mobile species of conservation importance as recorded in close vicinity of the works area.

Impact on Water Quality in Nearby Watercourses

10.7.7.11 Most of the watercourses within the Tai Shu Ha area were located relatively far away from the works area, while the closest watercourse, S-TSH-1, was located at the immediate south to the works area. As site formation of the storage area will require removal of plants/tree felling, and soil will be disturbed, run-off will potentially drain into the nearby waterbodies (i.e. S-TSH-1), especially in rainy season or after prolonged heavy rainfall. However, given the works within the works area will be relatively localized and small in scale within the works area (i.e. for temporary storage only), no alteration works in any watercourse would be expected. Therefore, indirect ecological impact on water quality in nearby watercourses would be anticipated to be low to moderate, if unmitigated. With the implementation of mitigation measures (e.g. control of construction runoff) as proposed in Section 10.9, the impact level would be considered as minor.

Operation Phase – Indirect Impact

10.7.7.12 No impact would be anticipated from the Tai Shu Ha works area during the operation phase of NOL as the overnight explosive storage will be decommissioned within the construction phase or before the operation phase. The works area will be reinstated after the decommission of explosive storage.

Table 10.68 Summary of Potential Impacts and Mitigation Measures Requirements in Tai Shu Ha Area

Tai Shu Ha Area
	Impact	Ecologically Sensitive Receiver	Unmitigated Level of Impact	Mitigation Measures Required (Y/N) ⁽¹⁾
Construction Phase	Direct Impacts
	Direct Impact of Terrestrial Habitats and Associated Wildlife in Recognized Site of Conservation Importance	“CA”	Minor	N
		Plantation	Minor	N
		Developed Area/wasteland	Minor	N
	Direct Impact on Species of Conservation Importance		Insignificant	N
	Indirect Impacts
	Disturbance Impact on Recognized Sites of Conservation Importance and Ecologically Sensitive Areas	“CA”	Minor	N
		TLCP	Minor	N
	Disturbance Impacts on Terrestrial Habitats, Vegetation and Fauna	Vegetation	Insignificant	N
		Highly mobile fauna	Insignificant
		Less mobile fauna	Minor	N
	Impact on Water Quality in Nearby Watercourses		Low to moderate	Y
	Operation Phase No direct or indirect impacts is anticipated during the operation phase. No cumulative impact is anticipated as there is no concurrent projects nearby.

Note:

(1) General good site practices and erection of site hoarding will be implemented in works sites/areas.

10.8 Evaluation of Potential Ecological Impacts

10.8.1 Potential ecological impacts on the identified habitats within the Assessment Area associated with the construction and operation of the Project were evaluated in accordance with the Annex 8 of the EIAO-TM, as presented in Table 10.69 to Table 10.100.

10.8.2 Kam Sheung Road/Pat Heung Area

Table 10.69 Evaluation of Potential Ecological Impacts to West Rail Compensatory Wetland and Pond in Kam Sheung Road/Pat Heung Area

Criteria	West Rail Compensatory Wetland	Pond
Habitat Quality	Moderate – for WRCW Parcel J Low to moderate – for WRCW Parcels C and I	Low
Species / Ecological Resources	Moderate to high floral and faunal diversity Species of conservation importance A total of 39 species of conservation importance were recorded in previous studies, while 11 species of conservation importance including one flora, six avifauna, one butterfly and three mammal species were recorded in present survey	Low floral and faunal diversity Species of conservation importance No species of conservation importance was recorded in both previous studies and present survey
Size / Abundance	Habitat would not be directly affected	Habitat would not be directly affected
Duration	Indirect Impact Indirect impact (noise and vibration, air/dust) during construction phase would be temporary Indirect impact (air/dust, noise, increase in human disturbance) during operation phase would be permanent	Indirect Impact Indirect impact (noise and vibration, air/dust) during construction phase would be temporary Indirect impact (air/dust, noise, increase in human disturbance) during operation phase would be permanent
Reversibility	Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts (air/dust, noise, glare) would be reversible. Operation phase indirect impacts (air/dust, noise, increase in human activities would be irreversible	Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts (air/dust, noise, glare) would be reversible. Operation phase indirect impacts (air/dust, noise, increase in human activities would be irreversible
Magnitude	Low for WRCW Parcel C, I and J Very low for WRCW Parcels K1, K2, K3 and L	Very low
Overall Impact Significance	Insignificant	Insignificant

Table 10.70 Evaluation of Potential Ecological Impacts to Watercourse and Dry Agricultural Land in Kam Sheung Road/Pat Heung Area

Criteria	Watercourse	Dry Agricultural Land
Habitat Quality	Low to moderate	Low to moderate
Species / Ecological Resources	Low to moderate floral and faunal diversity Species of conservation importance One species of conservation importance were recorded in previous studies, while nine species of conservation importance including six avifauna and three mammal species were recorded in present survey	Moderate to high floral and low to moderate faunal diversity Species of conservation importance No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies, while one butterfly species of conservation importance recorded in present survey
Size / Abundance	0.29 ha would be temporarily affected	Habitat would not be directly affected
Duration	Direct Impact Direct impact from decking over Ho Pui Channel from construction and operation phases (e.g. habitat loss) would be temporary Indirect Impact Indirect impact (noise and vibration, air/dust) during construction phase would be temporary Indirect impact (air/dust, noise, increase in human disturbance) during operation phase would be permanent	Indirect Impact Indirect impact (noise and vibration, air/dust) during construction phase would be temporary Indirect impact (air/dust, noise, increase in human disturbance) during operation phase would be permanent
Reversibility	Direct Impact Direct impact from aboveground permanent structures from construction and operation phases (e.g. habitat loss) would be irreversible Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts (air/dust, noise, glare) would be reversible Operation phase indirect impacts (air/dust, noise, increase in human activities would be irreversible	Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts (air/dust, noise, glare) would be reversible. Operation phase indirect impacts (air/dust, noise, increase in human activities would be irreversible
Magnitude	Low to moderate for Ho Pui Channel Low for other watercourses	Very low
Overall Impact Significance	Low to moderate for Ho Pui Channel Minor for other watercourses	Insignificant

Table 10.71 Evaluation of Potential Ecological Impacts to Mixed Woodland and Plantation in Kam Sheung Road/Pat Heung Area

Criteria	Mixed Woodland	Plantation
Habitat Quality	Low to moderate	Low
Species / Ecological Resources	Low to moderate floral and low faunal diversity Species of conservation importance A species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies, while three species of conservation importance including two avifauna and one butterfly species were recorded in present survey	Low to moderate floral and low faunal diversity Species of conservation importance No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies, while one mammal species of conservation importance was recorded in present survey
Size / Abundance	Habitat would not be directly affected	Habitat would not be directly affected
Duration	Indirect Impact Indirect impact (noise and vibration, air/dust) during construction phase would be temporary Indirect impact (air/dust, noise, increase in human disturbance) during operation phase would be permanent	Indirect Impact Indirect impact (noise and vibration, air/dust) during construction phase would be temporary Indirect impact (air/dust, noise, increase in human disturbance) during operation phase would be permanent
Reversibility	Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts (air/dust, noise, glare) would be reversible Operation phase indirect impacts (air/dust, noise, increase in human activities would be irreversible	Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts (air/dust, noise, glare) would be reversible Operation phase indirect impacts (air/dust, noise, increase in human activities would be irreversible
Magnitude	Low	Low
Overall Impact Significance	Insignificant	Insignificant

Table 10.72 Evaluation of Potential Ecological Impacts to Shrubland and Grassland in Kam Sheung Road/Pat Heung Area

Criteria	Shrubland	Grassland
Habitat Quality	Low to Moderate	Low to moderate – for hillside grassland Low – for low-lying grassland
Species / Ecological Resources	Low to moderate floral and faunal diversity Species of conservation importance No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies, while four species of conservation importance including one avifauna, two butterfly and one mammal species were recorded in present survey	Moderate floral and low to moderate faunal diversity Species of conservation importance No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies, while two species of conservation importance including one avifauna and one butterfly species were recorded in present survey
Size / Abundance	Habitat would not be directly affected	Habitat would not be directly affected
Duration	Indirect Impact Indirect impact (noise and vibration, air/dust) during construction phase would be temporary Indirect impact (air/dust, noise, increase in human disturbance) during operation phase would be permanent	Indirect Impact Indirect impact (noise and vibration, air/dust) during construction phase would be temporary Indirect impact (air/dust, noise, increase in human disturbance) during operation phase would be permanent
Reversibility	Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts (air/dust, noise, glare) would be reversible Operation phase indirect impacts (air/dust, noise, increase in human activities would be irreversible	Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts (air/dust, noise, glare) would be reversible. Operation phase indirect impacts (air/dust, noise, increase in human activities would be irreversible
Magnitude	Low	Low
Overall Impact Significance	Insignificant	Insignificant

Table 10.73 Evaluation of Potential Ecological Impacts to Village/Orchard and Developed Area/Wasteland in Kam Sheung Road/Pat Heung Area

Criteria

Village/Orchard

Developed Area/Wasteland

Habitat Quality

Low

Species / Ecological Resources

Moderate floral and low to moderate faunal diversity

Species of conservation importance

No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies, while five species of conservation importance including one avifauna and four mammal species were recorded in present survey

Moderate to high floral and moderate faunal diversity

Species of conservation importance

No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies, while 17 species of conservation importance inkling one flora, seven avifauna, two butterfly and seven mammal species were recorded in present survey

Size / Abundance

0.01 ha would be temporarily affected

1.42 ha would be permanently affected

7.06 ha would be temporarily affected

Duration

Direct Impact

Direct impact at aboveground works site/area from construction phase (e.g. habitat loss) would be temporary

Indirect Impact

Indirect impact (noise and vibration, air/dust) during construction phase would be temporary

Indirect impact (air/dust, noise, increase in human disturbance) during operation phase would be permanent

Direct Impact

Direct impact from aboveground permanent structures from construction and operation phases (e.g. habitat loss) would be permanent

Direct impact at aboveground works site/area from construction phase (e.g. habitat loss) would be temporary

Indirect Impact

Indirect impact (noise and vibration, air/dust) during construction phase would be temporary

Indirect impact (air/dust, noise, increase in human disturbance) during operation phase would be permanent

Reversibility

Direct Impact

Direct impact at aboveground works site/area from construction phase (e.g. habitat loss) would be reversible

Indirect Impact

Construction phase indirect impacts (air/dust, noise, glare) would be reversible.

Operation phase indirect impacts (air/dust, noise, increase in human activities would be irreversible

Direct Impact

Direct impact from aboveground permanent structures from construction and operation phases (e.g. habitat loss) would be irreversible

Direct impact at aboveground works site/area from construction phase (e.g. habitat loss) would be reversible

Indirect Impact

Construction phase indirect impacts (air/dust, noise, glare) would be reversible.

Operation phase indirect impacts (air/dust, noise, increase in human activities would be irreversible

Magnitude

Low

Overall Impact Significance

Minor for directly impacted village/orchard

Insignificant for other village/orchard

Minor for directly impacted developed area/wasteland

Insignificant for other developed area/wasteland

10.8.3 Sha Po/Au Tau Area

Table 10.74 Evaluation of Potential Ecological Impacts to Marsh/Reed and West Rail Compensatory Wetland in Sha Po/Au Tau Area

Criteria	Marsh/Reed	West Rail Compensatory Wetland
Habitat Quality	Moderate to high – for the middle and southern compartments of Sha Po Marsh Moderate – for the brackish marsh/reed along S-SA-6 and S-SA-6a Low to moderate – for the northern compartment of Sha Po Marsh, YLBFEW and other marsh/reed	Moderate – for Parcels A, B, B1, D and M Low to Moderate – for Parcels E and F
Species / Ecological Resources	Moderate to high floral and faunal diversity Species of conservation importance A total of three species of conservation importance were recorded in previous studies, while 21 species of conservation importance including two flora, seven avifauna, three butterfly, two odonate and seven mammal species were recorded in present survey	High floral and moderate to high faunal diversity Species of conservation importance A total of 54 species of conservation importance were recorded in previous studies, while 19 species of conservation importance including one flora, 12 avifauna, two butterfly and four odonate species were recorded in present survey
Size / Abundance	0.12 ha of marsh/reed would be permanently affected 0.14 ha of marsh/reed would be temporarily affected	Habitat would not be directly affected
Duration	Direct Impact Direct impact from aboveground permanent structures from construction and operation phases (e.g. habitat loss) would be permanent Direct impact at aboveground works site/area from construction phase (e.g. habitat loss) would be temporary Indirect Impact Indirect impact (noise and vibration, air/dust) during construction phase would be temporary Indirect impact (air/dust, noise, increase in human disturbance) during operation phase would be permanent	Indirect Impact Indirect impact (noise and vibration, air/dust) during construction phase would be temporary Indirect impact (air/dust, noise, increase in human disturbance) during operation phase would be permanent
Reversibility	Direct Impact Direct impact from aboveground permanent structures from construction and operation phases (e.g. habitat loss) would be irreversible Direct impact at aboveground works site/area from construction phase (e.g. habitat loss) would be reversible Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts (air/dust, noise, glare) would be reversible. Operation phase indirect impacts (air/dust, noise, increase in human activities would be irreversible	Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts (air/dust, noise, glare) would be reversible. Operation phase indirect impacts (air/dust, noise, increase in human activities would be irreversible
Magnitude	Very low	Very low
Overall Impact Significance	Low to moderate for the brackish marsh/reed along S-SA-6 Minor for the directly affected small and scattered marshes/reeds located south of Cheung Chun San Tsuen and near Au Tau Fisheries Office Insignificant for Sha Po Marsh and other small and scattered marshes/reeds which would not be directly affected	Insignificant

Table 10.75 Evaluation of Potential Ecological Impacts to Pond and Watercourse in Sha Po/Au Tau Area

Criteria	Pond	Watercourse
Habitat Quality	Moderate – for the active fishponds south of Cheung Chun San Tsuen near Au Tau Low to moderate –for the inactive and abandoned fishponds south of Cheung Chun San Tsuen near Au Tau, ponds within and next to YLBFEW west of Nam San Wai Road and west of Mo Fan Heung in Pok Wai Low – for other ponds	Moderate to high – for KTMDC Moderate – for S-SA-3 and S-SA-6 Low to Moderate – for other watercourses
Species / Ecological Resources	Low to moderate floral and moderate faunal diversity Species of conservation importance A floral species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies, while 21 species of conservation importance including 17 avifauna, one odonate and three mammal species were recorded in present survey	Low floral diversity, moderate faunal diversity – for KTMDC Low floral diversity, low to moderate faunal diversity – for meander S-SA-6 Low floral and faunal diversity – for other watercourses in SPAUT area Species of conservation importance A total of 21 species of conservation importance were recorded at KTMDC in previous studies, while no species of conservation importance recorded at remaining watercourses in previous studies A total of 18 species of conservation importance including 17 avifauna and one mammal species were recorded at KTMDC in present survey, while a total of 15 species of conservation importance including nine avifauna, one odonate and five mammal species were recorded at remaining watercourses (except S-SA-1 and S-SA-6) in present survey No species of conservation importance was recorded in both previous studies and present survey at S-SA-1 No species of conservation importance was recorded at S-SA-6 in previous studies, while a total of nine fauna species of conservation importance including eight avifauna and one odonate species were recorded at S-SA-6 in present survey
Size / Abundance	Habitat would not be directly affected	<0.01 ha of S-SA-6a would be permanently affected <0.01 ha of S-SA-6a would be temporarily affected
Duration	Indirect Impact Indirect impact (noise and vibration, air/dust) during construction phase would be temporary Indirect impact (air/dust, noise, increase in human disturbance) during operation phase would be permanent	Direct Impact Direct impact from aboveground permanent structures from construction and operation phases (e.g. habitat loss) would be permanent Direct impact at aboveground works site/area from construction phase (e.g. habitat loss) would be temporary Indirect Impact Indirect impact (noise and vibration, air/dust) during construction phase would be temporary Indirect impact (air/dust, noise, increase in human disturbance) during operation phase would be permanent
Reversibility	Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts (air/dust, noise, glare) would be reversible. Operation phase indirect impacts (air/dust, noise, increase in human activities would be irreversible	Direct Impact Direct impact from aboveground permanent structures from construction and operation phases (e.g. habitat loss) would be irreversible Direct impact at aboveground works site/area from construction phase (e.g. habitat loss) would be reversible Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts (air/dust, noise, glare) would be reversible. Operation phase indirect impacts (air/dust, noise, increase in human activities would be irreversible
Magnitude	Very low	Very low
Overall Impact Significance	Insignificant	Minor for directly impacted watercourses Insignificant for other watercourse

Table 10.76 Evaluation of Potential Ecological Impacts to Seasonally Wet Grassland and Dry Agricultural Land in Sha Po/Au Tau Area

Criteria	Seasonally Wet Grassland	Dry Agricultural Land
Habitat Quality	Low	Low
Species / Ecological Resources	Low floral and low to moderate faunal diversity Species of conservation importance No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies, while two avifauna species of conservation importance were recorded in present survey	Low to moderate floral and low faunal diversity Species of conservation importance No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies, while two species of conservation importance including one avifauna and one butterfly species were recorded in present survey
Size / Abundance	Habitat would not be directly affected	Habitat would not be directly affected
Duration	Indirect Impact Indirect impact (noise and vibration, air/dust) during construction phase would be temporary Indirect impact (air/dust, noise, increase in human disturbance) during operation phase would be permanent	Indirect Impact Indirect impact (noise and vibration, air/dust) during construction phase would be temporary Indirect impact (air/dust, noise, increase in human disturbance) during operation phase would be permanent
Reversibility	Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts (air/dust, noise, glare) would be reversible Operation phase indirect impacts (air/dust, noise, increase in human activities would be irreversible	Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts (air/dust, noise, glare) would be reversible Operation phase indirect impacts (air/dust, noise, increase in human activities would be irreversible
Magnitude	Very low	Very low
Overall Impact Significance	Insignificant	Insignificant

Table 10.77 Evaluation of Potential Ecological Impacts to Woodland and Mixed Woodland in Sha Po/Au Tau Area

Criteria	Woodland	Mixed Woodland
Habitat Quality	Moderate	Low to moderate
Species / Ecological Resources	Moderate to high floral and low faunal diversity Species of conservation importance No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies, while six species of conservation importance including three flora and three mammal species were recorded in present survey	Low floral and faunal diversity Species of conservation importance A butterfly species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies, while six species of conservation importance including one avifauna, one butterfly and four mammal species were recorded in present survey
Size / Abundance	Habitat would not be directly affected	Habitat would not be directly affected
Duration	Indirect Impact Indirect impact (noise and vibration, air/dust) during construction phase would be temporary Indirect impact (air/dust, noise, increase in human disturbance) during operation phase would be permanent	Indirect Impact Indirect impact (noise and vibration, air/dust) during construction phase would be temporary Indirect impact (air/dust, noise, increase in human disturbance) during operation phase would be permanent
Reversibility	Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts (air/dust, noise, glare) would be reversible. Operation phase indirect impacts (air/dust, noise, increase in human activities would be irreversible	Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts (air/dust, noise, glare) would be reversible. Operation phase indirect impacts (air/dust, noise, increase in human activities would be irreversible
Magnitude	Very low	Very low
Overall Impact Significance	Insignificant	Insignificant

Table 10.78 Evaluation of Potential Ecological Impacts to Plantation and Shrubland in Sha Po/Au Tau Area

Criteria	Plantation	Shrubland
Habitat Quality	Low to moderate – for the plantation utilized by Ko Po Road Ardeid Night Roost, hillside plantation within “CA” and LTCP on Kai Kung Leng Low – remaining plantations	Low
Species / Ecological Resources	Low to moderate floral and low faunal diversity Species of conservation importance No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies, while six species of conservation importance including one avifauna and five mammal species were recorded in present survey	Low floral and faunal diversity Species of conservation importance No species of conservation importance recorded in both previous studies and present survey
Size / Abundance	Habitat would not be directly affected	Habitat would not be directly affected
Duration	Indirect Impact Indirect impact (noise and vibration, air/dust) during construction phase would be temporary Indirect impact (air/dust, noise, increase in human disturbance) during operation phase would be permanent	Indirect Impact Indirect impact (noise and vibration, air/dust) during construction phase would be temporary Indirect impact (air/dust, noise, increase in human disturbance) during operation phase would be permanent
Reversibility	Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts (air/dust, noise, glare) would be reversible. Operation phase indirect impacts (air/dust, noise, increase in human activities would be irreversible	Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts (air/dust, noise, glare) would be reversible Operation phase indirect impacts (air/dust, noise, increase in human activities would be irreversible
Magnitude	Very low	Very low
Overall Impact Significance	Insignificant	Insignificant

Table 10.79 Evaluation of Potential Ecological Impacts to Grassland, Village/Orchard and Developed Area/Wasteland in Sha Po/Au Tau Area

Criteria	Grassland	Village/Orchard	Developed Area/Wasteland
Habitat Quality	Moderate – for hillside grassland Low – for low-lying grassland	Low	Moderate – for Pok Wai Public School Low – for other developed area/wasteland
Species / Ecological Resources	Low to moderate floral and faunal diversity Species of conservation importance No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies, while 11 species of conservation importance including one flora, three avifauna, five butterfly and two mammal species were recorded in present survey	Low floral and faunal diversity Species of conservation importance No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies, while four species of conservation importance including one flora, one avifauna and two mammal species were recorded in present survey	Moderate to high floral and moderate faunal diversity Species of conservation importance Two species of conservation importance were recorded in previous studies, while 22 species of conservation importance including eight avifauna, five butterfly, one herpetofauna, and eight mammal species were recorded in present survey
Size / Abundance	Habitat would not be directly affected	0.13 ha would be temporarily affected	1.36 ha would be permanently affected: - 0.23 ha developed area/wasteland in Pok Wai Public School - 1.13 ha other developed area/wasteland 3.53 ha would be temporarily affected: - 0.53 ha developed area/wasteland in Pok Wai Public School - 3.00 ha other developed area/wasteland
Duration	Indirect Impact Indirect impact (noise and vibration, air/dust) during construction phase would be temporary Indirect impact (air/dust, noise, increase in human disturbance) during operation phase would be permanent	Direct Impact Direct impact at aboveground works site/area from construction phase (e.g. habitat loss) would be temporary Indirect Impact Indirect impact (noise and vibration, air/dust) during construction phase would be temporary Indirect impact (air/dust, noise, increase in human disturbance) during operation phase would be permanent	Direct Impact Direct impact from aboveground permanent structures from construction and operation phases (e.g. habitat loss) would be permanent Direct impact at aboveground works site/area from construction phase (e.g. habitat loss) would be temporary Indirect Impact Indirect impact (noise and vibration, air/dust) during construction phase would be temporary Indirect impact (air/dust, noise, increase in human disturbance) during operation phase would be permanent
Reversibility	Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts (air/dust, noise, glare) would be reversible. Operation phase indirect impacts (air/dust, noise, increase in human activities would be irreversible	Direct Impact Direct impact at aboveground works site/area from construction phase (e.g. habitat loss) would be reversible. Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts (air/dust, noise, glare) would be reversible. Operation phase indirect impacts (air/dust, noise, increase in human activities would be irreversible	Direct Impact Direct impact from aboveground permanent structures from construction and operation phases (e.g. habitat loss) would be irreversible Direct impact at aboveground works site/area from construction phase (e.g. habitat loss) would be reversible Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts (air/dust, noise, glare) would be reversible. Operation phase indirect impacts (air/dust, noise, increase in human activities would be irreversible
Magnitude	Very low	Very low	Moderate to high – for Pok Wai Public School Very low – for other developed area/wasteland
Overall Impact Significance	Insignificant	Minor – for directly impacted village/orchard Insignificant – for other village/orchard	Low to moderate – for Pok Wai Public School Insignificant – for other developed area/wasteland

10.8.4 Ngau Tam Mei/Pok Wai Area

Table 10.80 Evaluation of Potential Ecological Impacts to Marsh/Reed and Pond in Ngau Tam Mei/Pok Wai Area

Criteria	Marsh/Reed	Pond
Habitat Quality	Low	Low to moderate – for ponds west of San Tin Highway Low - for other ponds
Species / Ecological Resources	Very low floral and faunal diversity Species of conservation importance No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies, while two species of conservation importance including one floral and one avifauna species were recorded in present survey	Very low floral and faunal diversity Species of conservation importance Six avifauna species of conservation importance were recorded in previous studies, while eight species of conservation importance including five avifauna and three mammal species were recorded in present survey
Size / Abundance	Habitat would not be directly affected	Habitat would not be directly affected
Duration	Indirect Impact Indirect impact (noise and vibration, air/dust) during construction phase would be temporary Indirect impact (air/dust, noise, increase in human disturbance) during operation phase would be permanent	Indirect Impact Indirect impact (noise and vibration, air/dust) during construction phase would be temporary Indirect impact (air/dust, noise, increase in human disturbance) during operation phase would be permanent
Reversibility	Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts (air/dust, noise, glare) would be reversible Operation phase indirect impacts (air/dust, noise, increase in human activities would be irreversible	Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts (air/dust, noise, glare) would be reversible Operation phase indirect impacts (air/dust, noise, increase in human activities would be irreversible
Magnitude	Very low	Very low
Overall Impact Significance	Insignificant	Insignificant

Table 10.81 Evaluation of Potential Ecological Impacts to Watercourse and Dry Agricultural Land in Ngau Tam Mei/Pok Wai Area

Criteria	Watercourse (S-NP-1 to S-NP-11 and NTMDC)	Dry Agricultural Land
Habitat Quality	Low to moderate – for NTMDC Low – for other watercourses	Low
Species / Ecological Resources	Low floral and faunal diversity Species of conservation importance No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies, while 12 species of conservation importance including nine avifauna, one butterfly and two mammal were recorded in present survey	Low floral and faunal diversity Species of conservation importance No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies, while four species of conservation importance including one avifauna and three mammal species were recorded in present survey
Size / Abundance	0.05 ha would be permanently affected 0.12 ha would be temporarily affected	0.08 ha would be permanently affected 0.78 ha would be temporarily affected
Duration	Direct Impact Direct impact from aboveground permanent structures from construction and operation phases (e.g. habitat loss) would be permanent Direct impact at aboveground works site/area from construction phase (e.g. habitat loss) would be temporary Indirect Impact Indirect impact (noise and vibration, air/dust) during construction phase would be temporary Indirect impact (air/dust, noise, increase in human disturbance) during operation phase would be permanent	Direct Impact Direct impact from aboveground permanent structures from construction and operation phases (e.g. habitat loss) would be permanent Direct impact at aboveground works site/area from construction phase (e.g. habitat loss) would be temporary Indirect Impact Indirect impact (noise and vibration, air/dust) during construction phase would be temporary Indirect impact (air/dust, noise, increase in human disturbance) during operation phase would be permanent
Reversibility	Direct Impact Permanent habitat loss would be irreversible while temporary habitat loss would be reversible Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be reversible Operation phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be irreversible	Direct Impact Permanent habitat loss would be irreversible while temporary habitat loss would be reversible Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be reversible Operation phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be irreversible
Magnitude	Low-moderate	Low
Overall Impact Significance	Minor – for directly impacted watercourses (i.e. S-NP-5, 5a and 9) Insignificant – for other watercourses (i.e. S-NP-1 to 4, S-NP-6 to 8 and NTM DC)	Minor – for directly impacted dry agricultural land Insignificant – for other dry agricultural land

Table 10.82 Evaluation of Potential Ecological Impacts to Woodland and Mixed Woodland in Ngau Tam Mei/Pok Wai Area

Criteria	Woodland	Mixed Woodland
Habitat Quality	Moderate	Low to moderate
Species / Ecological Resources	Low-moderate floral and faunal diversity Species of conservation importance No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies, while two floral, one avifauna and three mammal species of conservation importance recorded in present survey	Low-moderate floral and faunal diversity Species of conservation importance No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies, while three floral, three avifauna and seven mammal species of conservation importance recorded in present survey
Size / Abundance	Habitat would not be directly affected	0.04 ha would be temporarily affected
Duration	Indirect Impact Indirect impact (noise and vibration, air/dust) during construction phase would be temporary Indirect impact (air/dust, noise, increase in human disturbance) during operation phase would be permanent	Direct Impact Direct impact at aboveground works site/area from construction phase (e.g. habitat loss) would be temporary Indirect Impact Indirect impact (noise and vibration, air/dust) during construction phase would be temporary Indirect impact (air/dust, noise, increase in human disturbance) during operation phase would be permanent
Reversibility	Direct Impact No direct impact to woodland would be anticipated Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increase human activities would be reversible Operation phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be irreversible	Direct Impact Temporary habitat loss would be reversible Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be reversible Operation phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be irreversible
Magnitude	Low	Low
Overall Impact Significance	Insignificant	Minor – for the directly impacted mixed woodland Insignificant – for other mixed woodland

Table 10.83 Evaluation of Potential Ecological Impacts to Plantation and Shrubland in Ngau Tam Mei/Pok Wai Area

Criteria	Plantation	Shrubland
Habitat Quality	Low to moderate – for hillside plantation on Kai Kung Leng Low – for remaining plantations	Low to Moderate – for hillside shrubland on Kai Kung Leng Low – for shrubland in Ngau Tam Mei
Species / Ecological Resources	Low floral and faunal diversity Species of conservation importance No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies, while four mammal species of conservation importance recorded in present survey	Low floral and faunal diversity Species of conservation importance No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies, while two species of conservation importance including one floral and one amphibian species were recorded in present survey
Size / Abundance	0.03 ha would be temporarily affected	0.20 ha would be temporarily affected
Duration	Direct Impact Direct impact at aboveground works site/area from construction phase (e.g. habitat loss) would be temporary Indirect Impact Indirect impact (noise and vibration, air/dust) during construction phase would be temporary Indirect impact (air/dust, noise, increase in human disturbance) during operation phase would be permanent	Direct Impact Direct impact at aboveground works site/area from construction phase (e.g. habitat loss) would be temporary Indirect Impact Indirect impact (noise and vibration, air/dust) during construction phase would be temporary Indirect impact (air/dust, noise, increase in human disturbance) during operation phase would be permanent
Reversibility	Direct Impact Temporary habitat loss would be reversible Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be reversible Operation phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be irreversible	Direct Impact Temporary habitat loss would be reversible Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be reversible Operation phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be irreversible
Magnitude	Low	Low
Overall Impact Significance	Minor – for directly impacted plantation Insignificant – for hillside plantation on Kai Kung Leng	Minor – for directly impacted shrubland Insignificant – for hillside shrubland on Kai Kung Leng

Table 10.84 Evaluation of Potential Ecological Impacts to Grassland, Village/Orchard and Developed Area/Wasteland in Ngau Tam Mei/Pok Wai Area

Criteria	Grassland	Village/Orchard	Developed Area/Wasteland
Habitat Quality	Low to Moderate – for hillside grassland Low – for low-lying grassland	Low	Low
Species / Ecological Resources	Low floral and faunal diversity Species of conservation importance A reptile species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies, while nine species of conservation importance including two floral, three avifauna and four butterfly species were recorded in present survey	Low floral and faunal diversity Species of conservation importance No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies, while seven species of conservation importance including one avifauna, one odonate species, one amphibian and four mammal species were recorded in present survey	Low floral and faunal diversity Species of conservation importance No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies, while 15 species of conservation importance including four avifauna, three butterfly, one odonate, one amphibian and six mammal species were recorded in present survey
Size / Abundance	0.21 ha would be temporarily affected	0.34 ha would be permanently affected 0.69 ha would be temporarily affected	12.21 ha would be permanently affected 4.67 ha would be temporarily affected
Duration	Direct Impact Direct impact at aboveground works site/area from construction phase (e.g. habitat loss) would be temporary Indirect Impact Indirect impact (noise and vibration, air/dust) during construction phase would be temporary Indirect impact (air/dust, noise, increase in human disturbance) during operation phase would be permanent	Direct Impact Direct impact from aboveground permanent structures from construction and operation phases (e.g. habitat loss) would be permanent Direct impact at aboveground works site/area from construction phase (e.g. habitat loss) would be temporary Indirect Impact Indirect impact (noise and vibration, air/dust) during construction phase would be temporary Indirect impact (air/dust, noise, increase in human disturbance) during operation phase would be permanent	Direct Impact Direct impact from aboveground permanent structures from construction and operation phases (e.g. habitat loss) would be permanent Direct impact at aboveground works site/area from construction phase (e.g. habitat loss) would be temporary Indirect Impact Indirect impact (noise and vibration, air/dust) during construction phase would be temporary Indirect impact (air/dust, noise, increase in human disturbance) during operation phase would be permanent
Reversibility	Direct Impact Temporary habitat loss would be reversible Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be reversible Operation phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be irreversible	Direct Impact Permanent habitat loss would be irreversible while temporary habitat loss would be reversible Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be reversible Operation phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be irreversible	Direct Impact Permanent habitat loss would be irreversible while temporary habitat loss would be reversible Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increase human activities would be reversible Operation phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be irreversible
Magnitude	Low	Low	Low
Overall Impact Significance	Minor – for directly impacted low-lying grassland located within works site of LHA Insignificant – for hillside grassland, and other low-lying grassland	Minor – for directly impacted village/orchard Insignificant – for other village/orchard	Minor

10.8.5 San Tin/Shek Wu Wai Area

Table 10.85 Evaluation of Potential Ecological Impacts to Marsh/Reed and Pond in San Tin/Shek Wu Wai Area

Criteria	Marsh/Reed	Pond
Habitat Quality	Moderate – for the three marshes/reeds with higher coverage and diversity of wetland plants Low to moderate – for other marshes/reeds	Moderate – for the contiguous ponds north of San Tin Highway Low – for other ponds
Species / Ecological Resources	Low floral and faunal diversity Species of conservation importance No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies, while a total of five species of conservation importance including one avifauna, two butterfly and two mammal species recorded in present survey	Low floral and faunal diversity Species of conservation importance No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies, while 11 avifauna species of conservation importance recorded in present survey
Size / Abundance	0.04 ha would be permanently affected by NOL 0.99 ha would be temporarily affected by NOL	0.54 ha would be temporarily affected by NOL
Duration	Direct Impact Direct impact from aboveground permanent structures from construction and operation phases (e.g. habitat loss) would be permanent Direct impact at aboveground works site/area from construction phase (e.g. habitat loss) would be temporary Indirect Impact Indirect impact (noise and vibration, air/dust) during construction phase would be temporary No operation phase indirect impact	Direct Impact Direct impact at aboveground works site/area from construction phase (e.g. habitat loss) would be temporary Indirect Impact Indirect impact (noise and vibration, air/dust) during construction phase would be temporary No operation phase indirect impact
Reversibility	Direct Impact Direct impact from aboveground permanent structures from construction and operation phases (e.g. habitat loss) would be irreversible Direct impact at aboveground works site/area from construction phase (e.g. habitat loss) would be reversible Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts (air/dust, noise, glare) would be reversible. No operation phase indirect impact	Direct Impact Direct impact at aboveground works site/area from construction phase (e.g. habitat loss) would be reversible Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts (air/dust, noise, glare) would be reversible. No operation phase indirect impact
Magnitude	Low	Low
Overall Impact Significance	Low to moderate – for the three directly impacted marshes/reeds of moderate ecological value Minor – for directly impacted marsh/reed of low to moderate ecological value Insignificant – for other marsh/reed	Minor – for directly impacted ponds Insignificant – for the contiguous ponds north of San Tin Highway

Table 10.86 Evaluation of Potential Ecological Impacts to Watercourse and Wet Agricultural Land in San Tin/Shek Wu Wai Area

Criteria	Watercourse	Wet Agricultural Land
Habitat Quality	Moderate – for STEMDC Low to moderate – for S-SS1 to S-SS-7	Low
Species / Ecological Resources	Low floral and faunal diversity Species of conservation importance No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies, while 16 species of conservation importance including seven avifauna, one odonate, one reptile and seven mammal species were recorded in present survey	Low floral and faunal diversity Species of conservation importance A total of 11 avifauna species of conservation importance were recorded in either wet or dry agricultural lands (not specified in the literature) in previous studies. No species of conservation importance recorded in present survey
Size / Abundance	<0.01 ha of S-SS-4b would be permanently affected by NOL 0.26 ha of S-SS-4, S-SS-4a and S-SS-4b would be temporarily affected by NOL	0.05 ha would be permanently affected by NOL 0.26 ha would be temporarily affected by NOL
Duration	Direct Impact Direct impact from aboveground permanent structures from construction and operation phases (e.g. habitat loss) would be permanent Direct impact at aboveground works site/area from construction phase (e.g. habitat loss) would be temporary Indirect Impact Indirect impact (noise and vibration, air/dust) during construction phase would be temporary No operation phase indirect impact	Direct Impact Direct impact from aboveground permanent structures from construction and operation phases (e.g. habitat loss) would be permanent Direct impact at aboveground works site/area from construction phase (e.g. habitat loss) would be temporary Indirect Impact Indirect impact (noise and vibration, air/dust) during construction phase would be temporary No operation phase indirect impact
Reversibility	Direct Impact Direct impact from aboveground permanent structures from construction and operation phases (e.g. habitat loss) would be irreversible Direct impact at aboveground works site/area from construction phase (e.g. habitat loss) would be reversible Indirect Impact Indirect impact (noise and vibration, air/dust) during construction phase would be reversible No operation phase indirect impact	Direct Impact Direct impact from aboveground permanent structures from construction and operation phases (e.g. habitat loss) would be irreversible Direct impact at aboveground works site/area from construction phase (e.g. habitat loss) would be reversible Indirect Impact Indirect impact (noise and vibration, air/dust) during construction phase would be reversible No operation phase indirect impact
Magnitude	Low	Low
Overall Impact Significance	Minor – for directly impacted watercourse Insignificant – for other watercourse	Minor – for directly impacted wet agricultural land

Table 10.87 Evaluation of Potential Ecological Impacts to Dry Agricultural Land and Woodland in San Tin/Shek Wu Wai Area

Criteria	Dry Agricultural Land	Woodland
Habitat Quality	Low to moderate	Low to moderate
Species / Ecological Resources	Low floral and faunal diversity Species of conservation importance A total of 11 species of conservation importance were recorded in either wet or dry agricultural lands (not specified in the literature) in previous studies, while 11 faunal species of conservation importance, including six avifauna, one butterfly and four mammal species were recorded in present survey	Low floral and faunal diversity Species of conservation importance No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies, while two mammal species of conservation importance recorded in present survey
Size / Abundance	0.17 ha would be permanently affected by NOL 2.49 ha would be temporarily affected by NOL	Habitat would not be directly affected by NOL
Duration	Direct Impact Direct impact from aboveground permanent structures from construction and operation phases (e.g. habitat loss) would be permanent Direct impact at aboveground works site/area from construction phase (e.g. habitat loss) would be temporary Indirect Impact Indirect impact (noise and vibration, air/dust) during construction phase would be temporary No operation phase indirect impact	Indirect Impact Indirect impact (noise and vibration, air/dust) during construction phase would be temporary No operation phase indirect impact
Reversibility	Direct Impact Direct impact from aboveground permanent structures from construction and operation phases (e.g. habitat loss) would be irreversible Direct impact at aboveground works site/area from construction phase (e.g. habitat loss) would be reversible Indirect Impact Indirect impact (noise and vibration, air/dust) during construction phase would be reversible No operation phase indirect impact	Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts (air/dust, noise, glare) would be reversible No operation phase indirect impact
Magnitude	Low	Low
Overall Impact Significance	Minor – for directly impacted dry agricultural land Insignificant – for other dry agricultural land	Insignificant

Table 10.88 Evaluation of Potential Ecological Impacts to Mixed Woodland and Plantation in San Tin/Shek Wu Wai Area

Criteria	Mixed Woodland	Plantation
Habitat Quality	Low to moderate	Low
Species / Ecological Resources	Low floral and faunal diversity Species of conservation importance No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies, while seven species of conservation importance including one flora, three avifauna and three mammal species were recorded in present survey	Low floral and faunal diversity Species of conservation importance No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies, while two species of conservation importance including one avifauna and one butterfly species were recorded in present survey
Size / Abundance	0.72 ha would be temporarily affected by NOL	0.02 ha would be temporarily affected by NOL
Duration	Direct Impact Direct impact at aboveground works site/area from construction phase (e.g. habitat loss) would be temporary Indirect Impact Indirect impact (noise and vibration, air/dust) during construction phase would be temporary No operation phase indirect impact	Direct Impact Direct impact at aboveground works site/area from construction phase (e.g. habitat loss) would be temporary Indirect Impact Indirect impact (noise and vibration, air/dust) during construction phase would be temporary No operation phase indirect impact
Reversibility	Direct Impact Temporary loss would be reversible Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increase human activities, would be reversible No operation phase indirect impact	Direct Impact Temporary loss would be reversible Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increase human activities, would be reversible No operation phase indirect impact
Magnitude	Low	Low
Overall Impact Significance	Minor – for directly impacted mixed woodland Insignificant – for other mixed woodland	Minor – for directly impacted plantation Insignificant – for other plantation

Table 10.89 Evaluation of Potential Ecological Impacts to Shrubland and Grassland in San Tin/Shek Wu Wai Area

Criteria	Shrubland	Grassland
Habitat Quality	Low to moderate	Low to moderate – for both hillside grassland and low-lying grassland
Species / Ecological Resources	Low floral and faunal diversity Species of conservation importance No species of conservation importance was recorded in both previous studies and present survey	Low floral and faunal diversity Species of conservation importance No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies, while nine species of conservation importance including two avifauna, six butterfly and one mammal species were recorded in present survey
Size / Abundance	0.21 ha would be temporarily affected by NOL	0.66 ha would be temporarily affected by NOL
Duration	Direct Impact Direct impact at aboveground works site/area from construction phase (e.g. habitat loss) would be temporary Indirect Impact Indirect impact (noise and vibration, air/dust) during construction phase would be temporary No operation phase indirect impact	Direct Impact Direct impact from aboveground permanent structures from construction and operation phases (e.g. habitat loss) would be permanent Direct impact at aboveground works site/area from construction phase (e.g. habitat loss) would be temporary Indirect Impact Indirect impact (noise and vibration, air/dust) during construction phase would be temporary No operation phase indirect impact
Reversibility	Direct Impact Temporary loss would be reversible Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increase human activities, would be reversible No operation phase indirect impact	Direct Impact Direct impact from aboveground permanent structures from construction and operation phases (e.g. habitat loss) would be irreversible Direct impact at aboveground works site/area from construction phase (e.g. habitat loss) would be reversible Indirect Impact Indirect impact (noise and vibration, air/dust) during construction phase would be reversible No operation phase indirect impact
Magnitude	Low	Low
Overall Impact Significance	Minor – for directly impacted shrubland Insignificant – for other shrubland	Minor – for directly impacted grassland Insignificant – for other grassland

Table 10.90 Evaluation of Potential Ecological Impacts to Shrubland and Grassland in San Tin/Shek Wu Wai Area

Criteria	Village/Orchard	Developed Area/Wasteland
Habitat Quality	Low to moderate	Low
Species / Ecological Resources	Low floral and faunal diversity Species of conservation importance No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies, while six species of conservation importance including three avifauna and three mammal species were recorded in present survey	Low floral and faunal diversity Species of conservation importance No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies, while ten species of conservation importance including four avifauna, one butterfly and five mammal species were recorded in present survey
Size / Abundance	0.05 ha would be permanently affected by NOL 0.88 ha would be temporarily affected by NOL	1.14 ha would be permanently affected by NOL 14.81 ha would be temporarily affected by NOL
Duration	Direct Impact Direct impact from aboveground permanent structures from construction and operation phases (e.g. habitat loss) would be permanent Direct impact at aboveground works site/area from construction phase (e.g. habitat loss) would be temporary Indirect Impact Indirect impact (noise and vibration, air/dust) during construction phase would be temporary No operation phase indirect impact	Direct Impact Direct impact from aboveground permanent structures from construction and operation phases (e.g. habitat loss) would be permanent Direct impact at aboveground works site/area from construction phase (e.g. habitat loss) would be temporary Indirect Impact Indirect impact (noise and vibration, air/dust) during construction phase would be temporary No operation phase indirect impact
Reversibility	Direct Impact Direct impact from aboveground permanent structures from construction and operation phases (e.g. habitat loss) would be irreversible Direct impact at aboveground works site/area from construction phase (e.g. habitat loss) would be reversible Indirect Impact Indirect impact (noise and vibration, air/dust) during construction phase would be reversible No operation phase indirect impact	Direct Impact Direct impact from aboveground permanent structures from construction and operation phases (e.g. habitat loss) would be irreversible Direct impact at aboveground works site/area from construction phase (e.g. habitat loss) would be reversible Indirect Impact Indirect impact (noise and vibration, air/dust) during construction phase would be reversible No operation phase indirect impact
Magnitude	Very low	Low
Overall Impact Significance	Minor – for directly impacted village/orchard Insignificant – for other village/orchard	Minor – for directly impacted developed area/wasteland Insignificant – for other developed area/wasteland

10.8.6 Kwu Tung/Chau Tau Area

Table 10.91 Evaluation of Potential Ecological Impacts to Pond and Watercourse in Kwu Tung/Chau Tau Area

Criteria	Pond	Watercourse (S-KC-1 to S-KC-11 and Sheung Yue River)
Habitat Quality	Low	Low to moderate for Sheung Yue River Low for the other minor watercourses
Species / Ecological Resources	Low floral and faunal diversity Species of conservation importance An amphibian species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies, while three avifauna species of conservation importance recorded in present survey	Low floral and low to moderate faunal diversity Species of conservation importance Two species of conservation importance were recorded in previous studies, while 11 species of conservation importance including eight avifauna, one odonate, one reptile and one mammal species were recorded in present survey
Size / Abundance	Habitat would not be directly affected by NOL	0.10 ha of S-KC-6 would be temporarily affected by NOL
Duration	Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be temporary Operation phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be permanent	Direct Impact Direct impact from aboveground permanent structures from construction and operation phases (e.g. habitat loss) would be permanent Direct impact at aboveground works site/area from construction phase (e.g. habitat loss) would be temporary Indirect Impact Indirect impact (noise and vibration, air/dust) during construction phase would be temporary
Reversibility	Indirect Impact Construction and operation phases indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be reversible	Direct Impact Direct impact from aboveground permanent structures from construction and operation phases (e.g. habitat loss) would be irreversible Direct impact at aboveground works site/area from construction phase (e.g. habitat loss) would be reversible Indirect Impact Indirect impact (noise and vibration, air/dust) during construction phase would be reversible
Magnitude	Low	Low-Moderate
Overall Impact Significance	Insignificant	Minor for directly impacted S-KC-6 Insignificant for other watercourses

Table 10.92 Evaluation of Potential Ecological Impacts to Dry Agricultural Land and Woodland in Kwu Tung/Chau Tau Area

Criteria	Dry Agricultural Land	Woodland
Habitat Quality	Low	Low to moderate
Species / Ecological Resources	Low floral and faunal diversity Species of conservation importance Four species of conservation importance were recorded in previous studies, while three avifauna, one butterfly and one amphibian species of conservation importance recorded in present survey	Low to moderate floral and low faunal diversity Species of conservation importance No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies, while two flora species of conservation importance recorded in present survey
Size / Abundance	Habitat would not be directly affected by NOL	Habitat would not be directly affected by NOL
Duration	Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be temporary Operation phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be permanent	Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be temporary Operation phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be permanent
Reversibility	Indirect Impact Construction and operation phases indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be reversible Operation phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be irreversible	Indirect Impact Construction and operation phases indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be reversible Operation phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be irreversible
Magnitude	Low	Low-moderate
Overall Impact Significance	Insignificant	Minor – for directly impacted woodland Insignificant – for other woodland

Table 10.93 Evaluation of Potential Ecological Impacts to Mixed Woodland and Plantation in Kwu Tung/Chau Tau Area

Criteria	Mixed Woodland	Plantation
Habitat Quality	Low to moderate	Low
Species / Ecological Resources	Low to moderate floral and low faunal diversity Species of conservation importance No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies, while two species of conservation importance including one flora species and one avifauna species were recorded in present survey	Low floral and faunal diversity Species of conservation importance An amphibian species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies, while two species of conservation importance including one flora species and one butterfly species were recorded in present survey
Size / Abundance	0.03 ha would be temporarily affected by NOL	0.13 ha would be permanently affected by NOL 0.06 ha would be temporarily affected by NOL
Duration	Direct Impact Direct impact at aboveground works site/area from construction phase (e.g. habitat loss) would be temporary Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be temporary Operation phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be permanent	Direct Impact Direct impact from aboveground permanent structures from construction and operation phases (e.g. habitat loss) would be permanent Direct impact at aboveground works site/area from construction phase (e.g. habitat loss) would be temporary Indirect Impact Indirect impact (noise and vibration, air/dust) during construction phase would be temporary No operation phase indirect impact
Reversibility	Direct Impact Direct impact at aboveground works site/area from construction phase (e.g. habitat loss) would be reversible Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be reversible Operation phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be irreversible	Direct Impact Direct impact from aboveground permanent structures from construction and operation phases (e.g. habitat loss) would be irreversible Direct impact at aboveground works site/area from construction phase (e.g. habitat loss) would be reversible Indirect Impact Indirect impact (noise and vibration, air/dust) during construction phase would be reversible
Magnitude	Low	Low
Overall Impact Significance	Minor for directly impacted mixed woodland Insignificant for other mixed woodland	Minor – for directly impacted plantation Insignificant – for other plantation

Table 10.94 Evaluation of Potential Ecological Impacts to Shrubland and Grassland in Kwu Tung/Chau Tau Area

Criteria	Shrubland	Grassland
Habitat Quality	Low	Low to moderate – for both hillside grassland and low-lying grassland
Species / Ecological Resources	Low to moderate floral and low faunal diversity Species of conservation importance No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies, while four species of conservation importance including one flora, one avifauna and two mammal species were recorded in present survey	Low floral and moderate faunal diversity Species of conservation importance No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies, while five species of conservation importance including one flora species and four avifauna species were recorded in present survey
Size / Abundance	0.10 ha would be temporarily affected by NOL	Habitat would not be directly affected by NOL
Duration	Direct Impact Direct impact at aboveground works site/area from construction phase (e.g. habitat loss) would be temporary Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be temporary Operation phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be permanent	Direct Impact No direct impact would be anticipated Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be temporary Operation phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be permanent
Reversibility	Direct Impact Direct impact at aboveground works site/area from construction phase (e.g. habitat loss) would be reversible. Indirect Impact Construction and operation phases indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be reversible	Direct Impact No direct impact would be anticipated Indirect Impact Construction and operation phases indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be reversible
Magnitude	Low-moderate	Low
Overall Impact Significance	Minor – for directly impacted shrubland Insignificant – for other shrubland	Insignificant

Table 10.95 Evaluation of Potential Ecological Impacts to Shrubland and Grassland Village/Orchard and Developed Area/Wasteland in Kwu Tung/Chau Tau Area

Criteria	Village/Orchard	Developed Area/Wasteland
Habitat Quality	Low to moderate	Low
Species / Ecological Resources	Low floral and low to moderate faunal diversity Species of conservation importance Three species of conservation importance were recorded in previous studies, while two avifauna species of conservation importance recorded in present survey	Low floral and faunal diversity Species of conservation importance A mammal species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies, while 13 species of conservation importance including four avifauna, one butterfly, one amphibian and seven mammal species were recorded in present survey
Size / Abundance	0.25 ha would be permanently affected by NOL 0.65 ha would be temporarily affected by NOL	1.04 ha would be permanently affected by NOL 8.84 ha would be temporarily affected by NOL
Duration	Direct Impact Direct impact at aboveground structure from construction phase (e.g. habitat loss) would be permanent Direct impact at the aboveground construction works site/area would be temporary Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be temporary Operation phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be permanent	Direct Impact Direct impact at aboveground structure from construction phase (e.g. habitat loss) would be permanent Direct impact at the aboveground construction works site/area would be temporary Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be temporary Operation phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be permanent
Reversibility	Direct Impact Permanent habitat loss would be irreversible while temporary habitat loss would be reversible Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be reversible No operation phase indirect impacts would be anticipated	Direct Impact Permanent habitat loss would be irreversible while temporary habitat loss would be reversible Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be reversible No operation phase indirect impacts would be anticipated
Magnitude	Low	Moderate
Overall Impact Significance	Minor – for directly impacted village/orchard Significant – for other village/orchard	Minor – for directly impacted developed area/wasteland Significant – for other developed area/wasteland

10.8.7 Tai Shu Ha Area

Table 10.96 Evaluation of Potential Ecological Impacts to Marsh/Reed and Pond in Tai Shu Ha Area

Criteria	Marsh/Reed	Pond
Habitat Quality	Low	Low
Species / Ecological Resources	Low floral and faunal diversity Species of conservation importance No species of conservation importance recorded in both previous studies and present survey	Low floral and faunal diversity Species of conservation importance No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies, while two species of conservation importance including one avifauna species and one odonate species were recorded in present survey
Size / Abundance	Habitat would not be directly affected	Habitat would not be directly affected
Duration	Direct Impact No direct impact to these habitats would be anticipated Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be temporary No operation phase indirect impacts would be anticipated	Direct Impact No direct impact to these habitats would be anticipated Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be temporary No operation phase indirect impacts would be anticipated
Reversibility	Direct Impact No direct impact to these habitats would be anticipated Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be reversible No operation phase indirect impacts would be anticipated	Direct Impact No direct impact to these habitats would be anticipated Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be reversible No operation phase indirect impacts would be anticipated
Magnitude	Very low	Very low
Overall Impact Significance	Insignificant	Insignificant

Table 10.97 Evaluation of Potential Ecological Impacts to Watercourse and Seasonally Wet Grassland in Tai Shu Ha Area

Criteria	Watercourse (S-TSH-1 to S-TSH-4)	Seasonally Wet Grassland
Habitat Quality	Low-moderate – S-TSH-1, S-TSH-3, S-TSH-4 Low – S-TSH-2	Low
Species / Ecological Resources	Low floral and faunal diversity Species of conservation importance No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies, while four species of conservation importance including one odonate, one amphibian and two freshwater species were recorded in present survey	Very low floral and faunal diversity Species of conservation importance No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies, while one mammal species of conservation importance recorded in present survey
Size / Abundance	Habitat would not be directly affected	Habitat would not be directly affected
Duration	Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be temporary No operation phase indirect impacts would be anticipated	Direct Impact No direct impact to these habitats would be anticipated Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be temporary No operation phase indirect impacts would be anticipated
Reversibility	Direct Impact No direct impact to watercourse would be anticipated Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be reversible No operation phase indirect impacts would be anticipated	Direct Impact No direct impact to these habitats would be anticipated Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be reversible No operation phase indirect impacts would be anticipated
Magnitude	Low	Very low
Overall Impact Significance	Low to moderate for S-TSH-1 Insignificant for S-TSH-2, S-TSH-3, S-TSH-4	Insignificant

Table 10.98 Evaluation of Potential Ecological Impacts to Dry Agricultural Land and Mixed Woodland in Tai Shu Ha Area

Criteria	Dry Agricultural Land	Mixed Woodland
Habitat Quality	Low	Low to moderate
Species / Ecological Resources	Low floral and faunal diversity Species of conservation importance No species of conservation importance recorded in both previous studies and present survey	Low floral and faunal diversity Species of conservation importance No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies, while two species of conservation importance including one flora and one mammal species were recorded in present survey
Size / Abundance	Habitat would not be directly affected	Habitat would not be directly affected
Duration	Direct Impact No direct impact to these habitats would be anticipated Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be temporary No operation phase indirect impacts would be anticipated	Direct Impact No direct impact to these habitats would be anticipated Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be temporary No operation phase indirect impacts would be anticipated
Reversibility	Direct Impact No direct impact to these habitats would be anticipated Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be reversible No operation phase indirect impacts would be anticipated	Direct Impact No direct impact to these habitats would be anticipated Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be reversible No operation phase indirect impacts would be anticipated
Magnitude	Very low	Very low
Overall Impact Significance	Insignificant	Insignificant

Table 10.99 Evaluation of Potential Ecological Impacts to Plantation and Grassland in Tai Shu Ha Area

Criteria	Plantation	Grassland
Habitat Quality	Low to moderate	Low
Species / Ecological Resources	Low to moderate floral and faunal diversity Species of conservation importance No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies, while 20 species of conservation importance including two flora, four avifauna, one butterfly, two amphibian and 11 mammal species were recorded in present survey	Low floral and faunal diversity Species of conservation importance No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies, while three species of conservation importance including two avifauna and one butterfly species were recorded in present survey
Size / Abundance	0.28 ha would be temporarily affected	Habitat would not be directly affected
Duration	Direct Impact Temporary habitat loss of plantation habitat at explosive storage Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be temporary No operation phase indirect impacts would be anticipated	Direct Impact No direct impact to these habitats would be anticipated Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be temporary No operation phase indirect impacts would be anticipated
Reversibility	Direct Impact Temporary habitat loss of plantation habitat would be reversible Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be reversible No operation phase indirect impacts would be anticipated	Direct Impact No direct impact to these habitats would be anticipated Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be reversible No operation phase indirect impacts would be anticipated
Magnitude	Low	Very low
Overall Impact Significance	Minor	Insignificant

Table 10.100 Evaluation of Potential Ecological Impacts to Village/Orchard and Developed Area/Wasteland in Tai Shu Ha Area

Criteria	Village/Orchard	Developed Area/Wasteland
Habitat Quality	Low	Low
Species / Ecological Resources	Low to moderate floral and low faunal diversity Species of conservation importance No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies, while four species of conservation importance including one flora, two avifauna and one mammal species were recorded in present survey	Low floral and faunal diversity Species of conservation importance No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies, while eight bat species of conservation importance recorded in present survey
Size / Abundance	Habitat would not be directly affected	0.12 ha would be temporarily affected
Duration	Direct Impact No direct impact to these habitats would be anticipated Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be temporary No operation phase indirect impacts would be anticipated	Direct Impact Temporary habitat loss of developed area/wasteland habitat Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be temporary No operation phase indirect impacts would be anticipated
Reversibility	Direct Impact No direct impact to these habitats would be anticipated Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be reversible No operation phase indirect impacts would be anticipated	Direct Impact Temporary habitat loss of developed area/wasteland habitat would be reversible Indirect Impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be reversible No operation phase indirect impacts would be anticipated
Magnitude	Very low	Low
Overall Impact Significance	Insignificant	Minor

10.9 Mitigation of Adverse Environmental Impacts

10.9.1 According to the Annex 16 of EIAO-TM and EIAO Guidance Note. 3/2010, ecological impacts on important habitats and the associated wildlife caused by the proposed Project should be mitigated by, in order of priority, avoidance, minimisation, and compensation approaches to the maximum practical extent.

10.9.2 For the unmitigated level of impacts that are considered as minor or unlikely, some precautionary measures, standard good site practices and/or enhancement measures are recommended to further minimise the ecological impacts.

10.9.3 The potential ecological impacts arising from the construction and operation of the Project and the mitigation measures for the six major areas except NTMPW area are summarised in Table 10.101toTable 10.105. While all direct and indirect impacts during construction and operation phases in NTMPW Area would be of minor significance or below. With the implementation of precautionary measures, no unacceptable impact would be anticipated.

Table 10.101 Summary of Mitigation Measures Proposed for Kam Sheung Road/Pat Heung Area

Kam Sheung Road/Pat Heung Area
	Impact	Ecologically Sensitive Receiver	Unmitigated Level of Impact	Mitigation Measures Proposed
Construction Phase	Indirect Impacts
	Potential Impacts due to Aboveground Construction Works
	Disturbance Impact on Recognized Sites of Conservation Importance and Ecologically Sensitive Areas	WRCW Parcels C, I, and J	Low to moderate	· Noise mitigation measures (e.g. site hoarding, temporary noise barriers), glare reduction measures (e.g. night-time lighting control) and dust suppression measures (e.g. regular spraying of haul roads) · Good site practices · Establishment of buffer zone of 100 m · Phasing of works and control of working hours
		Kam Po Road Egretry and ANR	Low to moderate
	Disturbances and Obstruction to Breeding and Roosting Ardeid Flight Paths	Breeding ardeids (utilizing flight paths 7 and 8) and roosting ardeids (utilizing flight paths 8 and 9)	Low to moderate	· Noise mitigation measures (e.g. site hoarding, temporary noise barriers), glare reduction measures (e.g. night-time lighting control) and dust suppression measures (e.g. regular spraying of haul roads) · Establishment of buffer zone of 100 m · Phasing of works and control of working hours
	Potential Impacts due to Underground Tunnelling Construction Works
	Hydrological Disruptions due to Groundwater Drawdown	WCRW Parcels	Low to moderate	· Practical groundwater control measures during underground tunnel construction
Operation Phase	Direct Impacts
Operation Phase	Direct Injury / Mortality to Wildlife and Bird Collision	Due to KSR(NOL) Station	Low to moderate	· Anti-bird collision measures (e.g. use of non-transparent or non-glaring materials)

Table 10.102 Summary of Potential Impacts and Mitigation Measures Proposed for Sha Po/Au Tau Area

Sha Po/Au Tau Area
	Impact	Ecologically Sensitive Receiver	Unmitigated Level of Impact	Mitigation Measures Proposed
Construction Phase	Direct Impacts
	Direct Impacts on Ecologically Sensitive Areas	S-SA-2	Low to moderate	· Temporary diversion of water flow · Control of construction runoff
	Direct Loss of Bat Roost	Day-roost of the Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bats	Low to moderate	· Bat inspection · Bat exclusion device · Provision of a bat shelter
	Direct Loss of Terrestrial Habitats and Impacts on the Associated Species of Conservation Importance	Brackish marsh along S-SA-6a	Low to moderate	· Wetland compensation
		S-SA-6a	Low to moderate	· Temporary diversion of water flow · Control of construction runoff
		Floral species of conservation importance	Moderate	· Transplantation or compensation
	Indirect Impacts
	Potential Impacts due to Aboveground Construction Works
	Disturbance Impact on Recognized Sites of Conservation Importance and Ecologically Sensitive Areas	S-SA-6	Low to moderate	· Noise mitigation measures (e.g. 3m high screening, temporary noise barriers), glare reduction measures (e.g. night-time lighting control) and dust suppression measures (e.g. regular spraying of haul roads) · Good site practices
		Sha Po Marsh	Low to moderate – from AUT Station	· Noise mitigation measures (e.g. site hoarding, temporary noise barriers), glare reduction measures (e.g. night-time lighting control) and dust suppression measures (e.g. regular spraying of haul roads) · Good site practices
	Impacts on Water Quality, Hydrodynamics Properties and Hydrology of Wetland Habitats	S-SA-2 and 6a, and Marsh/reed	Low to moderate	· Control of construction runoff · Good site practices

Table 10.103 Summary of Potential Impacts and Mitigation Measures Proposed for San Tin/Shek Wu Wai Area

San Tin/Shek Wu Wai Area
	Impact	Ecologically Sensitive Receiver	Unmitigated Level of Impact	Mitigation Measures Proposed
Construction Phase	Direct Impacts
	Direct Loss of Terrestrial Habitats and Associated Wildlife	Marsh/reed of moderate ecological value	Low to moderate	· Wetland compensation
	Indirect Impacts
	Disturbance Impacts on Recognized Sites of Conservation Importance, Ecologically Sensitive Areas and Terrestrial Habitats	Ecologically sensitive areas	Low to moderate	· Noise mitigation measures (e.g. site hoarding, temporary noise barriers), glare reduction measures (e.g. night-time lighting control) and dust suppression measures (e.g. regular spraying of haul roads) · Good site practices
		Natural terrestrial habitats	Low to moderate
	Disturbance Impacts on Vegetation and Fauna	Due to constructions works of KLA	Low to moderate
	Impacts on Water Quality, Hydrodynamics Properties and Hydrology of Watercourse	STEMDC	Low to moderate	· Control of construction runoff · Good site practices

Table 10.104 Summary of Potential Impacts and Mitigation Measures Proposed for Kwu Tung/Chau Tau Area

Kwu Tung/Chau Tau Area
	Impact	Ecologically Sensitive Receiver	Unmitigated Level of Impact	Mitigation Measures Proposed
Construction Phase	Indirect Impacts
	Potential Impacts due to Aboveground Construction Works
	Disturbance Impacts on Terrestrial Habitats, Vegetation and Other Fauna	Natural habitats	Low to moderate	· Noise mitigation measures (e.g. site hoarding, temporary noise barriers), glare reduction measures (e.g. night-time lighting control) and dust suppression measures (e.g. regular spraying of haul roads) · Good site practices

Table 10.105 Summary of Potential Impacts and Mitigation Measures Proposed for Tai Shu Ha Area

Tai Shu Ha Area
	Impact	Unmitigated Level of Impact	Mitigation Measures proposed
Construct-ion Phase	Indirect Impacts
Construct-ion Phase	Impact on Water Quality in Nearby Watercourses	Low to moderate	· Control of construction runoff · Good site practices

10.9.4 Avoidance

Avoidance of Recognised Sites of Conservation Importance and Core Areas of Ecologically Sensitive Areas

10.9.4.1 Impacts on ecological resources were largely avoided through the alignment selection process and construction methods for the Project, as discussed in Section 2. Through adopting the underground tunnel scheme, the aboveground works of the Project are confined to stations, ABs, NTD and their associated works site/area thus avoiding different types of direct impacts e.g. shadow effect, habitat fragmentation and obstruction of wildlife corridor that would occur if viaduct alignment scheme was adopted. Direct impacts to the aboveground habitats of recognized sites of conservation importance e.g. country parks, WCA, and WBA were avoided. Direct impacts on a number of ecologically sensitive areas along the alignment, e.g. fishponds and major watercourses of higher bird usage, were also avoided as far as practicable. AUT Station was relocated further north to avoid encroachment into core area of Sha Po Marsh and limit the impact to a watercourse associated with the northern compartment only. The location of crossover at KSR(NOL) Station was also refined to avoid construction works in Kam Tin River, except a portion of temporary grout box for TBM breakout need to be located at the immediate north of the proposed KSR(NOL) Station, and WRCW thus avoided water quality impacts and potential direct impacts to WRCW and Kam Po Road Egretry and ANR. Majority of the works site/area would be located in man-made habitats e.g. developed area/wasteland, village/orchard, and habitats of low ecological values or that are already disturbed e.g. roadside plantation and low-lying grassland.

10.9.5 Minimisation

Optimization of Project Footprint

10.9.5.1 As detailed in Section 2.4, the maximum separation distance of each EAP and EEP has to comply with Guidelines on Formulation of Fire Safety Requirements for New Railway Infrastructures (Oct 2016 edition). In order to minimize aboveground Project footprint, the EAPs, EEPs and ventilation buildings were combined as 13 ABs, for further minimisation of impacts, some EAP/EEPs were replaced by cross passages or make use of station footprint to reduce the total number of ABs from 13 to 7.

Avoidance of Direct Injury / Mortality of Roosting Bats

10.9.5.2 While the day-roost of Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bat was observed at the location of PWA, a bat inspection should be conducted before the commencement of demolition of the existing structure to ensure no bat is roosting in the structure. Bat exclusion devices e.g. non-transparent mat could be installed over the entrance and other possible entry/exit point before commencement of demolition works at the deserted Pok Wai Public School to prevent the bats from utilizing the classroom as day-roost to avoid direct injury or mortality of the roosting bats.

Minimisation of Disturbances

10.9.5.3 Mitigation measures should be implemented to minimise the disturbance impacts (e.g. noise, glare and dust) to the surrounding habitats and their associated wildlife arising from the construction activities, including but not limited to the following:

· Noise mitigation measures by effective placing of temporary noise barriers where practicable as screening, full enclosure for relatively fixed plant source, shut down of machines and plants that are in intermittent use, and the use of quality power mechanical equipment (PME) to limit noise emissions at source (refer to Section 4 for details);

· Glare reduction measures such as restriction of construction hours, hoarding provision, night-time lighting control and avoidance of any directional lightings to the adjoining habitats and roosts to minimise the impact to nearby nocturnal fauna especially avifauna and bat; and

· Dust suppression measures (such as regular watering on heavy construction works areas and at the unloading point of spoils generated by the TBM excavation, installation of blast door at the opening of tunnelling works by drill-and-blast, proper storage of construction materials, and environmental control measures as stipulated in the Air Pollution Ordinance (Construction Dust) Regulation) to avoid and minimise emission and dispersal dust, which would cover vegetation and potentially discourage usage of nearby wildlife (refer to Section 3 for details).

10.9.5.4 The works sites/areas of SMA are adjacent to wetlands with higher bird usage. With particular focus to mitigate the indirect impacts on the wetlands and waterbirds, a 3 m high screen should be erected around the works sites and works areas of SMA, which are located adjacent to wetlands, before commencement of construction activities. The purpose is to shield the avifauna in the nearby wetlands from the disturbance of human activities during construction phase. Such screening would be non-transparent and in dull colour to avoid the risk of potential bird collision.

Establishment of Buffer Zone, Phasing of Works and Control of Working Hours

10.9.5.5 While the works site/area of KSR(NOL) Station is separated from the Kam Po Road Egretry and ANR by the modified watercourse S-KP-1 and Kam Po Road, part of the works site east of WRCW Parcel I will be only at about 60 m away. A buffer zone from the Egretry and ANR should be established to mitigate the potential indirect impacts on the Egretry and ANR. As discussed previously, the breeding season of ardeids in Hong Kong is between March and August, when the ardeids are particularly sensitive to human activities and disturbances. Considering the location of egretries and night roosts may change, a pre-construction survey should be conducted for areas within 100m from the boundaries of works site/area to confirm the location and status of the Egretry and ANR. In order to minimize potential disturbance impacts on the Kam Po Road Egretry during construction phase, noisy construction works using PME within 100 m should be scheduled outside the breeding season through careful phasing of works. On the other hand, since the roosting ardeids were observed to start returning to the ANR approximately 30 minutes before sunset, no noisy construction works should be undertaken within 100 m from ANR after 30 minutes before sunset, until the ardeids leave the roosting location of the following day (i.e. around 30 minutes after sunrise) throughout the construction period, in order to minimise the potential disturbance to night-roosting ardeids.

10.9.5.6 A reporting mechanism should be developed with details stated in Environmental Monitoring and Audit (EM&A) Manual. A monthly monitoring and observation on the condition of the Egretry and ANR should be carried out during the construction phase to monitor the impact on the Egretry and ANR.

Avoidance of Bird Collision

10.9.5.7 Considering the commuting activity of birds in the vicinity of the works site/area, the potential bird collision should be avoided by using site hoarding/screening that is opaque and in dull colour, non-transparent panels as the noise enclosure and adopting non-glaring tinted materials, as per Guidelines on Design of Noise Barriers (EPD & HyD, 2003) and Practice Notes No. BSTR/PN/003 (Revision E) Noise Barriers with Transparent Panels (HyD, 2020),

10.9.5.8 As discussed in Section 10.7.2, the flight paths of breeding and roosting ardeids may concentrate above the KSR(NOL) Station or along Ho Pui Channel, taking into account the surrounding high-rise buildings. Tall landscape plants should also be avoided in the green roof system to avoid potential collision to commuting ardeids above the Station. Window walls or reflective materials should be avoided at the northeastern corner of service building, which is the nearest to the conjunction of MWC S-KP-1 and Ho Pui Channel. In general, all glass panels should be coated with either anti-bird-collision film superimposing dark patterns or one-way transparent film to make the panels opaque on the outside. Dense tree or shrub stands should also be avoided near the glass panel in terms of landscape design. These anti-bird-collision measures should be adopted in all stations and ABs wherever glass panels are installed.

Protection of Plant Species of Conservation Importance

10.9.5.9 Some species of conservation importance were recorded within the footprint of the proposed work sites/areas. While no major adverse impacts are expected on fauna species with relatively high mobility, direct impact to some flora species of conservation importance recorded in the vicinity of the works sites/areas (e.g. Schoenoplectus subulatus in the northern compartment of Sha Po Marsh near AUT Station works site; Aralia chinensis in mixed woodland along Ching Yau Road near works site of NTD) would be avoided as far as practicable during construction phase.

10.9.5.10 A total of two floral species of conservation importance (including a cluster of Persicaria orientalis and a seedling of Aquilaria sinensis in SPAUT area were recorded within the Project footprint and would be potentially directly lost if unmitigated. All the unavoidably affected flora individuals of conservation importance should be preserved in-situ or transplanted to nearby suitable habitat(s) prior to the commencement of site clearance as a last resort. A Detailed Vegetation Survey should be undertaken in the identified affected area (i.e. SPAUT area) by a suitably qualified botanist / ecologist to identify any potentially affected plant species of conservation importance and to ascertain their presence, update their physical conditions and determine the abundance and locations of the flora species of conservation importance prior to the commencement of any site clearance works. A Protection and Transplantation Proposal including the subsequent monitoring for the affected individuals should be prepared and conducted by a suitably qualified local ecologist / botanist with at least 7 years relevant experience. The Proposal should be submitted for approval from EPD at least one month before works commencement. In case plant preservation or transplantation is not practical as recommended by the qualified ecologist / botanist (e.g. due to poor health and low survive rate of the plant), other mitigation measures (e.g. compensation by seedling planting) should be considered.

Control of Construction Runoff

10.9.5.11 Mitigation measures for water quality impacts during construction and operation phases are suggested in Section 6. During construction phase, surface runoff from construction sites should be discharged into storm drains via appropriately designed sand/silt removal facilities such as sand traps, silt traps and sedimentation basins. Channels or earth bunds or sandbag barriers should be provided on site during construction works to properly direct stormwater to such silt removal facilities. Perimeter channels should be provided on site boundaries where necessary to intercept storm runoff from outside the site so that it will not wash across the site. Catchpits and perimeter channels should be constructed in advance of site formation works and earthworks. During operation phase, Best Management Practices (BMPs) for stormwater discharge are recommended to reduce stormwater pollution arising from the Project. Screening facilities such as standard gully grating and trash grille, with spacing which is capable of screening large substances such as fallen leaves and rubbish should be provided at the inlet of drainage system. Road gullies with standard design and silt traps and oil interceptors should be incorporated during the detailed design to remove particles present in stormwater runoff.

Minimization of Groundwater Infiltration

10.9.5.12 Appropriate measures during the underground tunnel construction should be implemented to minimise the groundwater infiltration during tunnel construction. The water control strategies include:

· Probing Ahead: As normal practice, the Contractor will undertake rigorous probing of the ground ahead of tunnel excavation works to identify zones of significant water inflow. The probe drilling results will be evaluated to determine specific grouting requirements in line with the tunnel advance. In such zones of significant water inflow that could occur as a result of discrete, permeable features, the intent would be to reduce overall inflow by means of cut–off grouting executed ahead of the tunnel advance;

· Pre–grouting: Where water inflow quantities are excessive, pre–grouting will be required to reduce the water inflow into the tunnel. The pre–grouting will be achieved via a systematic and carefully specified protocol of grouting;

· In principle, the grout pre–treatment would be designed on the basis of probe hole drilling ahead of the tunnel face; and

· The installation of waterproof lining would also be adopted after the formation of the tunnels.

10.9.5.13 Recharge wells would be installed as necessary to mitigate the excessive groundwater drawdown and minimize the potential impact on groundwater system.

10.9.5.14 In the event of excessive drawdown being observed within the ground water table as a result of the tunnelling works even after incorporation of the water control strategies, post–grouting should be applied as far as practicable as described below:

· Post–grouting: Groundwater drawdown will be most likely due to inflows of water into the tunnel that have not been sufficiently controlled by the pre–grouting measures. Where this occurs, post grouting will be undertaken before the lining is cast. Whilst unlikely to be required in significant measure, such a contingency should be allowed for reduction in permeability of the tunnel surround (by grouting) to limit inflow to acceptable levels.

10.9.5.15 The practical groundwater control measures stated above are proven technologies and have been extensively applied in other past projects. These measures or other similar methods, as approved by the Engineer to suit the works condition, should be applied to minimize the groundwater infiltration. In case seepage of groundwater occurs, groundwater should be pumped out from the areas and discharged to the drainage system via silt trap. Groundwater from dewatering process should also be discharged to the drainage system via silt removal facilities (Refer to Section 6.8 for details of the mitigation measures to minimize potential impact on the groundwater system during construction phase).

Good Site Practices

10.9.5.16 Good site practices should be strictly followed to avoid adverse impacts arising from the construction activities. Recommendations for good site practices during the construction phase include:

· Nomination of approved personnel, such as a site manager, to be responsible for implementation of good site practices, arrangements for waste collection and effective disposal to an appropriate facility;

· Training of site personnel in site cleanliness, concepts of waste reduction, reuse and recycling, proper waste management and chemical waste handling procedures;

· Provision of sufficient waste reception / disposal points, and regular collection of waste;

· Adoption of appropriate measures to minimise windblown litter and dust during transportation of waste by either covering trucks or by transporting wastes in enclosed containers;

· Provision of regular cleaning and maintenance programme for drainage systems, sumps and oil interceptors;

· Adoption of a recording system for the amount of wastes generated, recycled and disposed (including the disposal sites); and

· Preparation of Waste Management Plan (WMP), as part of the Environmental Management Plan (EMP).

10.9.5.1 In addition, good practices (i.e. avoidance of night-time activities) would be adopted for the materials storage site in proximity to Sha Po ANR.

10.9.6 Compensation

Wetland Compensation for Unavoidable Wetland Loss

10.9.6.1 To compensate for the ecological impact resulting from the unavoidable direct loss of wetland habitats, the following sections provide the approach and consideration to wetland compensation, and the calculation of wetland compensation requirements for this Project.

General Approach and Assumptions to Wetland Compensation

10.9.6.2 In accordance with EIAO-TM Annex 16, ecological values of the affected wetland habitats were reviewed (detailed in Section 10.6); potential ecological impacts during construction and operation phases were identified and evaluated, with due regards to the existing, committed and planned projects (detailed in Sections 10.7 and 10.8); impact mitigation follows the order of priority: avoidance, minimizing and compensation. Compensation would only be proposed when no other practicable mitigation measures are available to mitigate the direct and indirect impacts.

10.9.6.3 Consideration in mitigation measures including disturbance minimizing measures and wetland compensation has made reference to High Speed Rail (Hong Kong Section) (HSR) (formerly named as “the Hong Kong Section of Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Express Rail Link (XRL)”) (AEIAR-143/2009), a precedent approved EIA study. The nature of the HSR is similar to this Project since both addressed issues related to underground railway with limited number of small-scale aboveground structures. In addition, it was located in proximity to wetland habitats and involved the reprovision of stream habitats, and the adopted mitigation measures were also proven successful in minimizing disturbances to ecologically sensitive areas and waterbirds.

10.9.6.4 Based on the survey and assessment findings as discussed in Sections 10.5 to 10.7, taking into account of the future environmental settings by the concurrent projects, compensation for the loss of important wetland habitats under direct impact during construction and operation phases with moderate ecological values or above will be required.

10.9.6.5 It is stated in Annex 16 of the EIAO-TM: Guidelines for Ecological Assessment that “From an ecological point of view, mitigation measures for ecological impact shall preferably be carried out on-site, and well in advance of the works rather than off-site, and after the completion of works”. Both on-site and off-site degraded wetlands or habitats within or near the Project footprint were identified, and off-site compensation would only be adopted after all possible design measures and practicable on-site measures were considered and exhausted. The provision of compensatory wetland would be on a “like for like” basis in order to be directly related to the habitats and species that need to be protected, in terms of size or ecological function and capacity.

Calculation of Wetland Compensation Requirements

10.9.6.6 The direct impact to wetland habitats during construction and operational phases would result from:

Construction Phase

· Permanent and temporary direct loss of wetland within works areas and works sites

Operation Phase

· Direct impact from permanent aboveground structures (e.g. stations, depot and ancillary buildings)

Direct Impacts to Wetland during Construction and Operational Phases

10.9.6.7 Calculation of the direct impacts to wetlands during construction and operation phases involves measurement of area of direct habitat loss. Partial encroachment onto pond due to the setting up of works site / area would be assumed loss of whole pond. Only directly impacted wetlands of moderate ecological value or above would be compensated.

10.9.6.8 Wetlands under the disturbance from indirect impacts, which have been discussed in Sections 10.7 and 10.9, will be mitigated with various mitigation measures such as 3 m high screen, which had been proven effective to reduce disturbance to wetland-dependent bird species. The indirect impacts to wetlands during construction and operational phases in KSRPH, SPAUT, NTMPW and SATSWW areas would be mitigated such that wetland compensation are not required. Therefore, wetland compensation would be provided for direct impacts on wetlands of moderate ecological values or above on a 1:1 ratio (Table 10.106 refers). Wetlands with moderate ecological value that would be directly affected during construction and operation phases respectively, only approximate 1.02 ha and 0.13 ha of marsh/reed respectively, would require compensation.

10.9.6.9 As shown in Table 10.106, the temporary (i.e. construction phase) and permanent (i.e. operation phase) compensation requirements are 1.02 ha and 0.13 ha respectively. Consequently, the permanent compensation requirement would be 1.02 ha of wetlands, which is well within the size of the proposed wetland compensatory area.

Table 10.106 Summary of Construction and Operation Phases Direct Loss of Wetlands and Compensation Requirement

Area	Wetland Habitat Affected	Ecological Value	Direct Impact (ha)⁽¹⁾		Compensation Requirement (ha) ^{(1) (2)}
Area	Wetland Habitat Affected	Ecological Value	Construction Phase	Operation Phase	Construction Phase	Operation Phase
KSRPH	Watercourse	Low to moderate	0.29	0	0	0
SPAUT	Marsh/Reed	Moderate ⁽³⁾	0.16	0.09	0.16	0.09
	Marsh/Reed	Low to moderate	0.10	0.03	0	0
	Watercourse	Low to moderate	0.01	< 0.01	0	0
NTMPW	Watercourse	Low	0.17	0.05	0	0
SATSWW	Marsh/Reed	Moderate	0.86	0.04	0.86	0.04
	Marsh/Reed	Low to moderate	0.17	0	0	0
	Pond	Low	0.54	0	0	0
	Watercourse	Low to moderate	0.26	<0.01	0	0
	Wet Agricultural Land	Low	0.31	0.05	0	0
KTUCT	Watercourse	Low	0.10	0	0	0
Total			2.97	0.26	1.02	0.13

Notes:

(1) The numbers in this table are subject to rounding adjustments. Any discrepancies between total and sums of individual numbers listed therein are due to rounding.

(2) Compensation will be provided for directly impacted wetlands of moderate ecological value or above.

(3) Part of the works site of SMA will be occupied for road works by others thus is not considered as direct habitat loss under the Project.

Selection of Wetland Compensation Locations

10.9.6.10 Both on-site potential locations that are within and adjacent to the Project boundary and off-site locations were considered, which included degraded or disturbed wetlands (e.g. marsh, seasonally wet grassland, pond and watercourses), and concomitant terrestrial habitats such as inactive or abandoned agricultural lands, developed area/wasteland, grassland and plantation of low ecological values. These locations were reviewed for their potential as wetland compensation area. However, it is expected that private ownership would pose great constraint on the process of land resumption and some of the on-site locations along the NOL alignment will be resumed for other development projects in the future, based on the best available information. In addition, it is preferable that the reprovision of compensatory wetlands would be near existing WRCW or within SPAUT area, where wetlands are concentrated, to avoid fragmentation of future compensatory wetland and enable more efficient management. Furthermore, reprovision by one off-site location would be more desirable to minimize edge effect on the future compensatory wetland.

10.9.6.11 A potential wetland compensation area with area of about 1.9 ha, situated between WRCW and the future Ecological Enhancement Area (EEA) of the Park Yoho Phases 2 and 3 Development, is identified as potential location for wetland compensation (Figure No. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/340 refers). The design of wetland compensatory area will be further elaborated and presented in Habitat Creation and Management Plan (HCMP). It spans across four inactive fishponds, two of which would be partially taken by the EEA and two by Park Yoho Phases 2 and 3 Development, thus the ecological values of the remaining parts of the fishponds are anticipated to be compromised eventually, if left unmanaged. Provision for wetland compensation with these fishponds and concomitant habitats, coupled with enhancement measures, would increase their ecological values and enhance the ecological linkage between the EEA and WRCW. The proposed wetland compensatory area has high potential as a managed wetland due to its ecological linkage with adjacent managed wetlands and higher engineering feasibility.

10.9.6.12 The area of the proposed compensation wetland is approximately 1.9 ha, and consisted of three habitats, i.e. inactive fishponds and marsh/reed of low to moderate ecological value, and village/orchard of low ecological value. However, with the northern portion of the three abandoned fishponds taken up by the future EEA, the remaining southern portion is anticipated to degrade in terms of habitat quality and ecological function and its ecological value would be further lower, if left unmanaged. It is considered that the enhancement measures proposed on the remaining abandoned fishponds, the small patches of marsh/reed and mitigated planting work would restore and increase the ecological function of the abandoned fishponds to moderate or above, while compensating for the wetland loss in term of size and function resulted from this Project.

Wetland Compensation Strategy

Programme

10.9.6.13 The wetland compensation and enhancement strategy, in particular the design of the habitat layout in the proposed wetland compensatory area, will be governed by the existing ecological resources and linkages, future development, and compatibility to the environment and habitats in the immediate vicinity, such as Park Yoho Phases 2 and 3 Development, the future EEA, and the existing WRCW. The enhancement measures for the proposed compensatory wetland area will take about 18 - 24 months and would be completed upon the commencement of construction of San Tin / Shek Wu Wai Area, which would directly affect wetland habitats of moderate ecological value due to the construction works (e.g., site preparation works, construction of diaphragm wall). The actual programme and schedule of wetland compensation will be described in details in the HCMP prepared by qualified ecologist. Although the proposed wetland compensatory area is located between the WRCW, which has moderate wildlife usage, and future EEA, with consideration of all related wetland creation and restoration works such as re-profiling the pond bund and planting of aquatic vegetation to be carried out manually with support of light machinery, mitigation measures e.g. screening which is compatible with the adjacent environment and other disturbance minimisation measures as mentioned in Section 10.9.5 would be implemented to mitigate the potential indirect impact to these adjacent wetlands arising from the construction of the wetland compensatory area.

Current Condition of Existing Habitats and Proposed Wetland Habitat Creation

10.9.6.14 The location identified for the proposed wetland compensatory area currently consisted of three habitats, including inactive fishponds and marsh/reed of low to moderate ecological value as well as village/orchard of low ecological value (Table 10.107 refers). The western half of the area coincides with “CA”. The area adjoins WRCW Parcel A in the south but separated by a chain link fence.

Table 10.107 Ecological Values of the Existing Habitats in the Proposed Compensatory Wetland

Criteria	Marsh/Reed	Pond	Village/Orchard
Naturalness	Moderate. Succeeded from man-made habitats e.g. ponds and agricultural lands through natural processes	Low. A man-made habitat for the purpose of aquaculture, flood retention and landscaping	Low
Size	Small (approx. 0.10 ha)	Small (approx. 1.25 ha)	Small (approx. 0.58 ha)
Diversity	Low floral and faunal diversity	Low floral and low to moderate faunal diversity	Low floral (consisting of native ruderal and exotic species) and faunal diversity
Rarity	An uncommon habitat in Hong Kong No species of conservation importance was recorded in present survey.	Uncommon. Mainly restricted to northwestern New Territories A total of five species of conservation importance recorded in present survey, including three avifauna species (Eurasian Teal, Great Cormorant, Northern Shoveler) and two mammal species (Pallas’s Squirrel and Leopard Cat).	A very common habitat in Hong Kong One floral species of conservation importance (Incense Tree) was recorded in present survey.
Re-creatability	Low to moderate	High	High
Fragmentation	High	Low to moderate	Moderate to High
Ecological linkage	Partially within “CA” and adjacent to WRCWs and ponds	Partially “CA” and functionally linked with adjacent wetland habitats e.g. WRCW, KTMDC and marsh/reed	Partially within “CA”
Potential value	Moderate, as the values could be increased if managed as wildlife habitat	Moderate to high, could be properly managed to maximise use by waterfowl and wildlife	Low
Nursery / Breeding ground	No notable nursery and breeding behaviour observed	No notable nursery and breeding behaviour observed	No notable nursery and breeding behaviour observed
Age	N/A	N/A	N/A
Abundance / Richness of Wildlife	Low	Low to moderate	Low
Ecological value	Low to moderate	Low to Moderate	Low

Village/ Orchard – Pond bund to Marsh/Reed and Grassy bund

10.9.6.15 The existing habitat of the proposed compensatory wetland area consists of 1.35 ha wetland area (i.e. 1.25 ha of pond and 0.10 ha of marsh/reed) and 0.58 ha of dryland (i.e. village/orchard).

10.9.6.16 The area of dryland habitats within the proposed compensatory wetland would be converted to wetland as much as practicable to maximize the extent of wetland area. An estimate of approximately 0.04 ha (Note: As estimated from previous conceptual design drafts) of grassy bund area, which is a riparian zone and functionally part of the enhancement pond and marsh/reed, would be present on the sides of the compensatory wetland for maintenance access and compartmentalization from the surrounding areas. With the proposed enhancement measures (i.e. sections under “Habitat Creation and Enhancement Measures” below refer) to intermingle and connect the terrestrial vegetation on the bund area and the aquatic vegetation in marsh/reed and enhancement pond edge, the ecological value of the bund area would be enhanced and supports the wildlife utilizing the wetland habitats as well.

Inactive Fishpond to Enhancement Pond

10.9.6.17 The three inactive fishponds in the west, though one of them was aerated occasionally, were stagnant with odour and signs of eutrophication. The fishpond in the far east is hydrologically connected to WRCW Parcel A and KTMDC through abandoned sluices and uPVC pipes, and slightly overgrown by exotic emergent herb Typha angustifolia. The fishponds were surrounded by abandoned village/orchard habitat, where tall mature fruit trees such as Artocarpus heterophyllus, Mangifera indica and Dimocarpus longan and some native trees (e.g. Ficus microcarpa and Bridelia tomentosa) were established at the pond bunds. As described in Section 10.5, wetland birds including ducks and Great Cormorants were observed roosting on the trees around the fishponds occasionally. While no odonate species of conservation importance were recorded in the current survey, the lentic water of the fishponds is likely a foraging site and potential breeding ground for various odonate species, given that the nymphs of odonate are all aquatic. Although majority of the area of wetland compensatory site is composed of wetland habitats in the form of fishpond, these fishponds are characterised by their inferior water quality, steep sides, deep water and densely vegetated bunds which limited the usage by wildlife. Besides, with the northern portion of the three inactive fishponds taken up by the future EEA, the remaining southern portion is anticipated to degrade in terms of habitat quality and ecological function and its ecological value would be lower, if left unmanaged. Through the implementation of the proposed enhancement measures (i.e. sections under “Habitat Creation and Enhancement Measures” below refer), it is expected that improvement of this habitat quality and additional ecological benefits to the enhancement pond could be achieved.

Retention of Existing Marsh/Reed

10.9.6.18 The existing 0.10 ha marsh/reed within the proposed compensatory wetland was dominated by exotic Brachiaria mutica, with some Musa × paradisiaca and Eichhornia crassipes. Though its ecological value was assessed as low to moderate, it would be retained in view of its ecological potential

10.9.6.19 While the conceptual layout of the compensatory wetland would be finalized in the HCMP and detailed design stage, the compensatory wetland would comprise three key elements: marsh/reed, enhancement pond and grassy bund. In order to compensate for the 1.02 ha loss of marsh/reed with moderate ecological value, 0.47 ha of the wetland area (predominately inactive pond of low to moderate value) and 0.54 ha of dryland (i.e. village/orchard on the bund of low ecological value) would be converted to marsh/reed of 1.02 ha in total (Table 10.108 refers). An enhancement pond of 0.78 ha would be created by rehabilitation and restoration in the compensatory wetland to enhance the ecological performance of the inactive fishponds, in view of their areal loss despite their existing low to moderate ecological value. Measures discussed in the below sections would be implemented to enhance the 0.78 ha enhancement pond habitat. It is considered that the enhancement measures proposed below would restore the ecological function of the degraded wetland habitats, while compensating for the loss of marsh/reed habitat resulted from this Project.

Table 10.108 Summary of Wetland Compensation Requirement, Existing Habitats in the Proposed Compensatory Wetland and Habitats to be Created/Retained

Wetland Compen-sation Requirement	Ecological Value	Area (ha) ⁽¹⁾	Existing Habitats in the site of Proposed Compen-satory Wetland	Ecological Value	Area (ha) ⁽¹⁾	Change in Area of Existing Habitats Required for Wetland Compensation (ha) ⁽¹⁾	Target Habitats to be Created/ Retained in the Proposed Compensatory Wetland	Estimated Area (ha) ⁽¹⁾
Marsh/Reed	Moderate	1.02	Pond (Inactive)	Low to moderate	1.25	-0.47	Enhancement Pond	0.78
			Marsh/Reed	Low to moderate	0.10	0	Marsh/Reed (Created)	1.02
			Village/Orchard (Pond bund – Dryland)	Low	0.58	-0.54	Marsh/Reed (Retained/ enhanced)	0.10
							Grassy Bund/ Grassland	0.04
Total:		1.02	Total:		1.94	1.02	Total:	1.94

Note:

(1) The numbers in this table are subject to rounding adjustments. Any discrepancies between total and sums of individual numbers listed therein are due to rounding.

Habitat Creation and Enhancement Measures

10.9.6.20 Taking into consideration the ecological baseline of the marsh/reed affected by the Project and existing habitats within the proposed wetland compensatory area, the proposed wetland compensatory area would be designed to attract wetland faunal communities in general (e.g. odonates, herpetofauna and wetland-dependent birds). Potential habitat creation and enhancement measures, with reference to the enhancement practice / approach adopted in Lok Ma Chau Ecological Enhancement Area (LMC EEA), are proposed below.

Creation and Enhancement of Marsh/Reed

10.9.6.21 Part of the compensatory wetland area would be reprofiled and raised to maintain optimal water levels and planted with suitable wetland plants to create a marsh/reed habitat, with reference to the native floral species recorded in the directly impacted marsh/reed of moderate ecological value in Shek Wu Wai (Table 10.109 refers). Enhancement planting would also be provided in the retained 0.10 ha marsh/reed. The species mix and the planting arrangement would be carefully designed and planted with an undulating substrate to create a diverse mosaic of wetland microhabitats for the use of different faunal groups.

Table 10.109 Examples of Native Wetland Plants Recorded in the Directly Impacted Marsh/Reed of Moderate Ecological Value

Wetland Species

Alocasia macrorrhizos

Colocasia esculenta

Cyclosorus interruptus

Cyperus difformis

Hedychium coronarium

Ludwigia octovalvis

Ludwigia perennis

Phragmites australis

Creation of Enhancement Pond

Consolidation of the Fragmented Fishponds

10.9.6.22 The pond bunds between the fishponds would be removed such that the fishponds could be consolidated to form a larger enhancement pond to reduce enclosure effects.

Water Management

10.9.6.23 An adjustable sluice or water control device would be installed between the enhancement pond and WRCW Parcel A such that the pond will be hydrologically linked to KTMDC and become a tidal pond, where the water level would follow the tides, forming an open system wetland habitat, while a target water level can be maintained or adjusted where needed. The pond would be influenced by tidal regime and pond management if needed. The water regimes of the pond would largely follow the tidal movement and frequent water control management would be kept minimum. Water management regime has made reference to that of LMC EEA, which has been proven successful in attracting waterbirds.

10.9.6.24 The water source would be from KTMDC primarily thus brackish. During low tide, the water level of the enhancement pond would be lower and larger area of shallow slopes and bare area would be exposed, where ardeids and waders can feed on small prey items e.g. benthic invertebrates by wading in shallow water or seek fish sheltering in the vegetation, while providing loafing area for waterbirds in general. During high tide, the extent of open water increases, favouring waterbirds e.g. Great Cormorants and ducks which prey by catching fish while swimming.

Reprofiling of Pond Bunds

10.9.6.25 Reprofiling works would be conducted by small earth moving machines. The materials from the removed bunds would be spread on the sides of the pond to establish raised shallow slopes and also an island amid the pond. A ridge and furrow profile would be superimposed on the slopes perpendicular to the pond margin to form a scalloped edging. Some parts of the slope would be well vegetated while some would be slightly vegetated with bare areas to various extent. Thus with the periodical change in water level and the structural diversity in the vegetation zones, a diversity of microhabitats would offer more ecological niches for fauna e.g. daytime loafing and feeding areas to different waterbirds including ardeids, waders and ducks; refuges and potential breeding ground for other fauna e.g. fish, herpetofauna and invertebrate; water drinking sites for mammals, which were previously recorded in the inactive fishponds habitat during baseline survey.

Creation of a Tidal Island

10.9.6.26 A tidal island would be created amid the enhancement pond. The island would be submerged during high tide to maximize the extent of open water and exposed during low tide to offer additional loafing and feeding areas and refuges for waterbirds. Similar to the pond margin, the island would also be vegetated with some bare areas, with scalloped edging margin. With the periodic change in water level, the island could be subject to tidal influence to create a zoned wetland with increased structural diversities of terrestrial and wetland habitats, adding structural heterogeneity to the enhancement pond and bringing additional ecological benefits to the compensatory wetland as a whole.

Establishment of Vegetation and Vegetation Removal

10.9.6.27 Taller wetland plant species (e.g. Phragmites australis) would be planted on the eastern side of the marsh/reed to screen the compensatory wetland from the disturbance of future Park Yoho Phases 2 and 3 Development. Since Phragmites australis grows well in deep water and can also withstand drought with lower water availability for a relatively long period of time, it could be planted among the mix of other terrestrial vegetation on the bund area bordering the marsh/reed to enhance the connectivity of the marsh/reed and bund.

10.9.6.28 Part of the bund area of the enhancement pond will be landscaped with native plants, some of which will be overhanging over the enhancement pond edge. The overhanging vegetation, emergent vegetation along the pond margin and the submerged root system would provide refuge and potential breeding ground for fauna e.g. fish, odonate, herpetofauna and invertebrates thus an additional foraging area for waterbirds. The edges of the enhancement pond on the raised shallow areas would be made irregular to increase structural diversity of vegetation and aquatic conditions. Succession processes should be arrested to prevent the wetland habitats from turning into terrestrial habitats. Measures on vegetation control including manual weeding, pruning and supplemental planting will be implemented, where necessary. In general, excessive vegetation growth in some bare areas should be avoided and the terrestrial vegetation on bund area will be maintained at subclimax levels to avoid succession to taller and woodier vegetation in the absence of disturbance/limited human intervention/maintenance.

10.9.6.29 The small strip of village/orchard habitat between the fishponds and WRCW was dominated by abandoned fruit trees (predominantly jackfruits). Selective removal of these tall trees will open up the viewing corridor between the fishpond and WRCW previously hidden, which would maximize the interface and connectivity between these two wetlands. This area will be maintained as lightly vegetated, though larger trees e.g. Celtis sinensis and Melia azedarach will be selectively retained or planted as potential roosting/nesting sites for the Great Cormorants, ardeids and ducks.

Management

10.9.6.30 The proposed wetland compensatory area is designed in a way to reduce management interventions to a minimum such that the wetland system can be as self-sustainable as practicable. General management regime is proposed below:

· Implement routine grass cutting and weed removal;

· Manage the tree cover under annual tree monitoring;

· Maintain the proper functioning of the sluice or water control device by clearance of any vegetation or debris obstructing the device;

· Implement the water management objective regarding water control system and water quality;

· Adjust water level as necessary e.g. shedding of excess water after heavy downpour or preventing excessive influx of water under extreme high tide;

· Inspect the structural condition of slopes, bunds and paths and repair/maintain as necessary;

· Manage and maintain the site boundary fence, with dog-proof design to reduce human and dog intrusion, and wildlife tunnels for the use of land mammals and other terrestrial fauna;

· Undesired animal management e.g. treatment of Fire Ant nests and manual removal of Apple Snail.

10.9.6.31 The feasibility, constraints, reliability, management and maintenance of the off-site compensation measure will be further reviewed in the detailed design stage and detailed in the HCMP.

Secondary Impacts

10.9.6.32 The proposed wetland compensatory area will be partially with the “CA” (gazetted under OZP S/YL-KTN/10), causing direct impact to the “CA”. The enhancement of the inactive fishponds and riparian habitats (i.e. marsh/reed and village/orchard) south of Cheung Chun San Tsuen for the compensatory wetland would result in direct temporary loss of the inactive fishponds, marsh/reed and village/orchard, potential indirect impacts on the adjacent wetland habitats e.g. other active and inactive fishponds, WRCW and KTMDC, and the associated wildlife.

10.9.6.33 The inactive fishponds in the proposed wetland compensatory area would be partially taken by the EEA and the remaining parts are anticipated to degrade eventually, if left unmanaged (Section 10.9.6.11 refers). Considering the enhancement works would lead to positive impacts to the “CA”, fishponds and the riparian habitats in long term (e.g. improving the ecological function, increasing the carrying capacity thus ecological values, etc.), the temporary disturbance due to the enhancement works is considered minor.

10.9.6.34 Temporary indirect impacts on the adjacent wetland habitats and associated wildlife, including various forms of disturbances (e.g. noise and human activities), water quality impacts, are anticipated. With the implementation of mitigation measures and good site practices discussed in Section 10.9.5, the ecological impact would be minor.

Provision of Bat Shelter

10.9.6.35 While there are some abandoned structures located in vicinity that could provide alternative roosting locations to the Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bats, a bat shelter would also be provided for the unavoidable loss of day-roosting site in deserted Pok Wai Public School.

Selection of Location for Provision of Bat Shelter

10.9.6.36 Due to the operation of ventilation building and limited space in PWA, an on-site purpose-built bat shelter for Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bat would be provided. In order to maximize the chance to attract the roosting bats to the new bat shelter, the new bat shelter would be preferably situated as close as possible to the potential roost at Pok Wai Public School and have an entrance close to appropriate habitat e.g. riparian and woodland habitat (Kelleher & Marnell, 2006). A potential location is identified and discussed in Table 10.110, with its location indicated on Figure No. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/341.

Table 10.110 Summary of Bat Shelter

Proposed location	South of Pok Wai Public School
Size and dimension	~75 m² and Maximum possible height of 7.5m⁽¹⁾
Existing habitat/future land use	Woodland of moderate ecological value
Within “CA”?	Yes
Distance from the Pok Wai Public School bat roost	~70-80 m south
Distance from village/residence	~25 m west
Distance from potential drinking and foraging sites	~400 m from the ponds in Pok Wai
Adjacent committed development	- NOL PWA (~25 m north) - Proposed Fresh Water Trunk Main under Ngau Tam Mei Water Treatment Works Extension (~65 m west)

Note:

(1) Actual height of the bat shelter should be subject to the approval by AFCD.

10.9.6.37 The proposed bat shelter at the woodland south of the existing bat roost thus potentially adjacent to the flightlines of the roosting bats and with similar environmental setting i.e. adjacent to woodland and villages/low-rise residence, would be provided. The treelines of the woodland fringe also provide a linear feature to guide the roosting bats from the existing bat roost. Though there may also be potential disturbances e.g. noise from the operation of ventilation building of PWA, adjacent village houses and the footpath leading to graves, the bat shelter would likely be used as a summer roost only, where the roosting for Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bats are less susceptible to disturbances.

10.9.6.38 The proposed bat shelter would also be designed to match with the existing bat roost as far as practicable. As a practical approach, the size of the bat shelter would therefore be optimised based on species’ current situation in order to achieve a similar replacement. Data on the environmental characteristics e.g. canopy shading, microclimate regime, temperature and humidity would be collected to inform the exterior and interior design of the bat shelter.

10.9.6.39 The roundabout of PWA, which is at the immediate north of the bat shelter, would provide a commodious space in front of the entrance of the bat shelter for the roosting bats to conduct “light-testing” before they fully emerge. The fencing materials around the roundabout would be carefully chosen to ensure no obstruction to the flightlines of the roosting bats. Linear planting strips with native plant species that are attractive to insects during the active season of HLBs (i.e. around March to November) would be planted to increase foraging opportunity for HLBs. Nevertheless, the landscape planting in neighbourhood would be designed depending on the chosen location and orientation of the bat shelter, the sizes, heights and locations of the surrounding building structures. In addition, other enhancement measures e.g. installation of bat boxes to support other crevice-dwelling species would be incorporated will be incorporated in the bat shelter’s design.

10.9.6.40 The bat shelter would be provided before the end of hibernation period and the demolition of the concerned classroom. In view of the potential indirect disturbance impacts arising from the construction of PWA in vicinity, disturbance minimization measures proposed in S.10.9.5 would be implemented. Potential operational disturbance arising from the PWA would be minor (S.10.7.3.35 refers) thus the indirect impact on the bat shelter is also anticipated to be minor.

10.9.6.41 Details for the provision of a bat shelter will be further studied and submitted before the construction of bat shelter, detailing the location, design, management, maintenance and monitoring requirement for agreement with AFCD.

Secondary Impacts

10.9.6.42 The bat shelter would be provided entirely within the “CA” (gazetted under OZP S/YL-KTN/10). The footprint of the bat shelter would occupy approximately 0.02 ha of woodland habitat of moderate ecological value. The proposed location would be at the woodland fringe and the edge of “CA”. The footprint of bat shelter is relatively small in size and would be minimized to avoid tree removal as far as practicable. In feasible situation, tree pruning would be applied to facilitate the construction of bat shelter. Therefore, the direct impact on the woodland habitat and “CA” is considered low. Nonetheless, disturbances impacts would arise from the construction of bat shelter. With the mitigation measures and good site practices discussed in Section 10.9.5 in place, the indirect impact during construction phase is also anticipated to be minor.

10.9.6.43 Maintenance works of the bat shelter and the associated human activities should be minimal and be conducted where necessary. Therefore, disturbance impact arising from the maintenance period of bat shelter would be insignificant.

10.10 Evaluation of Residual Ecological Impacts

10.10.1 With the implementation of the aforementioned mitigation measures, no unacceptable residual ecological impact is anticipated from the construction and operation of the Project.

10.11 Environmental Monitoring and Audit

10.11.1 With the implementation of mitigation measures proposed in Section 10.9, potential impact on night roosting ardeids would be minimised. An EM&A programme would be conducted to ensure the proper implementation of the aforementioned mitigation measures.

Monitoring of Mitigation Measures

10.11.2 Recommended mitigation measures described in Section 10.9 (e.g. avoidance of recognized sites of conservation importance and associated habitats; control of construction site runoff; establishment of buffer zone; control of groundwater infiltration) should be monitored and audited monthly by local ecologist(s) with at least 7 years relevant experience throughout the construction phase to ensure proper implementation.

Monitoring of the Condition of Kam Po Road Egretry and Ardeid Night Roost

10.11.3 A pre-construction survey should be conducted for areas within 100m from the boundaries of works site/area to confirm the location and status of the Egretry and ANR. For Kam Po Road Egretry and ANR, monthly monitoring will be conducted during the course of construction works within 100m of the Egretry and ANR. Criteria to be monitored include the status, location and extent of the Egretry and ANR, the condition of tree substrate, number of nests, the species, abundance, and the returning time of the roosting ardeids, as well as their flight height and flight line. Details of the EM&A requirements should refer to the stand-alone EM&A Manual.

Monitoring of Transplantation of Flora Species of Conservation Importance

10.11.4 All flora species of conservation importance should be protected as far as practicable. As a mitigation measure, all the unavoidably affected individuals should be preserved on site or transplanted to nearby suitable habitat(s) prior to the commencement of site clearance as a last resort. A Detailed Vegetation Survey should be conducted in the identified affected areas by a suitably qualified botanist / ecologist to verify and record the affected individuals prior to the commencement of any site clearance works. A Protection and Transplantation Proposal including the subsequent monitoring visit for the affected individuals should be prepared and conducted by a suitably qualified local ecologist / horticulturist with at least 7 years relevant experience. The Proposal should be submitted for approval from EPD at least one month before works commencement.

Monitoring of Compensatory Wetland

10.11.5 Compensatory wetland would be provided to compensate for the affected wetland habitat. A HCMP should be prepared by local ecologist with relevant experience to form the basis of the proposed compensatory wetland. The HCMP should cover habitat design and construction methods, monitoring protocol with particular focus on target species, detailed design and implementation details of the compensatory wetland. Upon establishment of the compensatory wetland, monitoring by local ecologist with relevant experience is recommended. Monthly monitoring should be conducted after the establishment. Parameters of monitoring should focus on the abundance of target species and habitat conditions (e.g. water depth, water quality and condition of the wetland vegetation etc.). Management programmes (e.g. water control, structural maintenance, supplemental planting, pest control, repair of damage etc.) should be conducted as necessary according to the agreed HCMP.

Monitoring of Bat Shelter

10.11.6 An on-site purpose-built bat shelter would be provided due to the direct loss of a day-roost of Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bats in one of the structures in the deserted Pok Wai Public School. Details for the provision of a bat shelter will be further studied and submitted before the construction of bat shelter, detailing the location, design, management, maintenance and monitoring requirement for agreement with AFCD. Upon establishment of the bat shelter, monitoring by local ecologist with relevant experience is recommended. Monitoring should be conducted according to the monitoring requirement as agreed with AFCD.

Monitoring on Mitigation Measures of Groundwater Infiltration

10.11.7 Groundwater levels will be monitored along the alignment in pre-construction and construction stages as part of the comprehensive groundwater monitoring strategy (Section 6 refers). A monitoring and emergency response plan should be prepared in relation to potential impacts to ecological sensitive area(s), including fishponds and WRCW Parcels above the alignment due to groundwater drawdown. Details of the EM&A requirements should refer to the stand-alone EM&A Manual.

10.12 Conclusion

10.12.1 Ecological impact assessment for the Project was conducted following the EIA Study Brief No. ESB-346/2021 and the guidelines of the EIAO-TM Annexes 8 and 16. A total of 14 habitat types were identified within the Assessment Area, including marsh/reed, WRCW, pond, watercourse, seasonally wet grassland, wet agricultural land, dry agricultural land, woodland, mixed woodland, plantation, shrubland, grassland, village/orchard and developed area/wasteland. Some wetland habitats are considered having between moderate and moderate-high ecological values (e.g. Sha Po Marsh – moderate-high and low-moderate for different compartments, some WRCW parcels, the contiguous active fishponds south of Cheung Chun San Tsuen and north of San Tin Highway, tidal marsh/reed and some marsh/reed in SATSWW – moderate). Watercourses e.g. KTMDC and STEMDC are of moderate-high and moderate ecological values respectively. The ecological values of some of the relatively natural habitats e.g. woodland and hillside grassland on Kai Kung Leng are moderate. In general, habitats with moderate ecological values or above concentrated in the southern half of the Assessment Area. Other man-made habitats or scattered habitats of small sizes (e.g. plantation, village/orchard, wet and dry agricultural land, scattered ponds and small modified watercourses) generally are considered of low to low-moderate ecological values, except the developed area/wasteland habitat in Pok Wai Public School, which has moderate ecological value.

10.12.2 Five recognized sites of conservation importance present within the Assessment Area, including LTCP, TLCP, LVHSH Priority Site, WCA and WBA, were avoided through adopting underground alignment scheme and selection of construction method.

10.12.3 Nine types of ecologically sensitive areas identified within or in vicinity to the Assessment Area, namely WRCW, Sha Po Marsh, YLBFEW, IBA, Shek Wu Wai agricultural lands, KTMDC, three egretries, three ANRs, fishponds, were also avoided as much as practicable, and by optimizing the Project footprint, aboveground works and permanent structures, only a short section of watercourse of near the northern compartment of Sha Po Marsh would be affected. Direct loss of bat roost in Pok Wai Public School and potential direct injury/mortality of the roosting bats are anticipated.

10.12.4 Mitigation measures including a bat inspection, provision of bat exclusion devices and provision of bat shelter are proposed to minimize potential ecological impacts on the roosting bats. Other disturbance minimizing measures e.g. establishment of buffer zone, scheduling of working hours, control of construction runoff and groundwater infiltration will be implemented to mitigate potential indirect impacts to the ecological sensitive areas along the alignment such as Kam Po Road Egretry and ANR, WRCW and fishponds.

10.12.5 To mitigate potential impacts on floral species of conservation importance recorded within the Project footprint, a detailed vegetation survey would be conducted in the identified affected areas, and a Protection and Transplantation Proposal should be prepared accordingly prior to the commencement of construction works.

10.12.6 Where direct loss of wetlands with moderate ecological values or above is unavoidable, compensatory wetland would be provided. A HCMP covering habitat design and construction methods, monitoring protocol with particular focus on target species, detailed design and implementation details of the compensatory wetland should be prepared to form the basis of the proposed compensatory wetland.

10.12.7 With the implementation of the above mitigation measures, no unacceptable ecological impacts are anticipated to arise from the construction and operation of the Project.

10.13 References

AEC Ltd. (2012). Proposed Comprehensive Development in the Other Specified Uses Zone, annotated “Comprehensive Development and Wetland Enhancement Area (1)’ on the Nam Sang Wai OZP and the Site of Special Scientific Interest at Lut Chau on the Mai Po and Fairview Park OZP. Ecological Impact Assessment Report.

Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department (AFCD) (2005). Hong Kong Biodiversity: Issue 10 (December 2005). Available at https://bih.gov.hk/filemanager/newsletter/en/upload/13/hkbonewsletter10.pdf (Accessed in July 2023).

Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department (AFCD) (2020). Hong Kong Biodiversity: Issue 26 (December 2020). Available at https://www.afcd.gov.hk/english/publications/publications_con/files/Issue.No.26.pdf (Accessed in February 2022).

Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department (AFCD). (2021a). Tai Lam Country Park. Available at https://www.afcd.gov.hk/english/country/cou_vis/cou_vis_cou/cou_vis_cou_tl/cou_vis_cou_tl.html. (Accessed in February 2022).

Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department (AFCD). (2021b). Lam Tsuen Country Park. Available at https://www.afcd.gov.hk/english/country/cou_vis/cou_vis_cou/cou_vis_cou_lt/cou_vis_cou_lt.html. (Accessed in February 2022).

Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department (AFCD) (2021c). New Nature Conservation Policy. Available at: https://www.afcd.gov.hk/english/conservation/con_nncp/con_nncp.html. (Accessed in February 2022).

Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department (AFCD) (2021d). Long Valley and Ho Sheung Heung. Available at: https://www.afcd.gov.hk/english/conservation/con_nncp/con_nncp_list/files/08_LongValley_Public_18_E.pdf. (Accessed in February 2022).

Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department (AFCD) (2022). Hong Kong Biodiversity Information Hub. Available at https://bih.gov.hk/en/species-database/index.html (Accessed in October 2022).

Allcock, J., Chow, G. and Welch, G. (Eds.). (2017). Hong Kong Bird Report 2017. Hong Kong Bird Watching Society, Hong Kong.

Anon. (2014). Summer 2014 Report: Egretry Counts in Hong Kong with particular reference to the Mai Po Inner Deep Bay Ramsar Site. Report by The Hong Kong Bird Watching Society to the Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government.

Anon. (2021a). Summer 2020 Report: Egretry Counts in Hong Kong with particular reference to the Mai Po Inner Deep Bay Ramsar Site. Report by The Hong Kong Bird Watching Society to the Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government.

Anon. (2021b). Summer 2021 Report: Egretry Counts in Hong Kong with particular reference to the Mai Po Inner Deep Bay Ramsar Site. Report by The Hong Kong Bird Watching Society to the Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government.

Anon. (2022). Summer 2022 Report: Egretry Counts in Hong Kong with particular reference to the Mai Po Inner Deep Bay Ramsar Site. Report by The Hong Kong Bird Watching Society to the Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government.

Asia King Development Limited (2015). Development and Wetland Protection near Yau Mei San Tsuen – EIA Report. Prepared by ENVIRON Hong Kong Limited for Asia King Development Limited.

BirdLife International (2022) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Inner Deep Bay and Shenzhen River catchment area. Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/inner-deep-bay-and-shenzhen-river-catchment-area-iba-hong-kong-(china). (Accessed in February 2022).

Capital Chance Ltd (2013). Proposed Residential Cum Passive Recreation Development within "Recreation" Zone and "Residential (Group C)" Zone at Various Lots in DD 104, Yuen Long, N.T. – EIA Report. Prepared by ENVIRON Hong Kong Limited for Capital Chance Ltd.

Carey, G.J., Chalmers, M.L., Diskin, D.A., Kennerley, P.R., Leader, P.J., Leven, M.R., Lewthwaite, R.W., Melville, D.S., Turnbill, M. and Young, L. (2001). The Avifauna of Hong Kong. Hong Kong Bird Watching Society, Hong Kong.

Chan, H.S.R, Chau, W.K., Cheng, W.K., Chow, S.M., Ho, S.C.J., Kan, S.C.J., Lau, W.H.S and Ng, K.L.E. (2012). Encyclopaedia of Hong Kong Butterflies – Search for Butterflies. Hong Kong Lepidopterists’ Society Limited.

Chan, K.F., Cheung, K.S., Ho, C.Y., Lam, F.N, Tang, W.S., Lau, W.N. and Bogadek, A. (2005). Field Guide to the Amphibians of Hong Kong. Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, Friends of the Country Parks and Cosmos Books Ltd. Hong Kong.

Chan, K.F., Cheung, K.S., Ho C.Y., Lam, F.N., Tang, W.S. and Tse, M.L. (2006). A Field Guide to the Venomous Land Snakes of Hong Kong. Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, Friends of the Country Parks and Cosmos Books Ltd. Hong Kong.

Civil Engineering and Development Department (CEDD) (2013a). North East New Territories New Development Areas – EIA Report. Prepared by Ove Arup & Partners Hong Kong Limited for Civil Engineering and Development Department and Planning Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.

Civil Engineering and Development Department (CEDD) (2013b). Development of Lok Ma Chau Loop – EIA Report. Prepared by Ove Arup & Partners Hong Kong Limited for Civil Engineering and Development Department and Planning Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.

Civil Engineering and Development Department (CEDD) (2016). Site Formation and Associated Infrastructural Works for Development of Columbarium, Crematorium and Related Facilities at Sandy Ridge Cemetery – Design and Construction – Final EIA Report. Prepared by Ove Arup & Partners Hong Kong Limited for Civil Engineering and Development Department and Planning Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.

Civil Engineering and Development Department (CEDD) (2020). Development of Kwu Tung North and Fanling North New Development Areas Phase 1 – Design and Construction – Egretry Habitat Creation and Management Plan. Prepared by AECOM Asia Company Limited for Civil Engineering and Development Department and Planning Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.

Dragages Hong Kong Ltd (2015). Operation of the Existing Tai Lam Explosives Magazine at Tai Shu Ha, Yuen Long for Liantang / Heung Yuen Wai Boundary Control Point Project – EIA Report. Prepared by ERM-Hong Kong Limited for Dragages Hong Kong Ltd.

Drainage Services Department (DSD) (2023). San Tin Stormwater Pumping Station and Yuen Long Bypass Floodway. Available at: https://www.dsd.gov.hk/EN/HTML/20518.html. (Accessed in September 2023).

Drainage Services Department (DSD) (2021). Yuen Long Barrage Scheme. Prepared by Black & Veatch Hong Kong Limited for Drainage Services Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.

Dudgeon, D. (2003). Hillstreams. The Department of Ecology and Biodiversity, The University of Hong Kong and Wan Li Book Co Ltd. Hong Kong.

Fellowes, J.R., Lau, M.W.N., Dudgeon, D., Reels, G.T., Ades, G.W.J., Carey, G.J., Chan, B.P.L., Kendrick, R.C., Lee, K.S., Leven, M.R., Wilson, K.D.P. and Yu, Y.T. (2002). Wild animals to watch: Terrestrial and freshwater fauna of conservation concern in Hong Kong. Memoirs of the Hong Kong Natural History Society 25: 123-160.

Feng, Z.-J., Li, Z.-K., Li, B.-T., Xue, C.-G., Liu, J.-B. and He, Y.-Q. (2002). Study on Rare and Endangered Plants and National Key Protected Plants in Guangdong. Journal of South China Agricultural University 3: 24-27.

Fu, L. K. (1992). China Plant Red Data Book – Rare and Endangered Plants – Volume 1. Science Press, Beijing, China.

Glory Queen Limited (2016). Proposed Low-rise and Low-density Residential Development at Various Lots and their Adjoining Government Land in D.D. 104, East of Kam Pok Road, Mai Po, Yuen Long. New Territories – EIA Report. Prepared by Ramboll Environ Hong Kong Limited for Glory Queen Limited.

Highways Department (HyD) (2020). Upgrading of Remaining Sections of Kam Tin Road and Lam Kam Road – EIA Report. Prepared by Mannings (Asia) Consultants Ltd for Highways Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.

Hong Kong Bird Watching Society (HKBWS) (2004). Important Bird Areas (IBA) in Hong Kong. Available at: http://www.hkbws.org.hk/archive/IBA/index.html. (Accessed in February 2022).

Hong Kong Herbarium. (2012). Check List of Hong Kong Plants 2012. Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.

Hong Kong Herbarium and South China Botanical Garden. (2007). Flora of Hong Kong. Volume 1. Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.

Hong Kong Herbarium and South China Botanical Garden. (2008). Flora of Hong Kong. Volume 2. Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.

Hong Kong Herbarium and South China Botanical Garden. (2009). Flora of Hong Kong. Volume 3. Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.

Hong Kong Herbarium and South China Botanical Garden. (2011). Flora of Hong Kong. Volume 4. Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.

Hu, Q.M., Wu, T.L., Xia, N.H., Xing F.W., Lai, C.C.P. and Yip, K.W. (2003). Rare and Precious Plants of Hong Kong. Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.

International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). (2022). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org. (Accessed in October 2022).

Jiang, Z.G., et al. (2016). Red List of China’s Vertebrates. Biodiversity Science 24(5): 500-951.

Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden (KFBG). (2023). Notable observation of Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bat in Hong Kong. Available at: https://www.kfbg.org/en/KFBG-blog/post/Notable-observation-of-Himalayan-Leaf-nosed-Bat-in-Hong-Kong. (Accessed in July 2023).

Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden (KFBG). (2022). Bird Survey of Selected Farmlands in the Proposed Northern Metropolis, Hong Kong SAR: Interim Report. Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden Publication Series No. 18. Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden, Hong Kong SAR. 24pp.

Kelleher, C. & Marnell, F. (2006) Bat Mitigation Guidelines for Ireland. Irish Wildlife

Manuals, No. 25. National Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of Environment, Heritage and Local Government, Dublin, Ireland.

Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation (KCRC) (1998). West Rail – West Kowloon to Tuen Mun Centre – Final Assessment Report. Prepared by ERM-Hong Kong. Ltd. for Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation.

Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation (KCRC) (2001). Sheung Shui to Lok Ma Chau Spur Line – EIA Report. Prepared by Binnie Black & Veatch Hong Kong Limited for Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation.

Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation (KCRC) (2002). Sheung Shui to Lok Ma Chau Spur Line – EIA Report. Prepared by Binnie Black & Veatch Hong Kong Limited for Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation.

Lai, C.C., Yip. Y., Yip, K.L., Ngar, Y.N. and Liu, K.Y. (2008). Field Guide to Trees in Hong Kong's Countryside. Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department. Hong Kong.

Leisure and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) (2008). Major Restoration to the Residence of Ip Ting-sz, Lin Ma Hang Tsuen, Sha Tau Kok, N.T. – Project Profile. Prepared by Cinotech Consultants Limited for Leisure and Cultural Services Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.

Lee, L.F., Lam, K.S., Ng, K.Y., Chan, K.T. and Young, L.C. (2004). Field Guide to the Freshwater Fish of Hong Kong. Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, Friends of the Country Parks and Cosmos Books Ltd. Hong Kong.

Lo, Y.F. and Hui, W.L. (2010). Hong Kong Butterflies (Third Edition). Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, Friends of the Country Parks and Cosmos Books Ltd. Hong Kong.

MTR Corporation Limited (MTRCL) (2009). Hong Kong Section of Guangzhou - Shenzhen - Hong Kong Express Rail Link – EIA Report. Prepared by AECOM Asia Company Limited for MTR Corporation Limited.

MTR Corporation Limited (MTRCL) (2016). Northern Link Consultancy Agreement No. NEX/1057 Engineering Review Study Preliminary Environmental Review Report. Prepared by Ove Arup & Partners Hong Kong Limited for MTR Corporation Limited.

MTR Corporation Limited (MTRCL) (2018). Habitat Creation and Management Plan (Volume A and B) for West Rail, Phase 1. Prepared by AEC Ltd.

MTR Corporation Limited (MTRCL) (2021a). Variation of Environmental Permit (VEP) of Sheung Shui to Lok Ma Chau Spur Line Environmental Review Report (VEP-461/2014). Prepared by Ove Arup & Partners Hong Kong Limited for MTR Corporation Limited.

MTR Corporation Limited (MTRCL) (2021b). Ecological Monitoring Information at MTR - West Rail Wetland 2016-2021. Unpublished raw data.

Qin, et al. (2017). Threatened Species List of China's Higher Plants. Biodiversity Science 25(7): 696-747.

Reels, G. (2019). Faunistic Studies in South-east Asian and Pacific Island Odonata: An Annotated Check List of Hong Kong Dragonflies and Assessment of Their Local Conservation Significance. Journal of the International Dragonfly Fund 30: 1-49.

Shek, C.T. (2006). A Field Guide to the Terrestrial Mammals of Hong Kong. Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, Friends of the Country Parks and Cosmos Books Ltd. Hong Kong.

Siu, L.P.G. (2000). Orchidaceae of Hong Kong. Memoirs of the Hong Kong Natural History Society 23:137-148.

Sun Hung Kai Properties Limited (SHKPL) (2017). Sustainability Report 2016/17. Available at: https://www.shkp.com/Html/CSR/SHKPSReport/SR2017/index_eng.html. (Accessed in Jan 2022).

Tam, T.W., Leung, K.K., Kwan, B.S.P., Wu, K.K.Y., Tang, S.S.H., So, I.W.Y., Cheng, J.C.Y., Yuen, E.F.M., Tsang, Y.M. and Hui, W.L. (2011). The Hong Kong Dragonflies. Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.

Town Planning Board (TPB) (2014). TPB Paper No. 9590 for Consideration by the Town Planning Board on 11.4.2014 Land Use Review of Kam Tin South and Pat Heung. Available at: https://www.info.gov.hk/tpb/en/papers/TPB/1056-tpb_9590.pdf. (Accessed in Jan 2022).

Viney, C., Phillipps, K. and Lam, C.Y. (2005). The Birds of Hong Kong and South China (Eighth Edition). Information Services Department, The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.

Wu, D.L. and Hu, C.X. (1988). Illustrations of Rare and Endangered Plants in Guangdong Province. China Environmental Science Press, Beijing. 46pp. (In Chinese only).

Wu, S.-H. & Lee, T.-C.W. (2000). Pteridophytes of Hong Kong. Memoirs of the Hong Kong Natural History Society 23:5-20.

Xing, F.-W., Ng, S.-C. and Chau, L.K.-C. (2000). Gymnosperms and Angiosperms of Hong Kong. Memoirs of the Hong Kong Natural History Society 23: 21-136.

Zhao, E.-M. (1998). China Red Data Book of Endangered Animals. Amphibia and Reptilia. First Edition. Beijing: Science Press.

Zheng, X., Chan, B.P.L., Au, T.K., Yang, J. & Lo, P.Y.F. (2023) The Hidden Oases of Hong Kong: High Ecological Value Farmlands in the Proposed Northern Metropolis. Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden Publication Series No. 19. Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden, Hong Kong SAR, China. 38pp.

C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/300	Assessment Areas of Previous Relevant Studies in the Past Ten Years
C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/301	Proposed NOL Alignment and 500m Assessment Area (Key Plan)
C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/303 to C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/314	Ecological Assessment Area and Walk Transects and Sampling Locations for Ecological Surveys (Sheet 1 to 12)
C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/315	Ecological Assessment Area and Proposed Walk Transects and Sampling Locations for Ecological Surveys (Temporary Explosive Magazine Site at Tai Shu Ha (Yuen Long))
C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/316	Locations of Tung Shing Lane Egretry and Sha Po Ardeid Night Roost and Proposed Vantage Points
C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/317	Locations of Mai Po Village and Mai Po Lung Village Egretries and Proposed Vantage Points
C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/318	Location of the NOL Alignment and 500 m Ecological Habitat Map (Key Plan)
C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/320 to C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/334	Habitat Map (Sheet 1 to 16)
C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/335	Representative Flight Paths of Breeding Ardeids in Kam Po Road Egretry
C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/336	Representative Flight Paths of Roosting Ardeids in Kam Po Road Ardeid Night Roost
C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/337	Representative Flight Paths of Roosting Ardeids in Ko Po Road Ardeid Night Roost
C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/338	Representative Flight Paths of Roosting Ardeids in Sha Po Ardeid Night Roost
C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/339	Representative Flight Paths of Breeding Ardeids in Mai Po Village and Mai Po Lung Village Egretries
C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/340	Proposed Location for Wetland Compensation
C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/341	Proposed Location for Provision of Bat Shelter

10 ECOLOGY (TERRESTRIAL AND AQUATIC)

10.1.1 This section presents the baseline ecological profile within the Assessment Area, and the assessment results of the potential ecological impacts resulting from the construction and operation of the Project.

10.2 Environmental Legislation, Standards and Guidelines

10.2.2 This assessment also made reference to the following international conventions and national legislation:

10.3.2 The ecological characteristics of the Assessment Area were identified through a comprehensive review of the available relevant literature, as shown in Table 10.1 below.

Butterfly and Odonate Survey

Herpetofauna (Amphibian and Reptile) Survey

10.3.21 Herpetofauna within the Assessment Area were surveyed along survey transects qualitatively. Potential microhabitats (e.g. leaf litter, underneath of rotten logs) were searched. All reptiles and amphibians sighted were recorded.

10.3.24 Nomenclature of amphibian and reptile follows Chan et al. (2005) and Chan et al. (2006), respectively.

Aquatic Community Survey

Assessment Approach

Recognized Sites of Conservation Importance

Tai Lam Country Park

Lam Tsuen Country Park

Conservation Area

Wetland Conservation Area

Wetland Buffer Area

Long Valley and Ho Sheung Heung Priority Sites for Enhanced Conservation

Other Ecologically Sensitive Areas

West Rail Compensatory Wetland

Sha Po Marsh

Yuen Long Bypass Flooadway Engineered Wetland

Shek Wu Wai Agricultural Land

Kam Tin Main Drainage Channel

Egretries

Species

Mai Po Village Egretry

Mai Po Lung Village Egretry

Kam Po Road Egretry

Ho Sheung Heung Egretry

Chinese Pond Heron

(Ardeola bacchus)

8

65

20

4

Little Egret

(Egretta garzetta)

73

45

24

0

Total No. of Nests

81

110

44

4

Ardeid Night Roosts

10.4.24 The pond in Chau Tau was observed to be wet but abandoned and completely overgrown (CEDD, 2013a; 2013b). According to desktop research on the latest digital aerial photographs, fish ponds were also found in Shek Wu Wai, Ngau Tam Mei, Pok Wai, Au Tau and Cheung Chun San Tsuen.

10.5.1.4 In KSR and Pat Heung, mosaic of dry agricultural land, grassland, shrubland and village/orchard habitats were found in the low-lying area while extensive patches of grassland, shrubland, plantation and mixed woodland occurred on the hillside.

10.5.1.14 Based on the geographical arrangement, the Assessment Area was divided into six major areas and their ecological baseline information would be described individually in Sections 10.5.2 to 10.5.7:

Overview

10.5.2.1 The KSRPH area (Figure Nos. C1603/C/NOL/ACM/M57/320 to 321 refer) comprises the 500 m Assessment Area from the KSR(NOL) Station, KSR(NOL) overrun tunnel and enabling works to the south of KSR Station for potential southern extension.

Recognized Sites of Conservation Importance

Other Ecologically Sensitive Resources

Habitat and Vegetation

10.5.2.6 A total of ten habitats were recorded within the KSRPH area. Representative photographs are provided in Appendix 10.1a, and comprehensive list of flora recorded is presented in Appendix 10.2b.

Developed Area/Wasteland

Watercourse

Village/Orchard

Plantation

Shrubland

Grassland

10.5.2.15 Low-lying grasslands largely succeeded from fallow fields and dried up ponds and were scattered across the KSRPH area. They were commonly vegetated with ruderal grasses and herbs e.g. Miscanthus floridulus, Panicum maximum, Alocasia macrorrhizos and Cuscuta campestris.

West Rail Compensatory Wetland

10.5.2.16 WRCW is a constructed and managed wetland habitat, which comprises a diversity of wetland habitats including seasonal marshes, permanent marshes, permanent ponds with some terrestrial habitats. WRCW Land Parcels C, I and J are located at the northeast of KSR(NOL) Station.

Pond